Marginación y pobreza : expósitos en Salamanca (1794-1825).

Realizar una aportación a la Historia de la educación social, mediante el estudio de la situación de los niños expósitos salmantinos, marginados y expuestos a una sociedad que les abandonó y les rechazó. La investigación está dividida en cuatro partes. En la primera de ellas, se ha reconstruido los antecedentes de la Casa de expósitos, profundizando en sus orígenes y la trayectoria de lo que comenzó siendo una preocupación por el elevado número de niños que se abandonaban en cualquier parte de la ciudad de Salamanca. También se ha analizado la estructura y organización de la Casa, la participación de algunos miembros destacados del poder civil y religioso, la respuesta del Cabildo como patrono y las acciones de los administradores para mantenerla a flote. La segunda parte, está dedicada a la economía de la Casa, y en ella se ha abordado el estudio de los ingresos y los gastos anuales de la institución, en especie y en dinero, al tiempo que se ha profundizado en uno de los métodos más utilizados para obtener fondos: la recaudación de limosnas, y en las graves consecuencias que tuvo para la institución la desamortización de Godoy a partir del Decreto de 19 de septiembre de 1978. En la tercera parte de la investigación, se ha cuantificado el volumen de niños ingresados en la Casa desde 1794 a 1825, valorando su significación en el contexto demográfico salmantino y analizando su evolución teniendo en cuenta los factores económicos, políticos y sociales. Asimismo, se ha abordado las dificultades que tuvo que superar el niño expósito para poder sobrevivir, el transporte hacia la inclusa y su llegada a la Casa. Y también, en la tercera parte de la investigación, se ha expuesto el destino de la mayoría de los niños que ingresaban en la Casa: la muerte. Finalmente, la cuarta parte de la investigación, incluye aspectos relacionados con la crianza y la educación de los expósitos, analizando los tipos de amas, que fueron las encargadas de tal cometido, la procedencia geográfica y el cuidado que dispensaron a los niños a cambio de un salario mísero. A finales del s. XVIII la Casa de expósitos de Salamanca era una institución consolidada. De 1794 a 1825, el Cabildo, como patrono, era el responsable de todos los asuntos relacionados con la Casa, sobre todo, los referidos a la economía. La Casa nunca pasó por buenos momentos, incluso hubo situaciones especialmente críticas; los administradores no pudieron solucionar el déficit crónico que padecía la institución, irreparable después de las medidas desamortizadoras de Godoy. El deterioro que sufrieron las rentas a partir de entonces convirtió la vida de la institución en una exhibición permanente de angustiosa necesidad, que tenía que ver más con un sepulcro de niños que con un establecimiento de crianza. Firmada la constitución de 1812, los avatares políticos que se sucedieron hasta el primer cuarto de siglo cambiaron definitivamente el estado de la institución; abrumada por un déficit de 63306 reales, sin ingresos ni propiedades, dependían de ella 302 niños que se mantenían con amas externas, y 18 niños criados con amas internas. El 6 de febrero de 1822 se promulgó la nueva Ley General de Beneficencia, y la Casa de expósitos se adscribió como otros establecimientos benéficos a la Junta General de Beneficencia. El volumen es la razón principal que hace del problema de los niños expósitos una grave cuestión social. Entre algunas peculiaridades del volumen de expósitos se destacan la procedencia geográfica, la tasa de sexo y la estacionalidad de las concepciones. Uno de los aspectos más llamativos del estudio es la tasa de mortalidad de los expósitos de la Casa de Salamanca. Por último, hay que señalar que en la segunda mitad del s. XVIII el Cabildo catedralicio era el mayor hacendado de la provincia de Salamanca. Sin duda, podría haber hecho más por una institución de la que era su patrono, pero se limitó a administrar la economía de la Casa siempre ajustada a un presupuesto de subsistencia. Por otro lado, la propia Casa sólo destinó el 30 por ciento de sus gastos a la crianza de los expósitos.

El viaje de las corbetas Descubierta y Atrevida (1789-1794).

Comentario sobre el viaje expedicionario de Alejandro Malaspina y José de Bustamante, más conocido como la 'vuelta al mundo de Malaspina', con la misión de hacer un reconocimiento de las posesiones españolas en América y Asia, realizar observaciones astronómicas para construir cartas de navegación, y aumentar el conocimiento botánico, geológico y zoológico de estos territorios. Durante la expedición también se les encomendó comprobar la existencia de un paso del océano Atlántico al Pacífico por el norte de Canadá y de cartografiar el Estrecho de Fuca.

