Leakage detection in water pipe networks using electromechanical impedance (EMI) based technique

The electromechanical impedance (EMI) technique has been successfully used in structural health monitoring (SHM) systems on a wide variety of structures. The basic concept of this technique is to monitor the structural integrity by exciting and sensing a piezoelectric transducer, usually a lead zirconate titanate (PZT) wafer bonded to the structure to be monitored and excited in a suitable frequency range. Because of the piezoelectric effect, there is a relationship between the mechanical impedance of the host structure, which is directly related to its integrity, and the electrical impedance of the PZT transducer, obtained by a ratio between the excitation and the sensing signals.This work presents a study on damage (leaks) detection using EMI based method. Tests were carried out in a rig water system built in a Hydraulic Laboratory for different leaks conditions in a metallic pipeline. Also, it was evaluated the influence of the PZT position bonded to the pipeline. The results show that leaks can effectively be detected using common metrics for damage detection such as RMSD and CCDM. Further, it was observed that the position of the PZT bonded to the pipes is an important variable and has to be controlled.

On the Acoustic Filtering of the Pipe and Sensor in a Buried Plastic Water Pipe and its Effect on Leak Detection: An Experimental Investigation

Acoustic techniques have been used for many years to find and locate leaks in buried water distribution systems. Hydrophones and accelerometers are typically used as sensors. Although geophones could be used as well, they are not generally used for leak detection. A simple acoustic model of the pipe and the sensors has been proposed previously by some of the authors of this paper, and their model was used to explain some of the features observed in measurements. However, simultaneous measurements of a leak using all three sensor-types in controlled conditions for plastic pipes has not been reported to-date and hence they have not yet been compared directly. This paper fills that gap in knowledge. A set of measurements was made on a bespoke buried plastic water distribution pipe test rig to validate the previously reported analytical model. There is qualitative agreement between the experimental results and the model predictions in terms of the differing filtering properties of the pipe-sensor systems. A quality measure for the data is also presented, which is the ratio of the bandwidth over which the analysis is carried out divided by the centre frequency of this bandwidth. Based on this metric, the accelerometer was found to be the best sensor to use for the test rig described in this paper. However, for a system in which the distance between the sensors is large or the attenuation factor of the system is high, then it would be advantageous to use hydrophones, even though they are invasive sensors.

A prática como componente curricular via Projeto Integrado de Prática Educativa (PIPE) no ensino de estatística na Universidade: implementação e implicações na Formação Inicial do Professor de Matemática

Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq)

Analysis and Transformation of Pipe-like Web Mashups for End User Programmers

Mashups are becoming increasingly popular as end users are able to easily access, manipulate, and compose data from several web sources. To support end users, communities are forming around mashup development environments that facilitate sharing code and knowledge. We have observed, however, that end user mashups tend to suffer from several deficiencies, such as inoperable components or references to invalid data sources, and that those deficiencies are often propagated through the rampant reuse in these end user communities. In this work, we identify and specify ten code smells indicative of deficiencies we observed in a sample of 8,051 pipe-like web mashups developed by thousands of end users in the popular Yahoo! Pipes environment. We show through an empirical study that end users generally prefer pipes that lack those smells, and then present eleven specialized refactorings that we designed to target and remove the smells. Our refactorings reduce the complexity of pipes, increase their abstraction, update broken sources of data and dated components, and standardize pipes to fit the community development patterns. Our assessment on the sample of mashups shows that smells are present in 81% of the pipes, and that the proposed refactorings can reduce that number to 16%, illustrating the potential of refactoring to support thousands of end users developing pipe-like mashups.

Water Quality Variability in a Bioswell and Concrete Drainage Pipe, Southwest Lincoln, Nebraska

Abstract The goal of this project is to evaluate the effectiveness of bioswells in protecting water quality from urban runoff. The hypothesis tested in this project is that water in bioswells improves water quality. Water quality in both a bioswell and an underground concrete lined ditch, both containing ground and surface water, were tested for certain water quality parameters. These parameters consisted of: Dissolved Oxygen, pH, water temperature, weather temperature, Total Dissolved Solids, Specific Conductivity, Alkalinity, Total Dissolved Carbon, Chemical Oxygen Demand, and depth and width of the sampling site. An additional contaminant that was looked at was motor oil. This was measured by comparing Total Organic Carbon with Chemical Oxygen Demand. A variety of different methods to measure the water quality parameters were utilized. The concrete site had more stable readings, but much higher water temperatures. However, the bioswell water is mainly from surface water runoff, and the underground concrete lined pipe is from underground water, so the two cannot be directly compared. The bioswell had high readings, especially pertaining to Oxygen Demand, Total Organic Carbon, and Specific Conductivity in early test dates. But, these readings improved as they were filtered though the bioswell. As plant activity increased and the weather began to warm up there were more stable readings. It is concluded that bioswells are an effective way to reduce problems associated with urban runoff pertaining to certain water quality parameters.

