Do clientelismo coronelista ao clientelismo de Estado: a ascensão de imigrantes na política do interior paulista

O artigo procura analisar a relação que há entre padrões de mobilidade social e o processo de entrada de imigrantes e de seus descendentes de primeira geração na atividade política institucional na região conhecida como o oeste paulista. Tal processo pode se constituir num indicador das relações de resistência ou de aproximação entre os imigrantes e as elites locais tradicionais, além de ser elemento chave para se compreender o processo de superação do sistema coronelista no estado de São Paulo, a ascensão de uma nova fração burguesa e o advento do populismo.

El gobierno de las megalópolis, el caso de Brasil, São Paulo: gestión metropolitana, descentralización y participación como desafíos simultáneos

The government of a megalopolis, such as São Paulo, shows singular challenges that do not exist in less complex urban contexts. Being a city of a country with a recent industrialized economy, with an income (functional and geographical) highly concentrated, that has resumed the democracy for only one quarter of a century, this megacity lives with its own political and organizational assignments, due to the contradictory character of the political behavior of its habitants/ voters and of the traditionalist nature of populism and patronage in the relationship between the rulers and the ruled and between the Executive and Legislative powers at the local level. In such context, the difficulties to prosecute the assignments of the metropolitan organization, the decentralization and the institutionalization of citizen participatory channels in the governance and administrative activities are huge. The centrifuge forces (of the decentralization of the local government, through subprefectures), the centripetal forces ( of the metropolitan organization process) and the diffuse forces (of the claiming popular participation) act simultaneously over the deciding processes, in São Paulo, receiving, still, state and national political influences, since the city is a very significant historically producer of political and electoral capital. The analysis of the recent experience of the creation of the subprefectures and the representative counsels (fixed in the Municipality Organic Law of 1990) and the attempt to implement the participatory budgeting, in two occasions (1989-1992 and 2001-2004), reveal some of the social and political reasons that make difficult the establishment of a solidly democratic governance and of a more efficient public administration in the metropolitan area of São Paulo.

O militante em cena: Gianfrancesco Guarnieri e Eles não usam black tie

Pós-graduação em Artes - IA

The People's Hour and the Social Gospel: George Howard Gibson's Gilded Age Search for an Organization of the Kingdom of God

Previous studies of the Social Gospel movement have acknowledged the fact that Social Gospelers were involved in multiple social reform movements during the Gilded Age and into the Progressive Era. However, most of these studies have failed to explain how the reform experiences of the Social Gospelers contributed to the development of the Social Gospel. The Social Gospelers’ ideas regarding the need to transform society and their strategies for doing so were largely a result of their personal experiences as reformers and their collaboration with other reformers. The knowledge and insight gained from interaction with a variety of reform methods played a vital role in the development of the ideology and theology of the Social Gospel. George Howard Gibson is exemplary of the connections between the Social Gospel movement and several other social reform movements of the time. He was involved in the Temperance movement, was a member of both the Prohibition Party and the People’s Party, and co-founded a Christian socialist cooperative colony. His writings illustrate the formation of his identity as a Social Gospeler as well as his attempts to find an organization through which to realize the kingdom of God on earth. Failure to achieve the changes he desired via prohibition encouraged him to broaden his reform goals. Like many Midwestern Social Gospelers Gibson believed he had found “God’s Party” in the People’s Party, but he rejected reform via the political system once the Populists restricted their attention to the silver issue and fused with the Democratic Party. Yet his involvement with the People’s Party demonstrates the attraction many Social Gospelers had to the reforms proposed in the Omaha Platform of 1892 as well as to the party’s use of revivalistic language and emphasis on producerism and brotherhood. Gibson’s experimentation with a variety of ways to achieve the kingdom of God on earth provides new insight into the experiences and contributions of lay Social Gospelers. Adviser: Kenneth J. Winkle

MoVimento 5 Stelle - Fortführung des italienischen Rechtspopulismus?

