Development of regulatory T cells in the human thymus

The role of the immune system is to protect an organism against pathogens while maintaining tolerance against self. T cells are an essential component of the immune system and they develop in the thymus. The AIRE (autoimmune regulator) gene product plays an important role in T cell development, as it promotes expression of peripheral tissue antigens in the thymus. Developing T cells, thymocytes, which recognize self-antigens with high affinity are deleted. However, this deletion process is not perfect and not all autoreactive T cells are destroyed. When the distinction between self and non-self fails, tolerance breaks and the immune system attacks the host s own tissues. This results in autoimmunity. Regulatory T cells contribute to the maintenance of self-tolerance. They can actively suppress the function of autoreactive cells. Several populations of cells with regulatory properties have been described, but the best characterized population is the natural regulatory T cells (Treg cells), which develop in the thymus and express the transcription factor FOXP3. The thymic development of Treg cells in humans is the subject of this thesis. Thymocytes at different developmental stages were analyzed using flow cytometry. The CD4-CD8- double-negative (DN) thymocytes are the earliest T cell precursors in the T cell lineage. My results show that the Treg cell marker FOXP3 is up-regulated already in a subset of these DN thymocytes. FOXP3+ cells were also found among the more mature CD4+CD8+ double-positive (DP) cells and among the CD4+ and CD8+ single-positive (SP) thymocytes. The different developmental stages of the FOXP3+ thymocytes were isolated and their gene expression examined by quantitative PCR. T cell receptor (TCR) repertoire analysis was used to compare these different thymocyte populations. My data show that in humans commitment to the Treg cell lineage is an early event and suggest that the development of Treg cells follows a linear developmental pathway, FOXP3+ DN precursors evolving through the DP stage to become mature CD4+ Treg cells. Most T cells have only one kind of TCR on their cell surface, but a small fraction of cells expresses two different TCRs. My results show that the expression of two different TCRs is enriched among Treg cells. Furthermore, both receptors were capable of transmitting signals when bound by a ligand. By extrapolating flow cytometric data, it was estimated that the majority of peripheral blood Treg cells are indeed dual-specific. The high frequency of dual-specific cells among human Treg cells suggests that dual-specificity has a role in directing these cells to the Treg cell lineage. It is known that both genetic predisposition and environmental factors influence the development of autoimmunity. It is also known that the dysfunction or absence of Treg cells leads to the development of autoimmune manifestations. APECED (autoimmune polyendocrinopathy-candidiasis-ectodermal dystrophy) is a rare monogenic autoimmune disease, caused by mutations in the AIRE gene. In the absence of AIRE gene product, deletion of self-specific T cells is presumably disturbed and autoreactive T cells escape to the periphery. I examined whether Treg cells are also affected in APECED. I found that the frequency of FOXP3+ Treg cells and the level of FOXP3 expression were significantly lower in APECED patients than in controls. Additionally, when studied in cell cultures, the suppressive capacity of the patients' Treg cells was impaired. Additionally, repertoire analysis showed that the TCR repertoire of Treg cells was altered. These results suggest that AIRE contributes to the development of Treg cells in humans and the selection of Treg cells is impaired in APECED patients. In conclusion, my thesis elucidates the developmental pathway of Treg cells in humans. The differentiation of Tregs begins early during thymic development and both the cells dual-specificity and AIRE probably affect the final commitment of Treg cells.

The variants of the protein toxins abrin and ricin A useful guide to understanding the processing events in the toxin transport