Aspectos biológicos e dano de Diatraea saccharalis (fabr., 1794) (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) em sorgo cultivado sob diferentes doses de nitrogênio e potássio

O presente trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar a influência da adubação da cultura do sorgo Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench, na biologia da broca da cana-de-açúcar Diatraea saccharalis (Fabr., 1794) (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae). Para isso foi utilizado sorgo da cultivar Rubi-Asgrow, plantado em vasos utilizando-se diferentes doses de fertilizantes e mantidos em casa-de-vegetação. Os tratamentos utilizados (doses de NK) foram: N1 = 0-200 ppm; N2 = 50-200 ppm; N3 = 100-200 ppm; N4 = 200-200 ppm; N5 = 400-200 ppm; K1 = 200-0 ppm; K2 = 200-50 ppm; K3 = 200-100 ppm; K4 = 200-200 ppm; e K5 = 200-400 ppm. de modo geral, pode-se concluir que doses de 50 a 200 ppm de N promoveram o desenvolvimento normal das larvas de D. saccharalis, sendo que as menores porcentagens de dano foram verificadas nas menores doses; para o potássio, quanto maior a dose, menor foi o dano causado pelas lagartas, apesar de favorecer o desenvolvimento da mesma.

Efeito do corante Vermelho de sudan B na marcaçao e no desenvolvimento de Diatraea saccharalis ( Fabricius, 1794) (Lepidoptera: Crambidae) e de Cotesia flavipes (Cameron, 1891) ( Hymenoptera: Braconidae)

The objective of this work was to evaluate biological aspects of Diatraea saccharalis fed on artificial diet containing different concentrations of the Sudan B Red dye and the possibility to mark the parasitoid Cotesia flavipes, when submitted to the parasitism of dyed caterpillars. For that, were added to the artificial diet four concentrations of Sudan Red B dye (100, 200, 300 and 400 ppm) and control (no dye addition). It was evaluated larval and pupal period, larval and pupal viability, longevity, sex rate, pupal weigh, eggs per female, eggs per day, number of eggs per egg mass, egg viability and embrionary period; besides same were accomplished measurements in the caterpillars (bioassay I). Caterpillars of 17 days old (30) of each treatment were removed from the tubes and exposed to the parasitism of C. flavipes (bioassay 2). The egg-pupae period, sex rate, pupal period and viability, number of females, males, total of emerged adults and longevity were evaluated. The data were submitted to the multivariate analisys methods: cluster analysis, two-way and principal component analysis. Based on analysis, it was observed that the treatment of 100 ppm was the least harmful to the biology of the sugar cane borer larvae by groping to the control and did not influence negatively its biological aspects. The concentration of 400 ppm affected negatively the biology of C. flavipes. The Sudan Red B it is ended doses marked the caterpillars and the adults, however the concentration of 100 ppm is the most suitable to dye D. saccharalis. None of the tested concentration marked adults of C. flavipes, despite to affect negatively its biology. It is unviable to increase the concentration seeking futures tests, for that dye to be harmful to the biological aspects of D. saccharalis and C. flavipes.

Physiological responses of piau (Leporinus friderici, Bloch 1794) to transportation

This study evaluated stress indicators of juvenile piau (Leporinus friderici) during and after a 4-hour transportation in order to establish an appropriate transportation protocol for this type of fish. Fish were transported in plastic bags (133.1 g/L) and sampled before loading, during 1, 2, 3 and 4 h and after transportation (2, 6, 12 and 24 h). Blood samples were analyzed for cortisol and glucose levels, hematocrit, hemoglobin level, number and mean corpuscular volume of erythrocytes. Water pH, dissolved oxygen, temperature and ammonia were monitored before, during and after transportation. No mortality was observed through the experiment. Ammonia levels increased throughout transportation, but the low pH values kept NH3 in safe levels for fish. Cortisol levels increased within 4 h of transportation, and returned to control condition 2 h after arrival. Plasma glucose increased within one hour of transportation, reaching peak value within 4 h and returning to initial condition 2 h after arrival. Erythrocyte number and hemoglobin levels showed the lowest levels 2 h after arrival, and mean corpuscular volume increased during transportation, decreasing at 12 and 24 h after arrival. Transporting piau is stressful, but fish recover the initial condition in short time, showing tolerance to the changes in the water quality parameters.

Nitric oxide synthase activity in tissues of the blowfly Chrysomya megacephala (Fabricius, 1794)

Although insects lack the adaptive immune response of the mammalians, they manifest effective innate immune responses, which include both cellular and Immoral components. Cellular responses are mediated by hemocytes, and Immoral responses include the activation of proteolytic cascades that initiate many events, including NO production. In mammals, nitric oxide synthases (NOSs) are also present in the endothelium, the brain, the adrenal glands, and the platelets. Studies on the distribution of NO-producing systems in invertebrates have revealed functional similarities between NOS in this group and vertebrates. We attempted to localize NOS activity in tissues of naive (UIL), yeast-injected (YIL), and saline-injected (SIL) larvae of the blowfly Chrysomya megacephala, using the NADPH diaphorase technique. Our findings revealed similar levels of NOS activity in muscle, fat body, Malpighian tubule, gut, and brain, suggesting that NO synthesis may not be involved in the immune response of these larval systems. These results were compared to many studies that recorded the involvement of NO in various physiological functions of insects.

