Thomas of London before his consecration.

Appendix: The biographers of Thomas.

Thomas Henry Simpson Memorial Institute

Albert Kahn, architect

University of Michigan Wrestling Team, 1937

University of Michigan Men's Basketball Team, 1937

Back Row: mngr. Hubert Bristol, Edmund Thomas, Dan Smick, Leo Beebe, trainer Ray Roberts

Front Row: Herman Fishman, John Townsend, head coach Franklin Cappon, captain John Gee, asst. coach Bennie Oosterbaan, Matt Patanelli, William Barclay

UM Men's Swimming Team, 1937

Back Row: Baker L. Bryant, Robert F. Sauer, Robert A. Emmett, assistant coach Charles McCaffree, Phillip C. Haughey, Waldemar A. Tomson, William H. Farnsworth, Edward M. Kirar.

Middle Row: Manley Osgood, G. Robert Mowerson, captain Jack A. Kasley, head coach Matt Mann, captain Frank E. Barnard, Ben F. Grady, Frederick K. Cody.

Front Row: Thomas G. Haynie, Williams B. Wreford, Jr. Hanley W. Staley, John R. Robinson.

1937 University of Michigan Men's Golf Team

Back Row: William Griffiths, st. mngr John Otte, William Yearnd, coach Ray Courtright, coach Thomas Trueblood

Front row: John Emery, William Barclay, captain Allen Saunders, Alfred Karpinski, William Warren

University of Michigan Football Team, 1937

top Row: Norman Nickerson, Edward Frutig, Dan Smick, Thomas Hutton, James Lincoln, Charles Shaw, Harold Floersch, Paul Nielsen, Roland Savilla, Fred Jahnke, William Smith, Kenneth Steen, John Nicholson, Archie Kodros, Arthur Valpey, Elmer Gedeon, Louis Levine, Robert Curren, Norman Purucker

Middle Row: Robert Cooper, John Kinsey, Horace Tinker, Clarence VandeWater, Vincent Valek, James Bilbie, Don Siegel, David Gates, Earle Luby, Douglas Farmer, captain Joe Rinaldi, Dennis Kuhn, Solomon Sobsey, Forrest Jordan, John Brennan, Melvin Kramer, Paul Penvenne, Fred Olds

Front Row: Derwood Laskey, Harry Mulholland, Jerome Belsky, Milo Sukup, Fred Trosko, Herman Ulevitch, Robert Piotrowski, Robert Campbell, William Barclay, George Marzonie, Wallace Hook, Fred Ziem, Hercules Renda, Ralph Heikkinen, Ernest Pederson, Stark Ritchie, Wesley Warren

Anti-metabolic effects of Galanthus nivalis agglutinin and wheat germ agglutinin on nymphal stages of the common brown leafhopper using a novel artificial diet system

The common brown leafhopper, Orosius orientalis (Matsumura) (Homoptera: Cicadellidae), previously described as Orosius argentatus (Evans), is an important vector of several viruses and phytoplasmas worldwide. In Australia, phytoplasmas vectored by O. orientalis cause a range of economically important diseases, including legume little leaf (Hutton & Grylls, 1956), tomato big bud (Osmelak, 1986), lucerne witches broom (Helson, 1951), potato purple top wilt (Harding & Teakle, 1985), and Australian lucerne yellows (Pilkington et al., 2004). Orosius orientalis also transmits Tobacco yellow dwarf virus (TYDV; genus Mastrevirus, family Geminiviridae) to beans, causing bean summer death disease (Ballantyne, 1968), and to tobacco, causing tobacco yellow dwarf disease (Hill, 1937, 1941). TYDV has only been recorded in Australia to date. Both diseases result in significant production and quality losses (Ballantyne, 1968; Thomas, 1979; Moran & Rodoni, 1999). Although direct damage caused by leafhopper feeding has been observed, it is relatively minor compared to the losses resulting from disease (P Tr E bicki, unpubl.).

Thomas Young's contribution to visual optics : the Bakerian lecture "On the mechanism of the eye"

Thomas Young (1773-1829) carried out major pioneering work in many different subjects. In 1800 he gave the Bakerian Lecture of the Royal Society on the topic of the “mechanism of the eye”: this was published in the following year (Young, 1801). Young used his own design of optometer to measure refraction and accommodation, and discovered his own astigmatism. He considered the different possible origins of accommodation and confirmed that it was due to change in shape of the lens rather than to change in shape of the cornea or an increase in axial length. However, the paper also dealt with many other aspects of visual and ophthalmic optics, such as biometric parameters, peripheral refraction, longitudinal chromatic aberration, depth-of-focus and instrument myopia. These aspects of the paper have previously received little attention. We now give detailed consideration to these and other less-familiar features of Young’s work and conclude that his studies remain relevant to many of the topics which currently engage visual scientists.

Thomas Young’s contributions to geometrical optics

In addition to his work on physical optics, Thomas Young (1773-1829) made several contributions to geometrical optics, most of which received little recognition in his time or since. We describe and assess some of these contributions: Young’s construction (the basis for much of his geometric work), paraxial refraction equations, oblique astigmatism and field curvature, and gradient-index optics.

Thomas Young’s investigations in gradient-index optics

Purpose: James Clerk Maxwell is usually recognized as being the first, in 1854, to consider using inhomogeneous media in optical systems. However, some fifty years earlier Thomas Young, stimulated by his interest in the optics of the eye and accommodation, had already modeled some applications of gradient-index optics. These applications included using an axial gradient to provide spherical aberration-free optics and a spherical gradient to describe the optics of the atmosphere and the eye lens. We evaluated Young’s contributions. Method: We attempted to derive Young’s equations for axial and spherical refractive index gradients. Raytracing was used to confirm accuracy of formula. Results: We did not confirm Young’s equation for the axial gradient to provide aberration-free optics, but derived a slightly different equation. We confirmed the correctness of his equations for deviation of rays in a spherical gradient index and for the focal length of a lens with a nucleus of fixed index surrounded by a cortex of reducing index towards the edge. Young claimed that the equation for focal length applied to a lens with part of the constant index nucleus of the sphere removed, such that the loss of focal length was a quarter of the thickness removed, but this is not strictly correct. Conclusion: Young’s theoretical work in gradient-index optics received no acknowledgement from either his contemporaries or later authors. While his model of the eye lens is not an accurate physiological description of the human lens, with the index reducing least quickly at the edge, it represented a bold attempt to approximate the characteristics of the lens. Thomas Young’s work deserves wider recognition.