Blackbody emission under laser excitation of silicon nanopowder produced by plasma-enhanced chemical-vapor deposition

Previous results concerning radiative emission under laser irradiation of silicon nanopowder are reinterpreted in terms of thermal emission. A model is developed that considers the particles in the powder as independent, so under vacuum the only dissipation mechanism is thermal radiation. The supralinear dependence observed between the intensity of the emitted radiation and laser power is predicted by the model, as is the exponential quenching when the gas pressure around the sample increases. The analysis allows us to determine the sample temperature. The local heating of the sample has been assessed independently by the position of the transverse optical Raman mode. Finally, it is suggested that the photoluminescence observed in porous silicon and similar materials could, in some cases, be blackbody radiation

Gas collisions and pressure quenching of the photoluminescence of silicon nanopowder grown by plasma-enhanced chemical vapor deposition

The quenching of the photoluminescence of Si nanopowder grown by plasma-enhanced chemical vapor deposition due to pressure was measured for various gases ( H2, O2, N2, He, Ne, Ar, and Kr) and at different temperatures. The characteristic pressure, P0, of the general dependence I(P)=I0exp(-P/P0) is gas and temperature dependent. However, when the number of gas collisions is taken as the variable instead of pressure, then the quenching is the same within a gas family (mono- or diatomic) and it is temperature independent. So it is concluded that the effect depends on the number of gas collisions irrespective of the nature of the gas or its temperature

Effect of collection, transport, processing and storage of blood specimens on the activity of lysosomal enzymes in plasma and leukocytes

This study was designed to evaluate the effect of different conditions of collection, transport and storage on the quality of blood samples from normal individuals in terms of the activity of the enzymes ß-glucuronidase, total hexosaminidase, hexosaminidase A, arylsulfatase A and ß-galactosidase. The enzyme activities were not affected by the different materials used for collection (plastic syringes or vacuum glass tubes). In the evaluation of different heparin concentrations (10% heparin, 5% heparin, and heparinized syringe) in the syringes, it was observed that higher doses resulted in an increase of at least 1-fold in the activities of ß-galactosidase, total hexosaminidase and hexosaminidase A in leukocytes, and ß-glucuronidase in plasma. When the effects of time and means of transportation were studied, samples that had been kept at room temperature showed higher deterioration with time (72 and 96 h) before processing, and in this case it was impossible to isolate leukocytes from most samples. Comparison of heparin and acid citrate-dextrose (ACD) as anticoagulants revealed that ß-glucuronidase and hexosaminidase activities in plasma reached levels near the lower normal limits when ACD was used. In conclusion, we observed that heparin should be used as the preferable anticoagulant when measuring these lysosomal enzyme activities, and we recommend that, when transport time is more than 24 h, samples should be shipped by air in a styrofoam box containing wet ice.

Continuous hydride generation in the presence of L- cysteine for the determination of arsenic, bismuth, antimony and tin in steels by inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry

Arsenic, bismuth, germanium, antimony and tin were simultaneously determined by continuous hydride generation and inductively coupled plasma-atomic emission spectrometry . I Hydrides were introduced into four different types of gas-liquid separators. Two of the gas-liquid separators were available in-house. A third was developed for this project and a fourth was based on a design used by CET AC. The best signal intensity was achieved by the type II frit-based gas-liquid separator, but the modified Cetac design gave promise for the future, due to low relative standard deviation. A method was developed for the determination of arsenic, bismuth, antimony and tin in low-alloy steels. Four standard reference materials from NIST were dissolved in 10 mL aqua regia without heat. Good agreement was obtained between experimental values and certified values for arsenic, bismuth, antimony and tin. The method was developed to provide the analyst with the opportunity to determine the analytes by using simple aqueous standards to prepare calibration lines. Within the limits of the samples analyzed, the method developed is independent of matrix.

Synthesis of nanoporous materials for preconcentration and determination of trace elements by ICP-AES ; Investigation and elimination of the memory effects of mercury, gold, silver and boron in ICP-AES

Nanoporous materials with large surface area and well-ordered pore structure have been synthesized. Thiol groups were grafted on the materials' surface to make heavy metal ion pre-concentration media. The adsorption properties ofthe materials were explored. Mercury, gold and silver can be strongly adsorbed by these materials, even in the presence of alkaline earth metal ion. Though the materials can adsorb other heavy metal ions such as lead and copper, they show differential adsorption ability when several ions are present in solution. The adsorption sequence is: mercury> == silver> copper » lead and cadmium. In the second part of this work, the memory effects of mercury, gold, silver and boron were investigated. The addition of 2% L-cysteine and 1% thiourea eliminates the problems of the three metal ions completely. The wash-out time for mercury dropped from more than 20 minutes to 18 seconds, and the wash-out time for gold decreased from more than 30 minutes to 49 seconds. The memory effect of boron can be reduced by the use of mannitol.