In der vorliegenden Arbeit wird analysiert, ob die neue italienische Partei MoVimento 5 Stelle (M5S) eine rechtspopulistische Partei ist. Darüber hinaus wird mithilfe eines Vergleichs mit Berlusconis Partei Popolo della libertà (PDL) erörtert, ob das M5S den italienischen Rechtspopulismus fortführt. Das M5S wurde im Jahre 2009 von dem italienischen Komiker Beppe Grillo gegründet und zog nach seiner ersten Teilnahme an nationalen Wahlen im Jahre 2013 als zweitstärkste Partei in das italienische Parlament ein. Mit seiner Anti-Establishment-Programmatik und der Ablehnung der etablierten Parteien ähnelt das M5S nicht nur Berlusconis Partei PDL, sondern auch den rechtspopulistischen Parteien, die seit den 1980er Jahren in Westeuropa beständig an Relevanz gewonnen haben. Diese Parteien polemisieren gegen Politiker und Parteien, stellen die Legitimität von Minderheitenrechten und die Prinzipien der repräsentativen Demokratie in Frage. Organisatorisch gruppieren sie sich um einen charismatischen Anführer, dessen Anspruch es ist, die ‚Stimme des Volkes‘ zu repräsentieren. Diese und andere zentrale Charakteristika sind Gegenstand des theoretischen Teils dieser Arbeit. Die Analysedimension sind ‚Programmatik‘ und ‚Organisation‘. Die letztgenannte Kategorie wird in ‚interne Organisationsstruktur‘ und ‚Kommunikation‘ unterteilt. Die Basis der Analyse bilden Parteidokumente (Wahl- und Parteiprogramme, Parteistatuten, Blogeinträge), Experteneinschätzungen und die Forschungsliteratur. Die Untersuchung kommt zu dem Ergebnis, dass es sich beim M5S nicht um eine rechtspopulistische, sondern um eine populistische Partei mit linken Elementen handelt. Den italienischen Rechtspopulismus, wie ihn Berlusconis Partei pflegt, führt sie folglich nicht fort. Sie zeigt in der Organisation starke Parallelen, da beide Parteien von ihren Anführern dominiert werden. Aber das M5S hat eine stark web-basierte Organisationsform und vertritt Umweltthemen, was keine typischen Merkmale rechtspopulistischer Parteien sind. Darüber hinaus vertritt es keine nationalistischen Position, was hingegen konstitutiv für Rechtspopulismus ist.

