Corruption and individual ethics: insights from a public procurement auction

This article proposes an auction model where two firms compete for obtaining the license for a public project and an auctioneer acting as a public official representing the political power, decides the winner of the contest. Players as firms face a social dilemma in the sense that the higher is the bribe offered, the higher would be the willingness of a pure monetary maximizer public official to give her the license. However, it implies inducing a cost of reducing all players’ payoffs as far as our model includes an endogenous externality, which depends on bribe. All players’ payoffs decrease with the bribe (and increase with higher quality). We find that the presence of bribe aversion in either the officials’ or the firms’ utility function shifts equilibrium towards more pro-social behavior. When the quality and bribe-bid strategy space is discrete, multiple equilibria emerge including more pro-social bids than would be predicted under a continuous strategy space.

Compensation and Rewards for Environmental Services (CRES) and efficient design of contracts in developing countries. Behavioral insights from a natural field experiment

The use of economic incentives for biodiversity (mostly Compensation and Reward for Environmental Services including Payment for ES) has been widely supported in the past decades and became the main innovative policy tools for biodiversity conservation worldwide. These policy tools are often based on the insight that rational actors perfectly weigh the costs and benefits of adopting certain behaviors and well-crafted economic incentives and disincentives will lead to socially desirable development scenarios. This rationalist mode of thought has provided interesting insights and results, but it also misestimates the context by which ‘real individuals’ come to decisions, and the multitude of factors influencing development sequences. In this study, our goal is to examine how these policies can take advantage of some unintended behavioral reactions that might in return impact, either positively or negatively, general policy performances. We test the effect of income's origin (‘Low effort’ based money vs. ‘High effort’ based money) on spending decisions (Necessity vs. Superior goods) and subsequent pro social preferences (Future pro-environmental behavior) within Madagascar rural areas, using a natural field experiment. Our results show that money obtained under low effort leads to different consumption patterns than money obtained under high efforts: superior goods are more salient in the case of low effort money. In parallel, money obtained under low effort leads to subsequent higher pro social behavior. Compensation and rewards policies for ecosystem services may mobilize knowledge on behavioral biases to improve their design and foster positive spillovers on their development goals.

Interações criança-criança no pátio da escola e no abrigo: o comportamento de cuidado entre pares

Estudos mostram que ao interagir a criança tem a oportunidade de desenvolver suas habilidades sociais. Dentre elas, o comportamento de cuidado se destaca como açoes diversas que se assemelham ao cuidado parental, que têm por objetivo dar suporte físico ou afetivo ao outro a partir de atitudes como ajudar, compartilhar e brincar de cuidar. No caso de crianças que estão vivendo e crescendo em instituições de Abrigo, estudos consideram que devido à sua condição peculiar de vulnerabilidade pessoal e social, elas podem se beneficiar da presença deste comportamento nas interações estabelecidas nesse tipo de ambiente e ou em outros, como o escola. Este estudo teve como objetivo investigar aspectos físicos e sociais do ambiente que concorrem para a manifestação do comportamento de cuidado entre pares observados em suas interações nos pátios da Escola e do Abrigo. Assim como, verificar e analisar características físicas e socioais dos sujeitos que participaram da pesquisa que podem igualmente ter influenciado a manifestação desta modalidade de comportamento pró-social. Participaram do estudo cinco crianças, entre quatro e seis anos, que moravam há mais de um ano no Abrigo e freqüentavam regularmente a Escola. Para a coleta de dados, cada sujeito focal e suas interações com outras crianças foram filmados ao longo de dez sessões de observação, durante cinqüenta minutos, em ambos os ambientes. Ao todo, foram 500 minutos de observação dos participantes da pesquisa. Quanto aos resultados derivados da observação dos sujeitos focais, constatou-se que todos os cinco participantes manifestaram comportamentos de cuidado nos ambientes da pesquisa. Ao todo, foram registrados 43 eventos comportamentais (sendo 26 na Escola e 17 no Abrigo), organizados em torno das seguintes subcategorias: Estabelecer Contato Afetuoso, Ajudar, Brincar de Cuidar e Entreter. A avaliação intragrupal mostrou que não houve diferença estatística na diferença dos percentuais do comportamento de cuidado observados nos pátios da Escola e do Abrigo. Quando se considera para análise o desempenho de uma a uma das categorias do cuidado, percebe-se que o comportamento de Ajudar quando emitido na Escola (n=14; 53.8%) apresentou freqüências maiores que no Abrigo (n=7; 41,2%). Contudo, o Teste Binomial indica que esta diferença não é estatisticamente significativa (p>0,05), sendo semelhantes os percentuais referentes a ações de ajuda em ambos os ambientes. O mesmo constata-se em relação ao comportamento Brincar de Cuidar, que em termos percentuais foi mais presente no Abrigo (n=4; 23.5%) do que na Escola (n= 2;7.7%). Entretanto, a análise estatística aponta que não houve variação estatística significativa entre os ambientes. A descrição da freqüência do comportamento Estabelecer Contato Afetuoso mostra que apresenta uma maior ocorrência na Escola (n=7; 26.9%) do que no Abrigo (n=6 ; 35.3%), porém, o teste mostra que não houve diferença estatística entre as médias quando se compara os ambientes. E por fim, verificou-se que o comportamento Entreter não teve nenhuma ocorrência no Abrigo, tendo sido observado somente no ambiente da Escola (n=3, 11.5%), não sendo possível assim a aplicação do teste estatístico. Os dados mostraram que cada ambiente predominou uma forma de cuidado, devido as características físicas e sociais de cada instituição. Bem como, as características dos participantes (a idade e o tempo de permanência dos sujeitos focais) e o sexo do receptores e o cuidado oferecido.