Water-assisted Flow of Heavy Oil in a Vertical Pipe: Pilot-scale Experiments

The use of the core-annular flow pattern, where a thin fluid surrounds a very viscous one, has been suggested as an attractive artificial-lift method for heavy oils in the current Brazilian ultra-deepwater production scenario. This paper reports the pressure drop measurements and the core-annular flow observed in a 2 7/8-inch and 300 meter deep pilot-scale well conveying a mixture of heavy crude oil (2000 mPa.s and 950 kg/m3 at 35 C) and water at several combinations of the individual flow rates. The two-phase pressure drop data are compared with those of single-phase oil flow to assess the gains due to water injection. Another issue is the handling of the core-annular flow once it has been established. High-frequency pressure-gradient signals were collected and a treatment based on the Gabor transform together with neural networks is proposed as a promising solution for monitoring and control. The preliminary results are encouraging. The pilot-scale tests, including long-term experiments, were conducted in order to investigate the applicability of using water to transport heavy oils in actual wells. It represents an important step towards the full scale application of the proposed artificial-lift technology. The registered improvements in terms of oil production rate and pressure drop reductions are remarkable.

Geometrical and kinematic properties of interfacial waves in stratified oil-water flow in inclined pipe

The stratified oil-water flow pattern is common in the petroleum industry, especially in offshore directional wells and pipelines. Previous studies have shown that the phenomenon of flow pattern transition in stratified flow can be related to the interfacial wave structure (problem of hydrodynamic instability). The study of the wavy stratified flow pattern requires the characterization of the interfacial wave properties, i.e., average shape, celerity and geometric properties (amplitude and wavelength) as a function of holdup, inclination angle and phases' relative velocity. However, the data available in the literature on wavy stratified flow is scanty, especially in inclined pipes and when oil is viscous. This paper presents new geometric and kinematic interfacial wave properties as a function of a proposed two-phase Froude number in the wavy-stratified liquid-liquid flow. The experimental work was conducted in a glass test line of 12 m and 0.026 m id., oil (density and viscosity of 828 kg/m(3) and 0.3 Pa s at 20 degrees C, respectively) and water as the working fluids at several inclinations from horizontal (-20 degrees, -10 degrees, 0 degrees, 10 degrees, 20 degrees). The results suggest a physical relation between wave shape and the hydrodynamic stability of the stratified liquid-liquid flow pattern. (C) 2011 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

Drag reduction phenomenon in viscous oil-water dispersed pipe flow: Experimental investigation and phenomenological modeling

An experimental study on drag-reduction phenomenon in dispersed oil-water flow has been performed in a 26-mm-i.d. Twelve meter long horizontal glass pipe. The flow was characterized using a novel wire-mesh sensor based on capacitance measurements and high-speed video recording. New two-phase pressure gradient, volume fraction, and phase distribution data have been used in the analysis. Drag reduction and slip ratio were detected at oil volume fractions between 10 and 45% and high mixture Reynolds numbers, and with water as the dominant phase. Phase-fraction distribution diagrams and cross-sectional imaging of the flow suggested the presence of a higher amount of water near to the pipe wall. Based on that, a phenomenology for explaining drag reduction in dispersed flow in a flow situation where slip ratio is significant is proposed. A simple phenomenological model is developed and the agreement between model predictions and data, including data from the literature, is encouraging. (c) 2011 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 2012

Formulazione e messa a punto di una metodologia per il progetto di ventilatori per gallerie del vento con applicazione al "long-pipe" del laboratorio CICLoPE : analisi attraverso l'impiego di modelli matematici in MATLAB

Nell'ottica di un futuro riprogetto, totale o parziale, del ventilatore della galleria del vento del progetto CICLoPE dell'Università di Bologna, è stato messo a punto, grazie a modelli matematici di letteratura, un algoritmo per la determinazione della geometria delle pale di un fan. La procedura si basa su ipotesi di incompressibilità e assenza di vortici di estremità ed è in grado di fornire la geometria del ventilatore una volta che sono state fissate: le condizioni richieste nella sezione di test, l'efficienza del tunnel e alcune proprietà del ventilatore stesso (ad esempio tipologia di profilo aerodinamico e numero di pale). L'algoritmo è in grado di lavorare solamente con la configurazione ventilatore seguito da profili raddrizzatori, ma è in previsione un'estensione che consentirà di studiare anche la configurazione a fan controrotanti (come quella del CICLoPE). Con questo software sono state progettate numerose soluzioni diverse per studiare il legame tra rendimento e geometria del ventilatore. Inoltre sono stati individuati i parametri che permettono di ottenere una pala con rastremazione e svergolatura trascurabili, con lo scopo di abbassare i costi del manufatto. In particolare è stato dimostrato come le configurazioni con diametro della nacelle grande (superiore al 65\% del diametro della sezione di potenza) siano particolarmente adatte a fornire rendimenti alti con la minima complicatezza della pala. Per quanto riguarda l'efficienza aerodinamica del profilo, i test comparativi indicano che questo parametro influisce relativamente poco sul rendimento del macchinario ma modifica profondamente la geometria della pala. Efficienze elevate tendono, secondo lo studio, a richiedere pale estremamente rastremate e poco svergolate; questo porta a preferire l'adozione di profili mediamente efficienti ma dall'ampio intervallo operativo in termini di angolo di attacco.