Kinetic data on inhibition of protein synthesis in thymocyte by three abrins and ricin have been obtained. The intrinsic efficiencies of A chains of four toxins to inactivate ribosomes, as analyzed by k1-versus-concentration plots were abrin II, III > ricin > abrin I. The lag times were 90, 66, 75 and 105 min at a 0.0744 nM concentration of each of abrin I, II, III and ricin, respectively. To account for the observed differences in the dose-dependent lag time, functional and structural variables of toxins such as binding efficiency of B chains to receptors and low-pH-induced structural alterations have been analyzed. The association constants obtained by stopped flow studies showed that abrin-I (4.13 × 105 M−1 s−1) association with putative receptor (4-methylumbelliferyl-α-D-galactoside) is nearly two times more often than abrin III (2.6 × 105 M−1 s−1) at 20°C. Equillibrium binding constants of abrin I and II to thymocyte at 37°C were 2.26 × 107 M−1 and 2.8 × 107 M−1 respectively. pH-induced structural alterations as studied by a parallel enhancement in 8-anilino-L-naphthalene sulfonate fluorescence revealed a high degree of qualitative similarity. These results taken with a nearly identical concentration-independent lag time (minimum lag of 41–42 min) indicated that the binding efficiencies and internalization efficiencies of these toxins are the same and that the observed difference in the dose-dependent lag time is causally related to the proposed processing event. The rates of reduction of inter-subunit disulfide bond, an obligatory step in the intoxication process, have been measured and compared under a variety of conditions. Intersubunit disulfide reduction of abrin I is fourfold faster than that of abrin II at pH 7.2. The rate of disulfide reduction in abrin I could be decreased 1 I-fold by adding lactose, compared to that without lactose. The observed differences in the efficiencies of A chains, the dose-dependent lag period, the modulating effect of lactose on the rates of disulfide reduction and similarity in binding properties make the variants a valuable tool to probe the processing events in toxin transport in detail.

Interferon-gamma- and glucocorticoid-mediated pathways synergize to enhance death of CD4(+) CD8(+) thymocytes during Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium infection

Thymic atrophy is known to occur during infections; however, there is limited understanding of its causes and of the cross-talk between different pathways. This study investigates mechanisms involved in thymic atrophy during a model of oral infection by Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium (S.typhimurium). Significant death of CD4+CD8+ thymocytes, but not of single-positive thymocytes or peripheral lymphocytes, is observed at later stages during infection with live, but not heat-killed, bacteria. The death of CD4+CD8+ thymocytes is Fas-independent as shown by infection studies with lpr mice. However, apoptosis occurs with lowering of mitochondrial potential and higher caspase-3 activity. The amounts of cortisol, a glucocorticoid, and interferon- (IFN-), an inflammatory cytokine, increase upon infection. To investigate the functional roles of these molecules, studies were performed using Ifn/ mice together with RU486, a glucocorticoid receptor antagonist. Treatment of C57BL/6 mice with RU486 does not affect colony-forming units (CFU), amounts of IFN- and mouse survival; however, there is partial rescue in thymocyte death. Upon infection, Ifn/ mice display higher CFU and lower survival but more surviving thymocytes are recovered. However, there is no difference in cortisol amounts in C57BL/6 and Ifn/ mice. Importantly, the number of CD4+CD8+ thymocytes is significantly higher in Ifn/ mice treated with RU486 along with lower caspase-3 activity and mitochondrial damage. Hence, endogenous glucocorticoid and IFN--mediated pathways are parallel but synergize in an additive manner to induce death of CD4+CD8+ thymocytes during S.typhimurium infection. The implications of this study for host responses during infection are discussed.

Fine mapping and functional analysis of the multiple sclerosis risk gene CD6

CD6 has recently been identified and validated as risk gene for multiple sclerosis (MS), based on the association of a single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP), rs17824933, located in intron 1. CD6 is a cell surface scavenger receptor involved in T-cell activation and proliferation, as well as in thymocyte differentiation. In this study, we performed a haptag SNP screen of the CD6 gene locus using a total of thirteen tagging SNPs, of which three were non-synonymous SNPs, and replicated the recently reported GWAS SNP rs650258 in a Spanish-Basque collection of 814 controls and 823 cases. Validation of the six most strongly associated SNPs was performed in an independent collection of 2265 MS patients and 2600 healthy controls. We identified association of haplotypes composed of two non-synonymous SNPs [rs11230563 (R225W) and rs2074225 (A257V)] in the 2nd SRCR domain with susceptibility to MS (Pmax(T) permutation=161024). The effect of these haplotypes on CD6 surface expression and cytokine secretion was also tested. The analysis showed significantly different CD6 expression patterns in the distinct cell subsets, i.e. – CD4+ naı¨ve cells, P = 0.0001; CD8+ naı¨ve cells, P,0.0001; CD4+ and CD8+ central memory cells, P = 0.01 and 0.05, respectively; and natural killer T (NKT) cells, P = 0.02; with the protective haplotype (RA) showing higher expression of CD6. However, no significant changes were observed in natural killer (NK) cells, effector memory and terminally differentiated effector memory T cells. Our findings reveal that this new MS-associated CD6 risk haplotype significantly modifies expression of CD6 on CD4+ and CD8+ T cells.