Élaboration d’un simulateur de gravure par plasma de haute densité basé sur une approche cellulaire pour l’étude de profils dans divers matériaux

La réalisation de dispositifs à des dimensions sous-micrométriques et nanométriques demande une maîtrise parfaite des procédés de fabrication, notamment ceux de gravure. La réalisation des ces dispositifs est complexe et les exigences en termes de qualité et de géométrie des profils de gravure imposent de choisir les conditions opératoires les mieux adaptées. Les simulations de l'évolution spatio-temporelle des profils de gravure que nous proposons dans cette thèse s'inscrivent parfaitement dans ce contexte. Le simulateur que nous avons réalisé offre la possibilité de mieux comprendre les processus qui entrent en jeu lors de la gravure par plasma de profils dans divers matériaux. Il permet de tester l'influence des paramètres du plasma sur la forme du profil et donc de déterminer les conditions opératoires optimales. La mise au point de ce simulateur s'appuie sur les concepts fondamentaux qui gouvernent la gravure par plasma. À partir de l'état des lieux des différentes approches numériques pouvant être utilisées, nous avons élaboré un algorithme stable et adaptable permettant de mettre en évidence l'importance de certains paramètres clés pour la réalisation de profils de gravure par un plasma à haute densité et à basse pression. Les capacités de cet algorithme ont été testées en étudiant d'une part la pulvérisation de Si dans un plasma d'argon et d'autre part, la gravure chimique assistée par les ions de SiO2/Si dans un plasma de chlore. Grâce aux comparaisons entre profils simulés et expérimentaux, nous avons montré l'importance du choix de certains paramètres, comme la nature du gaz utilisé et la pression du plasma, la forme initiale du masque, la sélectivité masque/matériau, le rapport de flux neutre/ion, etc. Nous avons aussi lié ces paramètres à la formation de défauts dans les profils, par exemple celle de facettes sur le masque, de parois concaves, et de micro-tranchées. Enfin, nous avons montré que le phénomène de redépôt des atomes pulvérisés entre en compétition avec la charge électrique de surface pour expliquer la formation de profils en V dans le Pt pulvérisé par un plasma d'argon.

Étude critique de la densité électronique et des températures (excitation et ionisation) d'un plasma d'aluminium induit par laser

La caractérisation de matériaux par spectroscopie optique d’émission d’un plasma induit par laser (LIPS) suscite un intérêt qui ne va que s’amplifiant, et dont les applications se multiplient. L’objectif de ce mémoire est de vérifier l’influence du choix des raies spectrales sur certaines mesures du plasma, soit la densité électronique et la température d’excitation des atomes neutres et ionisés une fois, ainsi que la température d’ionisation. Nos mesures sont intégrées spatialement et résolues temporellement, ce qui est typique des conditions opératoires du LIPS, et nous avons utilisé pour nos travaux des cibles binaires d’aluminium contenant des éléments à l’état de trace (Al-Fe et Al-Mg). Premièrement, nous avons mesuré la densité électronique à l’aide de l’élargissement Stark de raies de plusieurs espèces (Al II, Fe II, Mg II, Fe I, Mg I, Halpha). Nous avons observé que les densités absolues avaient un comportement temporel différent en fonction de l’espèce. Les raies ioniques donnent des densités électroniques systématiquement plus élevées (jusqu’à 50 % à 200 ns après l’allumage du plasma), et décroissent plus rapidement que les densités issues des raies neutres. Par ailleurs, les densités obtenues par les éléments traces Fe et Mg sont moindres que les densités obtenues par l’observation de la raie communément utilisée Al II à 281,618 nm. Nous avons parallèlement étudié la densité électronique déterminée à l’aide de la raie de l’hydrogène Halpha, et la densité électronique ainsi obtenue a un comportement temporel similaire à celle obtenue par la raie Al II à 281,618 nm. Les deux espèces partagent probablement la même distribution spatiale à l’intérieur du plasma. Finalement, nous avons mesuré la température d’excitation du fer (neutre et ionisé, à l’état de trace dans nos cibles), ainsi que la température d’ionisation, à l’aide de diagrammes de Boltzmann et de Saha-Boltzmann, respectivement. À l’instar de travaux antérieurs (Barthélémy et al., 2005), il nous est apparu que les différentes températures convergeaient vers une température unique (considérant nos incertitudes) après 2-3 microsecondes. Les différentes températures mesurées de 0 à 2 microsecondes ne se recoupent pas, ce qui pourrait s’expliquer soit par un écart à l’équilibre thermodynamique local, soit en considérant un plasma inhomogène où la distribution des éléments dans la plume n’est pas similaire d’un élément à l’autre, les espèces énergétiques se retrouvant au cœur du plasma, plus chaud, alors que les espèces de moindre énergie se retrouvant principalement en périphérie.