A Sociological Study of the Political Subsystem in Yugoslavia

In this critical analysis of sociological studies of the political subsystem in Yugoslavia since the fall of communism Mr. Ilic examined the work of the majority of leading researchers of politics in the country between 1990 and 1996. Where the question of continuity was important, he also looked at previous research by the writers in question. His aim was to demonstrate the overall extent of existing research and at the same time to identify its limits and the social conditions which defined it. Particular areas examined included the problems of defining basic concepts and selecting the theoretically most relevant indicators; the sources of data including the types of authentic materials exploited; problems of research work (contacts, field control, etc.); problems of analysisl and finally the problems arising from different relations with the people who commission the research. In the first stage of the research, looking at methods of defining key terms, special attention was paid to the analysis of the most frequently used terms such as democracy, totalitarianism, the political left and right, and populism. Numerous weaknesses were noted in the analytic application of these terms. In studies of the possibilities of creating a democratic political system in Serbia and its possible forms (democracy of the majority or consensual democracy), the profound social division of Serbian society was neglected. The left-right distinction tends to be identified with the government-opposition relation, in the way of practical politics. The idea of populism was used to pass responsibility for the policy of war from the manipulator to the manipulated, while the concept of totalitarianism is used in a rather old-fashioned way, with echoes of the cold war. In general, the terminology used in the majority of recent research on the political subsystem in Yugoslavia is characterised by a special ideological style and by practical political material, rather than by developed theoretical effort. The second section of analysis considered the wider theoretical background of the research and focused on studies of the processes of transformation and transition in Yugoslav society, particularly the work of Mladen Lazic and Silvano Bolcic, who he sees as representing the most important and influential contemporary Yugoslav sociologists. Here Mr. Ilic showed that the meaning of empirical data is closely connected with the stratification schemes towards which they are oriented, so that the same data can have different meanings in shown through different schemes. He went on to show the observed theoretical frames in the context of wider ideological understanding of the authors' ideas and research. Here the emphasis was on the formalistic character of such notions as command economy and command work which were used in analysing the functioning and the collapse of communist society, although Mr. Ilic passed favourable judgement on the Lazic's critique of political over-determination in its various attempts to explain the disintegration of the communist political (sub)system. The next stage of the analysis was devoted to the problem of empirical identification of the observed phenomena. Here again the notions of the political left and right were of key importance. He sees two specific problems in using these notion in talking about Yugoslavia, the first being that the process of transition in the FR Yugoslavia has hardly begun. The communist government has in effect remained in power continuously since 1945, despite the introduction of a multi-party system in 1990. The process of privatisation of public property was interrupted at a very early stage and the results of this are evident on the structural level in the continuous weakening of the social status of the middle class and on the political level because the social structure and dominant form of property direct the majority of votes towards to communists in power. This has been combined with strong chauvinist confusion associated with the wars in Croatia and Bosnia, and these ideas were incorporated by all the relevant Yugoslav political parties, making it more difficult to differentiate between them empirically. In this context he quotes the situation of the stream of political scientists who emerged in the Faculty of Political Science in Belgrade. During the time of the one-party regime, this faculty functioned as ideological support for official communist policy and its teachers were unable to develop views which differed from the official line, but rather treated all contrasting ideas in the same way, neglecting their differences. Following the introduction of a multi-party system, these authors changed their idea of a public enemy, but still retained an undifferentiated and theoretically undeveloped approach to the issue of the identification of political ideas. The fourth section of the work looked at problems of explanation in studying the political subsystem and the attempts at an adequate causal explanation of the triumph of Slobodan Milosevic's communists at four subsequent elections was identified as the key methodological problem. The main problem Mr. Ilic isolated here was the neglect of structural factors in explaining the voters' choice. He then went on to look at the way empirical evidence is collected and studied, pointing out many mistakes in planning and determining the samples used in surveys as well as in the scientifically incorrect use of results. He found these weaknesses particularly noticeable in the works of representatives of the so-called nationalistic orientation in Yugoslav sociology of politics, and he pointed out the practical political abuses which these methodological weaknesses made possible. He also identified similar types of mistakes in research by Serbian political parties made on the basis of party documentation and using methods of content analysis. He found various none-sided applications of survey data and looked at attempts to apply other sources of data (statistics, official party documents, various research results). Mr. Ilic concluded that there are two main sets of characteristics in modern Yugoslav sociological studies of political subsystems. There are a considerable number of surveys with ambitious aspirations to explain political phenomena, but at the same time there is a clear lack of a developed sociological theory of political (sub)systems. He feels that, in the absence of such theory, most researcher are over-ready to accept the theoretical solutions found for interpretation of political phenomena in other countries. He sees a need for a stronger methodological bases for future research, either 1) in complementary usage of different sources and ways of collecting data, or 2) in including more of a historical dimension in different attempts to explain the political subsystem in Yugoslavia.

Nationalism and Literature

Zunic investigated the relationship between nationalism and Serbian literature. He first analysed and evaluated the justifications for a number of critical accusations against Serbian literature. These included mythological and epic foundations (traditionalism), an obsession with national history and with the motif of the Serbian people as an eternal victim, the domination of the collective over the individual (populism), an anachronistic romantic conception of the social function of literature. In order to gain an unbiased judgement of the nationalistic role of contemporary Serbian literature, Zunic prepared a list of those books with the greatest number of copies issued in the decade 1985-1995, and constructed an appropriate hermeneutic procedure of understanding the meaning of the content and form of these works. He concluded that contemporary Serbian literature is in fact occupied with national history, and also with the unmasking of communist totalitarianism. The most influential books express and document either nationally-oriented or civil-oriented world views. The former, although mostly not militant works (with their realistic "closed" form), might have had an ideological influence on the Serbian national consciousness, while the civil-oriented works (with their "open" modern or post-modern form) could not neutralise all these extra-literary effects of the nationally-oriented works, since the predominant way of reading is a communication with the literary content (realised as a testimony of historical facts), and not with the literary form (as a carrier of the artistic value and a "moderator" of any content).