Ampliando comportamentos pró-éticos dos alunos: relato de pesquisa e intervenção com educadores do ensino fundamental

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

Sibling relationships in adolescence: Learning and growing together

fit this article, I discuss the reasons for my interest in sibling relationships, and showcase studies on sibling relationships in adolescence carried out with my colleagues and students, in the context of the broader literature on sibling relationships. Our studies have focused on a number of important issues concerned with sibling relationships. First, I report on the associations between sibling relationships and other family relationships and the ways that the various family relationships affect each other. Second, I report a study of sibling relationships in the context of parental separation and divorce and show that sibling relationships in these families are more likely to be high in both warmth and hostility than is true for relationships in 2-parent families. Third, I report on several data sets showing an association between the quality of sibling relationships and adolescent adjustment and the link between differential parenting, adolescent adjustment, and the quality of the sibling relationship. Fourth, I report on a study of comparison and competition in sibling relationships and the associations between sibling relationship quality and reactions to being outperformed by a sibling. Finally, I discuss possible future directions for research on sibling relationships, including the importance of multimethod studies and a longitudinal perspective.

Essays on Corruption and Enforcement

Thesis (Ph.D.)--University of Washington, 2016-08

Teoria da mente e competências sociais em crianças em idade escolar

A Teoria da Mente (TM) é uma competência cognitiva que permite ao individuo reconhecer os seus próprios estados mentais bem como o das outras pessoas. Trata-se de uma capacidade que se desenvolve desde os primeiros meses de vida até à idade escolar e que faz com que sejamos capazes de compreender e antecipar o comportamento do outro: compreender os sentimentos, pensamentos, crenças, desejos e intenções (ver glossário). É a TM que permite ao indivíduo compreender o contexto social em que está inserido, demonstrando comportamentos sociais adequados. A linguagem está intimamente relacionada com a TM, nomeadamente com a capacidade de compreender falsas crenças, expressões idiomáticas, duplos sentidos e ironias (marcadores ao nível do seu desenvolvimento). A semântica e a sintaxe (sob ponto de vista expressivo e recetivo) têm um papel fulcral na compreensão dos estados mentais. É nesta relação entre TM, Competências Sociais (CS) e linguagem que se enquadra a presente investigação. Esta teve como objetivos analisar a relação existente entre TM e CS em crianças com desenvolvimento neurotípico, bem como a sua relação existente entre fatores sociais e demográficos, comparar a perceção dos pais e professores sobre as CS e analisar algumas variáveis preditoras da TM. Para isso, constituiu-se uma amostra de 103 crianças de ambos os sexos (54 do sexo feminino e 49 do sexo masculino) com idades compreendidas entre os 6 e os 9 anos com desenvolvimento neurotípico que frequentassem o 1º ciclo do ensino básico. Para a recolha de dados, os encarregados de educação preencheram um questionário sobre dados socio – demográficos e o questionário de CS (também preenchidos pelo professores). As competências de TM foram avaliadas através duas sequências do Teste Doctor Martin – Brune. Esta investigação encontrou