Etude spectroscopique d’un plasma micro-onde à la pression atmosphérique et son application à la synthèse de nanostructures

L’objectif de ce mémoire de maîtrise est de caractériser la distribution axiale des plasmas tubulaires à la pression atmosphérique créés et entretenus par une onde électromagnétique de surface ainsi que d’explorer le potentiel de ces sources pour la synthèse de matériaux et de nanomatériaux. Un précédent travail de thèse, qui avait pour objectif de déterminer les mécanismes à l’origine de la contraction radiale du plasma créé dans des gaz rares, a mis en lumière un phénomène jusque-là inconnu dans les plasmas d’onde de surface (POS). En effet, la distribution axiale varie différemment selon la puissance incidente ce qui constitue une différence majeure par rapport aux plasmas à pression réduite. Dans ce contexte, nous avons réalisé une étude paramétrique des POS à la pression atmosphérique dans l’Ar. À partir de nos mesures de densité électronique, de température d’excitation et de densité d’atomes d’Ar dans un niveau métastable (Ar 3P2), résolues axialement, nous avons conclu que le comportement axial de l’intensité lumineuse avec la puissance n’est pas lié à un changement de la cinétique de la décharge (qui est dépendante de la température des électrons et de la densité d’atomes d’Ar métastables), mais plutôt à une distribution anormale de dissipation de puissance dans le plasma (reliée à la densité d’électrons). Plus précisément, nos résultats suggèrent que ce dépôt anormal de puissance provient d’une réflexion de l’onde dans le fort gradient de densité de charges en fin de colonne, un effet plus marqué pour de faibles longueurs de colonnes à plasma. Ensuite, nous avons effectué une étude spectroscopique du plasma en présence de précurseurs organiques, en particulier le HMDSO pour la synthèse de matériaux organosiliciés et l’IPT pour la synthèse de matériaux organotitaniques. Les POS à la PA sont caractérisés par des densités de charges très élevées (>10^13 cm^-3), permettant ainsi d’atteindre des degrés de dissociation des précurseurs nettement plus élevés que ceux d'autres plasmas froids à la pression atmosphérique comme les décharges à barrière diélectrique. Dans de tels cas, les matériaux synthétisés prennent la forme de nanopoudres organiques de taille inférieure à 100 nm. En présence de faibles quantités d’oxygène dans le plasma, nous obtenons plutôt des nanopoudres à base d’oxyde de silicium (HMDSO) ou à base de titanate de silicium (IPT), avec très peu de carbone.

Plasma Polymerised Organic Thin Films-A Study on the Structural, Electrical and Nonlinear Optical Properties for Possible Applications