Populist Communication in the Context of European Parliament Elections 2014

Over the last decade European democracies have been facing a challenge by the rising force of new populist movements. The emergence of the financial and sovereign debt crisis in Europe created new fertile soil for the strengthening of old-established – and the development of new – populist parties in several EU-member states. José Manuel Barroso, president of the European Commission, emphasized his increased unease concerning these developments when he was speaking at the annual Brussels Think Tank Forum on 22. April 2013: “I am deeply concerned about the divisions that we see emerging: political extremes and populism tearing apart the political support and the social fabric that we need to deal with the crisis; […]” (Barroso 2013). Indeed, European elites seem to be increasingly worried by these recent developments which are perceived as an impending stress test of the Union and the project of European integration as a whole (Hartleb 2013). Sure enough, the results of the recent European Parliament Elections 2014 revealed a great support for populist political parties in many societies of EU-member countries. To understand the success of populist parties in Europe it is crucial to first shed light on the nature of populist party communication itself. Significant communicative differences may explain the varying success of populist parties between and within countries, while a pure demand-side approach (i.e. a focus on the preferences of the electorate) often fails to do so (Mudde 2010). The aim of this study is therefore to analyse what different types of populist communication styles emerge during the EP election campaign 2014 and under which conditions populist communication styles are selected by political parties. So far, the empirical measurement of populism has received only scarce attention (Rooduijn & Pauwels 2011). Besides, most of the existing empirical investigations of populism are single case studies (Albertazzi & McDonnell 2008) and scholars have not yet developed systematic methods to measure populism in a comparative way (Rooduijn & Pauwels 2011). This is a consequence of a lack of conceptual clarity which goes along with populism (Taggart 2000; Barr 2009; Canovan 1999) due to its contextual sensitivity. Hence, populism in Europe should be analysed in a way that clarifies the concept of populism and moreover takes into account that the Europeanization of politics has an influence on the type of populist party communication, which is intended in the course of that study.

Adorno y Benjamin sobre la cultura : acerca de un equívoco persistente

En teoría de la comunicación dentro de Latinoamérica, se ha vuelto un lugar común el supuesto de que W. Benjamin fue un defensor de la cultura de masas, un populista; el cual, por tanto, sería por completo opuesto a la figura de Adorno, con su reconocido elitismo cultural. De tal modo se opaca cualquier relación entre el pensamiento de ambos, al punto de que en una interpretación que ha popularizado Martín Barbero Benjamin no queda incluido como un autor frankfurtiano. El trabajo busca retomar la relación de Benjamin con lo sublime, para negar formas actuales de lo masivo; y con el marxismo, para mostrar su intransigencia ante el sistema capitalista, en oposición al neopopulismo latinoamericano actual. A la vez, la interpretación se diferencia también de la de B.Sarlo, quien hace una reivindicación unilateral de la cultura letrada frente a la cultura de masas.

Entre la democracia, el liberalismo, el clientelismo y el populismo : Dilemas del peronismo en la Argentina 'democrática'

El presente articulo analiza las principales transformaciones experimentadas por la identidad política peronista desde los años iniciales de la 'transición a la democracia' hasta la actualidad. En la primera parte reconstruye, a través de las páginas de la revista Unidos, los debates suscitados al interior del peronismo en la década del 80 alrededor de las relaciones y tensiones entre la tradición nacional-popular, el socialismo y la democracia. En la segunda sección se pregunta por las continuidades y rupturas experimentadas por la identidad peronista en los 90, apuntando a captar bajo qué formas seguía presente esta identidad en un contexto marcado por el neoliberalismo y el clientelismo. Finalmente, en la última sección se aventuran algunas hipótesis sobre la recomposición del peronismo bajo el liderazgo kirchnerista en el periodo posterior a la crisis social y política de 2001