correlações efetivas entre competências de TM e CS, nomeadamente nos domínios do altruísmo, iniciação e orientação pró – social bem como na reciprocidade. Tal como se esperava após a revisão bibliográfica, encontraram-se correlações entre alguns fatores sociais e demográficos, TM e CS ainda que alguns resultados tenham sido inconclusivos. De qualquer forma, verificou-se a existência de relações com a idade, escolaridade, número de irmãos, idade dos irmãos, escolaridade e idade dos pais. Os resultados acerca da perceção de pais e professores acerca das CS da criança foram igualmente curiosos e passiveis de nova investigação: as CS nos diferentes contextos em que a criança se insere e a avaliação que diferentes interlocutores fazem das suas competências. Foram encontradas correlações positivas entre CS e alguns fatores socio – demográficos anteriormente referidos pela investigação (escolaridade da mãe, número de irmãos, idade, anos de escolaridade). No entanto, outros fatores surgiram como estando relacionados (fatores relacionados com o pai) sem que exista mais informação acerca destes dados. Os resultados demonstraram também que os pais avaliam as CS dos filhos de modo superior aos professores no que se refere à orientação pró – social e iniciação social, mas inferior no domínio do altruísmo. De acordo com o Teste de Pearson, existem correlações positivas entre a avaliação realizada pelos pais e professores no que diz respeito à orientação pró – social, iniciação social e altruísmo bem como no total do Questionário. Todavia, é fundamental continuar a desenvolver estudos nesta área de investigação tendo em consideração a pouca informação existente acerca de algumas variáveis, nomeadamente, em relação ao papel do pai no desenvolvimento da TM.

Conducta prosocial y autoatribuciones académicas en Educación Secundaria Obligatoria

Este estudio presenta los resultados sobre la relación que existe entre las autoatribuciones académicas en lenguaje y matemáticas en una muestra de 2.022 estudiantes de Educación Secundaria de 12 a 16 años. Los adolescentes fueron seleccionados aleatoriamente de 20 escuelas urbanas y rurales en las provincias de Alicante y Murcia, España. La conducta prosocial fue codificada con el Teenage Inventory of Social Skills y las autoatribuciones académicas fueron medidas mediante la Escala de Atribución Causal de Sydney (Sydney Attribution Scale, SAS; Marsh, 1984). El 17.35% de estudiantes de ESO fueron identificados como prosociales. Los chicos de 2º de ESO y las chicas de 4º de ESO presentaron la menor y mayor prevalencia puntual de conducta prosocial, respectivamente. Respecto a la asignatura de lenguaje, los estudiantes prosociales atribuyen significativamente el éxito a la capacidad, el esfuerzo y, en menor medida, a causas externas. En cuanto a la asignatura de matemáticas, los estudiantes prosociales atribuyeron el éxito significativamente más al esfuerzo y significativamente menos a causas externas, mientras que atribuyeron el fracaso significativamente más a la falta de esfuerzo. Además, los datos han permitido crear un modelo de regresión logística que permite hacer estimaciones correctas respecto a la probabilidad de éxito académico en matemáticas, en lenguaje y en todas las asignaturas aprobadas en estudiantes prosociales de E.S.O. a partir de las puntuaciones en atribuciones académicas.

Ansiedade materna de separação e adaptação psicossocial ao pré-escolar

Dissertação de Mestrado apresentada ao Instituto Superior de Psicologia Aplicada para obtenção de grau de Mestre na especialidade de Psicologia Educacional.