This proposed thesis is entitled “Plasma Polymerised Organic Thin Films: A study on the Structural, Electrical, and Nonlinear Optical Properties for Possible Applications. Polymers and polymer based materials find enormous applications in the realm of electronics and optoelectronics. They are employed as both active and passive components in making various devices. Enormous research activities are going on in this area for the last three decades or so, and many useful contributions are made quite accidentally. Conducting polymers is such a discovery, and eversince the discovery of conducting polyacetylene, a new branch of science itself has emerged in the form of synthetic metals. Conducting polymers are useful materials for many applications like polymer displays, high density data storage, polymer FETs, polymer LEDs, photo voltaic devices and electrochemical cells. With the emergence of molecular electronics and its potential in finding useful applications, organic thin films are receiving an unusual attention by scientists and engineers alike. This is evident from the vast literature pertaining to this field appearing in various journals. Recently, computer aided design of organic molecules have added further impetus to the ongoing research activities in this area. Polymers, especially, conducting polymers can be prepared both in the bulk and in the thinfilm form. However, many applications necessitate that they are grown in the thin film form either as free standing or on appropriate substrates. As far as their bulk counterparts are concerned, they can be prepared by various polymerisation techniques such as chemical routes and electrochemical means. A survey of the literature reveals that polymers like polyaniline, polypyrrole, polythiophene, have been investigated with a view to studying their structural electrical and optical properties. Among the various alternate techniques employed for the preparation of polymer thin films, the method of plasma polymerisation needs special attention in this context. The technique of plasma polymerisation is an inexpensive method and often requires very less infra structure. This method includes the employment of ac, rf, dc, microwave and pulsed sources. They produce pinhole free homogeneous films on appropriate substrates under controlled conditions. In conventional plasma polymerisation set up, the monomer is fed into an evacuated chamber and an ac/rf/dc/ w/pulsed discharge is created which enables the monomer species to dissociate, leading to the formation of polymer thin films. However, it has been found that the structure and hence the properties exhibited by plasma polymerized thin films are quite different from that of their counterparts produced by other thin film preparation techniques such as electrochemical deposition or spin coating. The properties of these thin films can be tuned only if the interrelationship between the structure and other properties are understood from a fundamental point of view. So very often, a through evaluation of the various properties is a pre-requisite for tailoring the properties of the thin films for applications. It has been found that conjugation is a necessary condition for enhancing the conductivity of polymer thin films. RF technique of plasma polymerisation is an excellent tool to induce conjugation and this modifies the electrical properties too. Both oxidative and reductive doping can be employed to modify the electrical properties of the polymer thin films for various applications. This is where organic thin films based on polymers scored over inorganic thin films, where in large area devices can be fabricated with organic semiconductors which is difficult to achieve by inorganic materials. For such applications, a variety of polymers have been synthesized such as polyaniline, polythiophene, polypyrrole etc. There are newer polymers added to this family every now and then. There are many virgin areas where plasma polymers are yet to make a foray namely low-k dielectrics or as potential nonlinear optical materials such as optical limiters. There are also many materials which are not been prepared by the method of plasma polymerisation. Some of the materials which are not been dealt with are phenyl hydrazine and tea tree oil. The advantage of employing organic extracts like tea tree oil monomers as precursors for making plasma polymers is that there can be value addition to the already existing uses and possibility exists in converting them to electronic grade materials, especially semiconductors and optically active materials for photonic applications. One of the major motivations of this study is to synthesize plasma polymer thin films based on aniline, phenyl hydrazine, pyrrole, tea tree oil and eucalyptus oil by employing both rf and ac plasma polymerisation techniques. This will be carried out with the objective of growing thin films on various substrates such as glass, quartz and indium tin oxide (ITO) coated glass. There are various properties namely structural, electrical, dielectric permittivity, nonlinear optical properties which are to be evaluated to establish the relationship with the structure and the other properties. Special emphasis will be laid in evaluating the optical parameters like refractive index (n), extinction coefficient (k), the real and imaginary components of dielectric constant and the optical transition energies of the polymer thin films from the spectroscopic ellipsometric studies. Apart from evaluating these physical constants, it is also possible to predict whether a material exhibit nonlinear optical properties by ellipsometric investigations. So further studies using open aperture z-scan technique in order to evaluate the nonlinear optical properties of a few selected samples which are potential nonlinear optical materials is another objective of the present study. It will be another endeavour to offer an appropriate explanation for the nonlinear optical properties displayed by these films. Doping of plasma polymers is found to modify both the electrical conductivity and optical properties. Iodine is found to modify the properties of the polymer thin films. However insitu iodine doping is tricky and the film often looses its stability because of the escape of iodine. An appropriate insitu technique of doping will be developed to dope iodine in to the plasma polymerized thin films. Doping of polymer thin films with iodine results in improved and modified optical and electrical properties. However it requires tools like FTIR and UV-Vis-NIR spectroscopy to elucidate the structural and optical modifications imparted to the polymer films. This will be attempted here to establish the role of iodine in the modification of the properties exhibited by the films

Characterization and Imaging Diagnostics of Laser Induced Plasma from Solid Targets

Laser induced plasma (LIP) emissions from some metal oxide targets were studied with corresponding metal targets of pure quality as a reference. Atomic emissions in the visible region were used in the spectroscopic procedures of LIP characterization. The studies were meant to throw light into LIP dynamics and they provided many experimental results which improved the general awareness of plasma state.When target materials were photo-ablated with an energetically suitable laser pulse, they developed electric charges in them.An electrical signal which was delivered from the target served as an alternative probe signal for the diagnostics of LIP and to track different charged states in the plasma. The signal showed a double peak distribution with positive polarity and a modified time of flight with various voltage levels of a given polarity.The expansion dynamics of LIP in magnetic field were also investigated by monitoring the voltage transients generated at the target.