Molecular mechanisms of interleukin-2 gene inducibility: developmental control and combinatorial action of transcription factors

Interleukin-2 is one of the lymphokines secreted by T helper type 1 cells upon activation mediated by T-cell receptor (TCR) and accessory molecules. The ability to express IL-2 is correlated with T-lineage commitment and is regulated during T cell development and differentiation. Understanding the molecular mechanism of how IL-2 gene inducibility is controlled at each transition and each differentiation process of T-cell development is to understand one aspect of T-cell development. In the present study, we first attempted to elucidate the molecular basis for the developmental changes of IL-2 gene inducibility. We showed that IL-2 gene inducibility is acquired early in immature CD4- CD8-TCR- thymocytes prior to TCR gene rearrangement. Similar to mature T cells, a complete set of transcription factors can be induced at this early stage to activate IL-2 gene expression. The progression of these cells to cortical CD4^+CD8^+TCR^(1o) cells is accompanied by the loss of IL-2 gene inducibility. We demonstrated that DNA binding activities of two transcription factors AP-1 and NF-AT are reduced in cells at this stage. Further, the loss of factor binding, especially AP-1, is attributable to the reduced ability to activate expression of three potential components of AP-1 and NF-AT, including c-Fos, FosB, and Fra-2. We next examined the interaction of transcription factors and the IL-2 promoter in vivo by using the EL4 T cell line and two non-T cell lines. We showed an all-or-none phenomenon regarding the factor-DNA interaction, i.e., in activated T cells, the IL-2 promoter is occupied by sequence-specific transcription factors when all the transcription factors are available; in resting T cells or non-T cells, no specific protein-DNA interaction is observed when only a subset of factors are present in the nuclei. Purposefully reducing a particular set of factor binding activities in stimulated T cells using pharmacological agents cyclosporin A or forskolin also abolished all interactions. The results suggest that a combinatorial and coordinated protein-DNA interaction is required for IL-2 gene activation. The thymocyte experiments clearly illustrated that multiple transcription factors are regulated during intrathymic T-cell development, and this regulation in tum controls the inducibility of the lineage-specific IL-2 gene. The in vivo study of protein-DNA interaction stressed the combinatorial action of transcription factors to stably occupy the IL-2 promoter and to initiate its transcription, and provided a molecular mechanism for changes in IL-2 gene inducibility in T cells undergoing integration of multiple environmental signals.

Museos, memoria y turismo

Cap. 1. Museos y patrimonio: de la distancia retórica a la interlocución democrática. Iñaki Díaz Balerdi. Cap. 2. Au coeur des conflits entre memoire, histoire et developpement economique, les nouveaux enjeux des musees de société aujourd’hui. François Hubert. Cap. 3. Elites, Instituciones Públicas, identidad cultural y turismo en los orígenes del Museo Municipal de Donostia-San Sebastián. Iñaki Arrieta Urtizberea. Cap. 4. Los orígenes de la museografía etnográfica en Cataluña: el Arxiu-Museu Folklòric de Ripoll. Oriol Beltran Costa. Cap. 5. Museo de la Pesca en Palamós: espacio para la memoria de los pescadores. Miquel Martí i Llambrich. Cap. 6. Arqueología y museos en Gipuzkoa; las experiencias del Centro de Estudios ARKEOLAN (1986-2005). Mª Mercedes Urteaga Artigas. Cap. 7. Penser un Musée des Confluences: un autre discours sur soi et les autres que soi. Thierry Valentin. Cap. 8. Turismo cultural y museos: oportunidades de desarrollo comunes. El caso de Cesis, Letonia. María Fernández Sabau. Cap. 9. La gestión y el uso turístico de los museos: la experiencia de Barcelona. Jordi Juan Tresserras y Juan Carlos Matamala. Cap. 10. Museos, turismo y desarrollo local en el norte de Portugal: el Ecomuseo del Barroso. Xerardo Pereiro. Cap. 11. Turismo y patrimonio cultural en las pequeñas y medianas ciudades: el Barri Vell de Girona y el Museu d’Art de Girona. Josep Manuel Rueda Torres.