Social structure and underwater behavior of harbor seals in southern Monterey Bay, California

To understand harbor seal social and mating strategies, I examined site fidelity, seasonal abundance and distribution, herd integrity, and underwater behavior of individual harbor seals in southern Monterey Bay. Individual harbor seals (n = 444) were identified by natural markings and represented greater than 80% of an estimated 520 seals within this community. Year to year fidelity of individual harbor seals to southern Monterey Bay coastline was 84% (n = 388), and long-term associations (>2 yrs) among individuals were common (>40%). Consistent with these long-term associations, harbor seals were highly social underwater throughout the year. Underwater social behavior included three primary types: (1) visual and acoustic displays, such as vocalizing, surface splashing, and bubble-blowing; (2) playful or agonistic social behavior such as rolling, mounting, attending, and biting; and (3) signal gestures such as head-thrusting, fore-flipper scratch~ng, and growling. Frequency of these types of behavior was related to seal age, gender, season, and resource availability. Underwater behavior had a variety of functions, including promotion of learning and social development, reduction of aggression and preservation of social bonds by maintaining social hierarchy, and facilitation of mate selection during breeding season. Social behavior among adult males was significantly correlated with vocalization characteristics (r = 0.99, X2 = 37.7, p = 0.00087), indicating that seals may assess their competition based on underwater vocalization displays and adopt individual strategies for attracting females during breeding season based on social status. Individual mating strategies may include defending underwater territories, using scramble tactics, and developing social alliances. (PDF contains 105 pages)

Peer rejection and social information-processing factors in the development of aggressive behavior problems in children.

The relation between social rejection and growth in antisocial behavior was investigated. In Study 1,259 boys and girls (34% African American) were followed from Grades 1 to 3 (ages 6-8 years) to Grades 5 to 7 (ages 10-12 years). Early peer rejection predicted growth in aggression. In Study 2,585 boys and girls (16% African American) were followed from kindergarten to Grade 3 (ages 5-8 years), and findings were replicated. Furthermore, early aggression moderated the effect of rejection, such that rejection exacerbated antisocial development only among children initially disposed toward aggression. In Study 3, social information-processing patterns measured in Study 1 were found to mediate partially the effect of early rejection on later aggression. In Study 4, processing patterns measured in Study 2 replicated the mediation effect. Findings are integrated into a recursive model of antisocial development.

Considering the role of social dynamics and positional behavior in gestural communication research.

While the hominin fossil record cannot inform us on either the presence or extent of social and cognitive abilities that may have paved the way for the emergence of language, studying non-vocal communication among our closest living relatives, the African apes, may provide valuable information about how language originated. Although much has been learned from gestural signaling in non-human primates, we have not yet established how and why gestural repertoires vary across species, what factors influence this variation, and how knowledge of these differences can contribute to an understanding of gestural signaling's contribution to language evolution. In this paper, we review arguments surrounding the theory that language evolved from gestural signaling and suggest some important factors to consider when conducting comparative studies of gestural communication among African apes. Specifically, we propose that social dynamics and positional behavior are critical components that shape the frequency and nature of gestural signaling across species and we argue that an understanding of these factors could shed light on how gestural communication may have been the basis of human language. We outline predictions for the influence of these factors on the frequencies and types of gestures used across the African apes and highlight the importance of including these factors in future gestural communication research with primates.

Mechanism of the antioxidant to pro-oxidant switch in the behavior of dehydroascorbate during LDL oxidation by copper(II) ions

Oxidised low density lipoprotein (LDL) may be involved in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis. We have therefore investigated the mechanisms underlying the antioxidant/pro-oxidant behavior of dehydroascorbate, the oxidation product of ascorbic acid, toward LDL incubated With Cu2+ ions. By monitoring lipid peroxidation through the formation of conjugated dienes and lipid hydroperoxides, we show that the pro-oxidant activity of dehydroascorbate is critically dependent on the presence of lipid hydroperoxides, which accumulate during the early stages of oxidation. Using electron paramagnetic resonance spectroscopy, we show that dehydroascorbate amplifies the generation of alkoxyl radicals during the interaction of copper ions with the model alkyl hydroperoxide, tert-butylhydroperoxide. Under continuous-flow conditions, a prominent doublet signal was detected, which we attribute to both the erythroascorbate and ascorbate free radicals. On this basis, we propose that the pro-oxidant activity of dehydroascorbate toward LDL is due to its known spontaneous interconversion to erythroascorbate and ascorbate, which reduce Cu2+ to Cu+ and thereby promote the decomposition of lipid hydroperoxides. Various mechanisms, including copper chelation and Cu+ oxidation, are suggested to underlie the antioxidant behavior of dehydroascorbate in LDL that is essentially free of lipid hydroperoxides. (C) 2007 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