Photothermal Investigations on Certain Plasma Polymerized Thin Films and Near IR Overtone Studies of Some Organic Molecules

Photothermal effect refers to heating of a sample due to the absorption of electromagnetic radiation. Photothermal (PT) heat generation which is an example of energy conversion has in general three kinds of applications. 1. PT material probing 2. PT material processing and 3. PT material destruction. The temperatures involved increases from 1-. 3. Of the above three, PT material probing is the most important in making significant contribution to the field of science and technology. Photothermal material characterization relies on high sensitivity detection techniques to monitor the effects caused by PT material heating of a sample. Photothermal method is a powerful high sensitivity non-contact tool used for non-destructive thermal characterization of materials. The high sensitivity of the photothermal methods has led to its application for analysis of low absorbance samples. Laser calorimetry, photothermal radiometry, pyroelectric technique, photoacoustic technique, photothermal beam deflection technique, etc. come under the broad class ofphotothermal techniques. However the choice of a suitable technique depends upon the nature of the sample, purpose of measurement, nature of light source used, etc. The present investigations are done on polymer thin films employing photothermal beam deflection technique, for the successful determination of their thermal diffusivity. Here the sample is excited by a He-Ne laser (A = 6328...\ ) which acts as the pump beam. Due to the refractive index gradient established in the sample surface and in the adjacent coupling medium, another optical beam called probe beam (diode laser, A= 6500A ) when passed through this region experiences a deflection and is detected using a position sensitive detector and its output is fed to a lock-in amplifier from which the amplitude and phase of the deflection can be directly obtained. The amplitude and phase of the signal is suitably analysed for determining the thermal diffusivity.The production of polymer thin film samples has gained considerable attention for the past few years. Plasma polymerization is an inexpensive tool for fabricating organic thin films. It refers to formation of polymeric materials under the influence of plasma, which is generated by some kind of electric discharge. Here plasma of the monomer vapour is generated by employing radio frequency (MHz) techniques. Plasma polymerization technique results in homogeneous, highly adhesive, thermally stable, pinhole free, dielectric, highly branched and cross-linked polymer films. The possible linkage in the formation of the polymers is suggested by comparing the FTIR spectra of the monomer and the polymer.Near IR overtone investigations on some organic molecules using local mode model are also done. Higher vibrational overtones often provide spectral simplification and greater resolution of peaks corresponding to nonequivalent X-H bonds where X is typically C, N or O. Vibrational overtone spectroscopy of molecules containing X-H oscillators is now a well established tool for molecular investigations. Conformational and steric differences between bonds and structural inequivalence ofCH bonds (methyl, aryl, acetylenic, etc.) are resolvable in the higher overtone spectra. The local mode model in which the X-H oscillators are considered to be loosely coupled anharmonic oscillators has been widely used for the interpretation of overtone spectra. If we are exciting a single local oscillator from the vibrational ground state to the vibrational state v, then the transition energy of the local mode overtone is given by .:lE a......v = A v + B v2 • A plot of .:lE / v versus v will yield A, the local mode frequency as the intercept and B, the local mode diagonal anharmonicity as the slope. Here A - B gives the mechanical frequency XI of the oscillator and B = X2 is the anharmonicity of the bond. The local mode parameters XI and X2 vary for non-equivalent X-H bonds and are sensitive to the inter and intra molecular environment of the X-H oscillator.

Photothermal and photoacoustic investigations on certain polymers and semi conducting materials