Efeito da restrição protéica materna durante a lactação sobre a resposta de timócitos da prole jovem de ratos Wistar

Neste estudo investigamos as consequências da restrição protéica materna durante a lactação sobre a resposta de timócitos da prole jovem de ratos Wistar (grupo D), identificando o papel da leptina nas alterações encontradas. Observamos que, quando comparados ao grupo controle, os animais do grupo D apresentaram, aos 30 dias de vida, uma diminuição significativa tanto do peso corporal quanto do timo. Contudo, não observamos alterações no número de timócitos, no perfil de células CD4/CD8 ou na resposta proliferativa destas células. Sistemicamente, o grupo D não apresentou alterações nos níveis séricos de corticosterona ou no conteúdo nuclear do seu receptor (GR) em timócitos. Apesar dos animais D não apresentarem alterações nos níveis circulantes de leptina, a expressão do seu receptor, ObRb, estava aumentada nos timócitos. Esta alteração foi acompanhada pela amplificação da resposta de sinalização da leptina nestas células, observada por um aumento na ativação de JAK2 e STAT3 após a incubação com leptina. Os timócitos isolados do grupo D apresentaram uma diminuição significativa na taxa de apoptose espontânea quando comparados ao grupo controle. Corroborando estes resultados, demonstramos que os timócitos dos animais D apresentam um aumento na expressão da proteína antiapoptótica Bcl-2 e uma redução da expressão da proteína próapoptótica Bax, além de um maior conteúdo de Pró-caspase-3, entretanto, não encontramos alterações no conteúdo de Bad. Além disso, timócitos do grupo D apresentaram um maior conteúdo da subunidade p65 do NFĸB no núcleo, associado a uma menor expressão de IĸBα no citoplasma. Finalmente, observamos um aumento na expressão do RNAm para o gene ob (leptina) mas não para o gene db (receptor) no microambiente tímico dos animais D. Em conjunto, nossos dados mostram que a restrição protéica durante a lactação afeta a homeostase tímica, induzindo uma maior atividade de leptina, que protege os timócitos da apoptose na prole jovem, sugerindo que esses animais poderiam ser mais suscetíveis a alterações na resposta imune na vida aduta.

Rio, cenas decisivas: teatro entre televisão, patrocínio e política

Baseado em estudos de casos e em discussões teóricas, este trabalho analisa as relações entre a estética, a produção e a recepção de uma vertente do teatro produzido no Rio de Janeiro que se propõe manter-se além do entretenimento. O critério para a escolha dos casos estudados é o da inteligibilidade das relações entre estética e contexto sócio-econômico, a partir das próprias referências e vivências do pesquisador enquanto também artista e produtor teatral. A abordagem do teatro como fenômeno estético e cultural que interage com o meio sócio-econômico vale neste trabalho tanto para o teatro da contemporaneidade quanto em suas discussões históricas. A universalização da TV, a falta de público pagante para a arte e a ainda recente resposta do Estado como financiador universal da cultura aparecem aqui intimamente ligadas à proliferação e transformação de poéticas teatrais, principalmente no que concerne ao trabalho do ator em cena, sua formação, e a concepção que ele tem de sociedade e de seu papel dentro dela. Esta mirada a partir do fazer teatral questiona o valor de limites fixos entre arte e indústria cultural, ao sugerir como problemática a definição de arte e cultura na contemporaneidade. As relações de mútua legitimação entre a indústria da televisão e o teatro na cidade são acompanhadas desde a sua descoberta pelo Teatro dos Sete, seu apogeu nos anos 70 e 80, e sua subsequente crise no final da década de 80, quando a simbiose se transformou em competição e a TV passou a ditar as regras do mercado de atores. Os espetáculos escolhidos para análise nesta ótica são justamente O Mambembe de 1959 e A Maldição do Vale Negro, de 1988. Em seguida o texto apresenta um resumo de observações e pesquisas sobre sociologia da cultura, a sócio-economia do teatro e as políticas públicas na França. The Flash and Crash Days, de Gerald Thomas, é o espetáculo escolhido para abordar o início da era dos patrocínios no teatro carioca. A última parte da tese procura juntar os resultados obtidos nos estudos e algumas análises a discussões atuais sobre o teatro no Rio de Janeiro, ao comentar possíveis relações entre a estética e o contexto na cena experimental da zona sul da cidade, e a mudança ideológica e de valores que acompanha a ainda recente mudança de modos de produção. O olhar do teatro como negócio é confrontado por uma alternativa que sugere a abertura de novas perspectivas, através da inclusão de novos sujeitos, como oportunidade de renovação da cena carioca