Rhythmic behavior of social insects from single to multibody

Revealing the evolution of well-organized social behavior requires understanding a mechanism by which collective behavior is produced. A well-organized group may be produced by two possible mechanisms, namely, a central control and a distributed control. In the second case, local interactions between interchangeable components function at the bottom of the collective behavior. We focused on a simple behavior of an individual ant and analyzed the interactions between a pair of ants. In an experimental set-up, we placed the workers in a hemisphere without a nest, food, and a queen, and recorded their trajectories. The temporal pattern of velocity of each ant was obtained. From this bottom-up approach, we found the characteristic behavior of a single worker and a pair of workers as follows: (1) Activity of each individual has a rhythmic component. (2) Interactions between a pair of individuals result in two types of coupling, namely the anti-phase and the in-phase coupling. The direct physical contacts between the pair of workers might cause a phase shift of the rhythmic components in individual ants. We also build up a simple model based on the coupled oscillators toward the understanding of the whole colony behavior.

BlueFriends: measuring, analyzing and preventing social exclusion between elementary school students

Social exclusion is a relatively recent term, whose creation is attributed to René Lenoir(Lenoir, 1974). Its concept covers a remarkably wide range of social and economic problems, and can be triggered for various reasons: mentally and physically handicapped, abused children, delinquents, multi-problem households, asocial people, and other social “misfits” (Silver, 1995, pp. 63; Foucault, 1992). With an increasingly multi-cultural population, cultural and social inequalities rapidly ascend, bringing with them the need for educational restructuring. We are living in an evermore diverse world, and children need to be educated to be receptive to the different types of people around them, especially considering social and cultural aspects. It is with these goals that inclusive education has seen an increased trend in today’s academic environment, reminding us that even though children may be taught under the same roof, discriminatory practices might still happen. There are, however, a number of developed tools to assess the various dimensions of social networks. These are mostly based on questionnaires and interviews, which tend to be fastidious and don’t allow for longitudinal, large scale measurement. This thesis introduces BlueFriends, a Bluetooth-based measurement tool for social inclusion/exclusion on elementary school classes. The main goals behind the development of this tool were a) understanding how exclusion manifests in students’ behaviors, and b) motivating pro-social behaviors on children through the use of a persuasive technology. BlueFriends is a distributed application, comprised by an application running on several smartphones, a web-hosted database and a computer providing a visual representation of the data collected on a TV screen, attempting to influence children behaviors. The application makes use of the Bluetooth device present on each phone to continuously sample the RSSI (Received Signal Strength Indication) from other phones, storing the data locally on each phone. All of the stored data is collected, processed and then inserted into the database at the end of each day. At the beginning of each recess, children are reminded of how their behaviors affect others with the help of a visual display, which consists of interactions between dogs. This display illustrates every child’s best friends, as well as which colleagues they don’t interact with as much. Several tips encouraging social interaction and inclusiveness are displayed, inspiring children to change their behaviors towards the colleagues they spend less time with. This thesis documents the process of designing, deploying and analyzing the results of two field studies. On the first study, we assess how the current developed tools are inferior to our measuring tool by deploying a measurement only study, aimed at perceiving how much information can be obtained by the BlueFriends application and attempting to understand how exclusion manifests itself in the school environment. On the second study, we pile on the previous to try and motivate pro-social behaviors on students, with the use of visual cues and recommendations. Ultimately, we confirm that our measurement tool’s results were satisfying towards measuring and changing children’s behaviors, and conclude with our thoughts on possible future work, suggesting a number of possible extensions and improvements.