Morphometry of the midgut epithelium of Diatraea saccharalis Fabricius, 1794 (Lepidoptera) parasitized by Cotesia flavipes Cameron, 1891 (Hymenoptera)

The morphometric study of the midgut in Diatraea saccharalis (Lepidoptera) larvae parasitized by the Cotesia flavipes (Hymenoptera) showed that there was significant increase in the columnar, goblet and regenerative cells and their nuclei; the midgut lumen diameter and the epithelial height were also increased in the parasitized larvae. The multivariate analysis showed that parasitism affected the columnar cell only in the posterior region, and the goblet cells along the midgut length (anterior and posterior regions). (c) 2006 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Reproductive period and size at the onset of sexual maturity of mottled purse crab, Persephona mediterranea (Herbst, 1794) (Brachyura, Leucosioidea) on the southeastern Brazilian coast

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

CONDITION of Hoplias aff. malabaricus (BLOCH, 1794) IN TWO COASTAL STREAMS of ITANHAEM RIVER BASIN, BRAZIL

The main purpose of this research was to measure the condition of the fish species Hoplias aff. malabaricus collected in Aguapeu River (black waters) and Branco River (white waters), which belong to Itanhaem River basin, a coastal watershed in São Paulo state, Brazil. Individuals of Hoplias aff. malabaricus were sampled by using gill nets, monthly from March 2001 to February 2002. The Condition Factor was obtained through the length-weight relationship, assuming that the higher the mass for a given length, the better the condition of the fish. The Condition Factor was compared among fishes from both rivers, resulting that Branco River individuals have significantly lower condition. Limnological aspects were studied from May 2001 to November 2002 and some show significant differences between Aguapeu River and Branco River. These were salinity, do and total organic N, which the higher values being observed in Branco River propably due to estuarine waters influence. However, the lower condition of the Branco River fishes should also be an effect of a disturbance due to the sand mining in this river, since this activity cause important alterations to the environment, affecting the whole biota, included aquatic macrophytes, invertebrates and fishes.

Morphological and quantitative aspects of nodule formation in hemolymph of the blowfly Chrysomya megacephala (Fabricius, 1794)

Insects manifest effective immune responses that include both cellular and humoral components. Morphological and quantitative aspects of cellular and Immoral cooperation during nodule formation in Chrysomya megacephala hemolymph against Saccharomyces cerevisae yeast cells were demonstrated for the first time. The analyses were performed in non-injected larvae (NIL), saline-injected larvae (SIL) and yeast-injected larvae (YIL). The hemolymph of injected groups was collected 0.5, 1, 2, 4, 12, 24, 36, or 48-h post-injection. Morphological aspects of YIL nodulation were investigated using transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Quantitative analyses consisted of total (THC) and differential hemocyte counts (DHC) in all the groups and total yeast count (TYC) in YIL, which were performed in an improved Neubauer chamber. Nodule formation was initiated at approximately 2-h post-injection. Twelve hours after the injection, TEM revealed the presence of an amorphous membrane, at the same time that circulating hemocyte number decreased significantly contrasting the increase of yeast number. Our results showed the ability of C megacephala hemolymph to perform humoral encapsulation when hemocyte population is insufficient to eliminate the microorganisms, warranting consideration in future investigations on the relative roles played by cellular and humoral elements of innate immunity of this calliphorid. (c) 2007 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Desenvolvimento pós-embrionário de Ceraeochrysa cincta (Schneider, 1851) (Neuroptera: Chrysopidae) alimentada com ovos de Diatraea saccharallis (Fabricius, 1794) (Lepidoptera: Crambidae)

The lacewings (Ceraeochrysa cincta) are important predators found associated to many pests in several agroecosystems. Eggs of Sitotroga cerealella and Anagasta kuehniella are used traditionally for massal rearing of these predators. Other foods can be used in substitution to the traditional ones, but little is known about the biology of lacewings and other alternative foods. So, this work was carried out to evaluate the effect of different diets on the post-embryonic development of C. cincta in laboratory. After been individualized in glass tubes, each larva was fed with S. cereallella and Diatraea saccharallis. It was evaluated the larvae duration, weight and viability in each instar, the duration, weight and viability of the pupa and pre-pupa stages and the duration of the post-embryonic period. It was adopted a completely randomized design with ten replications per treatment, each consisting of five eggs or larvae of C. cincta. Larvae were weighed 48 hours after hatching and 48 hours after each molt, and pre-pupae and pupae, 48 hours after starting these stages. There was no effect of the kind of food provided on the parameters evaluated. Therefore, D. saccharallis eggs can be used to feed C. cincta.