El paradigma posfundacional interpelado : Política, democracia e institucionalización para pensar Suramérica hoy

Aquí analizamos los principales postulados del pensamiento político posfundacional, por considerar su enorme productividad para analizar el mundo contemporáneo y, particularmente, el presente de la región suramericana. Postulando la imposibilidad de un fundamento último y la necesariedad de la contingencia, damos cuenta de las nociones de lo político, de representación política (como mecanismo de constitución de identidades), y de democracia, para después debatir el estatus de la hegemonía, el carácter específico del populismo y el lugar que le cabe en la teoría a lo irrepresentable. Finalmente, introducimos la idea del momento institucional de la representación, para así intentar actualizar el paradigma posfundacional interpelado por la situación actual suramericana

Entre la democracia, el liberalismo, el clientelismo y el populismo : Dilemas del peronismo en la Argentina 'democrática'

El presente articulo analiza las principales transformaciones experimentadas por la identidad política peronista desde los años iniciales de la 'transición a la democracia' hasta la actualidad. En la primera parte reconstruye, a través de las páginas de la revista Unidos, los debates suscitados al interior del peronismo en la década del 80 alrededor de las relaciones y tensiones entre la tradición nacional-popular, el socialismo y la democracia. En la segunda sección se pregunta por las continuidades y rupturas experimentadas por la identidad peronista en los 90, apuntando a captar bajo qué formas seguía presente esta identidad en un contexto marcado por el neoliberalismo y el clientelismo. Finalmente, en la última sección se aventuran algunas hipótesis sobre la recomposición del peronismo bajo el liderazgo kirchnerista en el periodo posterior a la crisis social y política de 2001

El paradigma posfundacional interpelado : Política, democracia e institucionalización para pensar Suramérica hoy

Aquí analizamos los principales postulados del pensamiento político posfundacional, por considerar su enorme productividad para analizar el mundo contemporáneo y, particularmente, el presente de la región suramericana. Postulando la imposibilidad de un fundamento último y la necesariedad de la contingencia, damos cuenta de las nociones de lo político, de representación política (como mecanismo de constitución de identidades), y de democracia, para después debatir el estatus de la hegemonía, el carácter específico del populismo y el lugar que le cabe en la teoría a lo irrepresentable. Finalmente, introducimos la idea del momento institucional de la representación, para así intentar actualizar el paradigma posfundacional interpelado por la situación actual suramericana

Entre la democracia, el liberalismo, el clientelismo y el populismo : Dilemas del peronismo en la Argentina 'democrática'

El presente articulo analiza las principales transformaciones experimentadas por la identidad política peronista desde los años iniciales de la 'transición a la democracia' hasta la actualidad. En la primera parte reconstruye, a través de las páginas de la revista Unidos, los debates suscitados al interior del peronismo en la década del 80 alrededor de las relaciones y tensiones entre la tradición nacional-popular, el socialismo y la democracia. En la segunda sección se pregunta por las continuidades y rupturas experimentadas por la identidad peronista en los 90, apuntando a captar bajo qué formas seguía presente esta identidad en un contexto marcado por el neoliberalismo y el clientelismo. Finalmente, en la última sección se aventuran algunas hipótesis sobre la recomposición del peronismo bajo el liderazgo kirchnerista en el periodo posterior a la crisis social y política de 2001

El paradigma posfundacional interpelado : Política, democracia e institucionalización para pensar Suramérica hoy

Aquí analizamos los principales postulados del pensamiento político posfundacional, por considerar su enorme productividad para analizar el mundo contemporáneo y, particularmente, el presente de la región suramericana. Postulando la imposibilidad de un fundamento último y la necesariedad de la contingencia, damos cuenta de las nociones de lo político, de representación política (como mecanismo de constitución de identidades), y de democracia, para después debatir el estatus de la hegemonía, el carácter específico del populismo y el lugar que le cabe en la teoría a lo irrepresentable. Finalmente, introducimos la idea del momento institucional de la representación, para así intentar actualizar el paradigma posfundacional interpelado por la situación actual suramericana