Structure, organization and expression of common carp (Cyprinus carpio L.) SLP-76 gene

SLP-76 is an important member of the SLP-76 family of adapters, and it plays a key role in TCR signaling and T cell function. Partial cDNA sequence of SLP-76 of common carp (Cyprinus carpio L.) was isolated from thymus cDNA Library by the method of suppression subtractive hybridization (SSH). Subsequently, the full length cDNA of carp SLP-76 was obtained by means of 3' RACE and 5' RACE, respectively. The full Length cDNA of carp SLP-76 was 2007 bp, consisting of a T-terminal untranslated region (UTR) of 285 bp, a T-terminal. UTR of 240 bp, and an open reading frame of 1482 bp. Sequence comparison showed that the deduced amino acid sequence of carp SLP-76 had an overall similarity of 34-73% to that of other species homotogues, and it was composed of an NH2-terminal domain, a central proline-rich domain, and a C-terminal SH2 domain. Amino acid sequence analysis indicated the existence of a Gads binding site R-X-X-K, a 10-aa-long sequence which binds to the SH3 domain of LCK in vitro, and three conserved tyrosine-containing sequence in the NH2-terminal domain. Then we used PCR to obtain a genomic DNA which covers the entire coding region of carp SLP-76. In the 9.2 k-long genomic sequence, twenty one exons and twenty introns were identified. RT-PCR results showed that carp SLP-76 was expressed predominantly in hematopoietic tissues, and was upregulated in thymus tissue of four-month carp compared to one-year old carp. RT-PCR and virtual northern hybridization results showed that carp SLP-76 was also upregulated in thymus tissue of GH transgenic carp at the age of four-months. These results suggest that the expression level of SLP-76 gene may be related to thymocyte development in teleosts. (c) 2007 Published by Elsevier Ltd.

Transgene for growth hormone in common carp (Cyprinus carpio L.) promotes thymus development

The transgenic carp were produced by micro-injection of CAgcGHc into the fertilized eggs. Observation of the thymus development between the transgenics and non-transgenic controls was carried out. The thymus of one-year-old transgenics F1 showed a great increase in both size and weight. The unilateral thymus of the transgenics weighed from 190 to 295 mg with average 218.6 mg, whereas the unilateral thymus of the controls weighed 20-81 mg with average 42.5 mg; i.e. the thymus weight in the transgenics was 5.14 fold over that in the controls. The index of thymus/body weight in the transgenics was 2.97 fold over the controls. Light microscopy observation indicated that the thymus of the transgenics; well developed with the thickened outer region and compactly arranged thymocytes, while the thymus in the controls were degenerating with the thinned outer region, scattered thymocytes and groups of fatty cells. Further analysis with the electron microscopy revealed that pro-liferous cells in the transgenics; were mainly small lymphocytes and no pathological changes were found. The results confirmed that the "All-fish" GH-transgene promotes thymus development and thymocyte proliferation, and retards thymus degeneration. The study has laid a foundation for further analysis of the immunobiological function in GH-transgenic carp.