Material synthesizing and characterization has been one of the major areas of scientific research for the past few decades. Various techniques have been suggested for the preparation and characterization of thin films and bulk samples according to the industrial and scientific applications. Material characterization implies the determination of the electrical, magnetic, optical or thermal properties of the material under study. Though it is possible to study all these properties of a material, we concentrate on the thermal and optical properties of certain polymers. The thermal properties are detennined using photothermal beam deflection technique and the optical properties are obtained from various spectroscopic analyses. In addition, thermal properties of a class of semiconducting compounds, copper delafossites, arc determined by photoacoustic technique.Photothermal technique is one of the most powerful tools for non-destructive characterization of materials. This forms a broad class of technique, which includes laser calorimetry, pyroelectric technique, photoacollstics, photothermal radiometric technique, photothermal beam deflection technique etc. However, the choice of a suitable technique depends upon the nature of sample and its environment, purpose of measurement, nature of light source used etc. The polynler samples under the present investigation are thermally thin and optically transparent at the excitation (pump beam) wavelength. Photothermal beam deflection technique is advantageous in that it can be used for the detennination of thermal diffusivity of samples irrespective of them being thermally thick or thennally thin and optically opaque or optically transparent. Hence of all the abovementioned techniques, photothemlal beam deflection technique is employed for the successful determination of thermal diffusivity of these polymer samples. However, the semi conducting samples studied are themlally thick and optically opaque and therefore, a much simpler photoacoustic technique is used for the thermal characterization.The production of polymer thin film samples has gained considerable attention for the past few years. Different techniques like plasma polymerization, electron bombardment, ultra violet irradiation and thermal evaporation can be used for the preparation of polymer thin films from their respective monomers. Among these, plasma polymerization or glow discharge polymerization has been widely lIsed for polymer thin fi Im preparation. At the earlier stages of the discovery, the plasma polymerization technique was not treated as a standard method for preparation of polymers. This method gained importance only when they were used to make special coatings on metals and began to be recognized as a technique for synthesizing polymers. Thc well-recognized concept of conventional polymerization is based on molecular processcs by which thc size of the molecule increases and rearrangemcnt of atoms within a molecule seldom occurs. However, polymer formation in plasma is recognized as an atomic process in contrast to the above molecular process. These films are pinhole free, highly branched and cross linked, heat resistant, exceptionally dielectric etc. The optical properties like the direct and indirect bandgaps, refractive indices etc of certain plasma polymerized thin films prepared are determined from the UV -VIS-NIR absorption and transmission spectra. The possible linkage in the formation of the polymers is suggested by comparing the FTIR spectra of the monomer and the polymer. The thermal diffusivity has been measured using the photothermal beam deflection technique as stated earlier. This technique measures the refractive index gradient established in the sample surface and in the adjacent coupling medium, by passing another optical beam (probe beam) through this region and hence the name probe beam deflection. The deflection is detected using a position sensitive detector and its output is fed to a lock-in-amplifIer from which the amplitude and phase of the deflection can be directly obtained. The amplitude and phase of the deflection signal is suitably analyzed for determining the thermal diffusivity.Another class of compounds under the present investigation is copper delafossites. These samples in the form of pellets are thermally thick and optically opaque. Thermal diffusivity of such semiconductors is investigated using the photoacoustic technique, which measures the pressure change using an elcctret microphone. The output of the microphone is fed to a lock-in-amplificr to obtain the amplitude and phase from which the thermal properties are obtained. The variation in thermal diffusivity with composition is studied.

Nd:Glass laser-induced damage to thin films, two-photon excited fluorescence and plasma studies

Laser-induced damage is the principal limiting constraint in the design and operation of high-power laser systems used in fusion and other high-energy laser applications. Therefore, an understanding of the mechanisms which cause the radiation damage to the components employed in building a laser and a knowledge of the damage threshold of these materials are of great importance in designing a laser system and to operate it without appreciable degradation in performance. This thesis, even though covers three distinct problems for investigations using a dye Q-switched multimode Nd:glass laser operating at 1062 nm and emitting 25 ns (FWHM) pulses, lays its main thrust on damage threshold studies on thin films. Using the same glass laser two-photon excited fluorescence in rhodamine 6G and generation and characterisation of a carbon plasma have also been carried out. The thesis is presented in seven chapters.

Nd:Glass Laser-Induced Damage To Thin Films, Two-Photon Excited Fluorescence And Plasma Studies

Laser-induced damage is the principal limiting constraint in the design and operation of high-power laser systems used in fusion and other high-energy laser applications. Therefore, an understanding of the mechanisms which cause the radiation damage to the components employed in building a laser and a knowledge of the damage threshold of these materials are of great importance in designing a laser system and to operate it without appreciable degradation in performance. This thesis, even though covers three distinct problems for investigations using a dye Q-switched multimode Nd:glass laser operating at 1062 nm and emitting 25 ns (FWHM) pulses, lays its main thrust on damage threshold studies on thin films. Using the same glass laser two-photon excited fluorescence in rhodamine 6G and generation and characterisation of a carbon plasma have also been carried out.