A atitude dos consumidores face aos produtos alimentares de marca do distribuidor

Dissertação de Mestrado apresentada à Universidade Fernando Pessoa como parte dos requisitos para obtenção do grau de Mestre em Ciências da Comunicação, especialização em Marketing e Publicidade.

The liver kinase B1 is a central regulator of T cell development, activation, and metabolism.

T cell activation leads to engagement of cellular metabolic pathways necessary to support cell proliferation and function. However, our understanding of the signal transduction pathways that regulate metabolism and their impact on T cell function remains limited. The liver kinase B1 (LKB1) is a serine/threonine kinase that links cellular metabolism with cell growth and proliferation. In this study, we demonstrate that LKB1 is a critical regulator of T cell development, viability, activation, and metabolism. T cell-specific ablation of the gene that encodes LKB1 resulted in blocked thymocyte development and a reduction in peripheral T cells. LKB1-deficient T cells exhibited defects in cell proliferation and viability and altered glycolytic and lipid metabolism. Interestingly, loss of LKB1 promoted increased T cell activation and inflammatory cytokine production by both CD4(+) and CD8(+) T cells. Activation of the AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) was decreased in LKB1-deficient T cells. AMPK was found to mediate a subset of LKB1 functions in T lymphocytes, as mice lacking the α1 subunit of AMPK displayed similar defects in T cell activation, metabolism, and inflammatory cytokine production, but normal T cell development and peripheral T cell homeostasis. LKB1- and AMPKα1-deficient T cells each displayed elevated mammalian target of rapamycin complex 1 signaling and IFN-γ production that could be reversed by rapamycin treatment. Our data highlight a central role for LKB1 in T cell activation, viability, and metabolism and suggest that LKB1-AMPK signaling negatively regulates T cell effector function through regulation of mammalian target of rapamycin activity.

Affirmation des eurorégions en discours. Engagement dans l’apprentissage de la responsabilité

Dans cet article, nous cherchons des traces discursives de l’affirmation d’acteurs émergents en Europe et plutôt méconnus des citoyens :les eurorégions. Ces organisations européennes de coopération transfrontalière, dont la prolifération est remarquable depuis le début des années 2000, présentent la particularité d’être engagées dans un processus d’institutionnalisation inachevé et au dénouement incertain. À partir d’un corpus multilingue et multigenre, nous observons comment les eurorégions développent leurs capacités à formuler des problèmes, à s’insérer dans des processus décisionnels et à produire des solutions défendables. Les résultats textométriques combinés à l’analyse qualitative révèlent des consensus et des tensions qui accompagnent une création institutionnelle programmée par les institutions européennes et installent l’imaginaire d’un continuum territorial et temporel en Europe.

SLAT regulates Th1 and Th2 inflammatory responses by controlling Ca2+/NFAT signaling

SWAP-70-like adapter of T cells (SLAT) is a novel guanine nucleotide exchange factor for Rho GTPases that is upregulated in Th2 cells, but whose physiological function is unclear. We show that SLAT-/- mice displayed a developmental defect at one of the earliest stages of thymocyte differentiation, the double-negative 1 (DN1) stage, leading to decreased peripheral T cell numbers. SLAT-/- peripheral CD4+ T cells demonstrated impaired TCR/CD28-induced proliferation and IL-2 production, which was rescued by the addition of exogenous IL-2. Importantly, SLAT-/- mice were grossly impaired in their ability to mount not only Th2, but also Th1-mediated lung inflammatory responses, as evidenced by reduced airway neutrophilia and eosinophilia, respectively. Levels of Th1 and Th2 cytokine in the lungs were also markedly reduced, paralleling the reduction in pulmonary inflammation. This defect in mounting Th1/Th2 responses, which was also evident in vitro, was traced to a severe reduction in Ca2+ mobilization from ER stores, which consequently led to defective TCR/CD28-induced translocation of nuclear factor of activated T cells 1/2 (NFATc1/2). Thus, SLAT is required for thymic DN1 cell expansion, T cell activation, and Th1 and Th2 inflammatory responses.