Analisi sperimentale di un sistema per il posizionamento e la movimentazione di sensori in galleria del vento, con applicazione al "long-pipe" in CICLoPE

Analisi di un sistema per il posizionamento e la movimentazione di sensori in galleria del vento. In particolare l’analisi è stata focalizzata sul sistema di movimentazione sonde (traversing) presente nel long-pipe in CICLoPE (Center for International Cooperation in Long Pipe Experiments). La struttura menzionata nasce per far fronte ad alcuni dei limiti presenti negli attuali laboratori fluidodinamici per lo studio della turbolenza ad alti numeri di Reynolds. Uno degli obiettivi del centro è quello di caratterizzare le più piccole strutture caratteristiche della turbolenza. Al fine di permettere tale studio era necessario migliorare il traversing esistente per ottenere movimenti ad alta precisione, in modo da raggiungere lo stesso ordine di grandezza delle scale più piccole della turbolenza. Il miglioramento di tale strumentazione è stato necessario anche per fornire un valido supporto alle metodologie esistenti per la determinazione della distanza tra sonde e parete, che resta una delle difficoltà nello studio della turbolenza di parete. L’analisi del traversing, svolta attraverso più test, ha fatto emergere problemi sia nella struttura del sistema, sia nel software che gestisce il motore per la movimentazione. La riprogrammazione del software e la rettifica di alcuni componenti del sistema hanno permesso di eliminare gli errori emersi. Le piccole imprecisioni restanti durante la movimentazione, non eliminabili con un’implementazione software, verranno totalmente superate grazie all’impiego del nuovo motore dotato di un encoder rotativo che sarà in grado di retroazionare il sistema, fornendo il reale spostamento effettuato.

Anemometria a filo caldo: studio di un sistema di calibrazione per sonde a due fili con applicazione al "long pipe" in CICLoPE

L’anemometro a filo caldo (in inglese hot wire) é lo strumento maggiormente usato per studiare sperimentalmente la turbolenza. A seconda di quante componenti della velocitá interessa studiare, esistono anemometri a uno, due o tre fili. Questo elaborato di tesi si concentra su sonde a due fili. Per prima cosa, ogni volta che si utilizza questo strumento bisogna effettuare una calibrazione, fase molto importante perché permette di relazionare le tensioni che ogni filo acquisisce con la velocitá reale del flusso. Sono presentati tre differenti metodi utilizzati per sonde a due fili e, dopo averli analizzati, sono stati applicati a dati acquisiti prima al CAT (Coaxial Aerodinamic Tunnel), struttura presente a Forlí, nell’hangar dell’Universitá di Bologna e poi al CICLoPE (Center for International Cooperation in Long Pipe Experiments), Long-Pipe costruito a Predappio, utilizzato per lo studio della turbolenza. La calibrazione per sonde a due fili si puó dividere in due parti, quella di velocitá e quella per gli angoli. Mentre al CAT é possibile effettuarle entrambi, al CICLoPE non é attualmente possibile eseguire la calibrazione angolare perché non esiste alcuno strumento utilizzabile per regolare la sonda all’angolo desiderato. Lo scopo di questo elaborato di tesi è trovare un metodo di calibrazione per sonde a due fili applicabile al CICLoPE eseguendo sul posto solamente una calibrazione di velocitá e adattando quella angolare effettuata precedentemente al CAT. Questo puó provocare dei problemi perché la calibrazione risulta fortemente dipendente da condizioni interne dei fili, come la resistenza, ma anche da condizioni al contorno, come la temperatura e la pressione dell’ambiente esterno. Dopo aver eseguito due campagne sperimentali di test, una al CAT e una al CICLoPE, i dati acquisiti sono stati elaborati per valutare l’efficacia dei vari metodi.

Fluid-structure interaction of an elastic pipe immersed inside a coaxial rigid pipe: a model for the Tullio phenomenon

An axisymmetric, elastic pipe is filled with an incompressible fluid and is immersed in a second, coaxial rigid pipe which contains the same fluid. A pressure pulse in the outer fluid annulus deforms the elastic pipe which invokes a fluid motion in the fluid core. It is the aim of this study to investigate streaming phenomena in the core which may originate from such a fluid-structure interaction. This work presents a numerical solver for such a configuration. It was developed in the OpenFOAM software environment and is based on the Arbitrary Lagrangian Eulerian (ALE) approach for moving meshes. The solver features a monolithic integration of the one-dimensional, coupled system between the elastic structure and the outer fluid annulus into a dynamic boundary condition for the moving surface of the fluid core. Results indicate that our configuration may serve as a mechanical model of the Tullio Phenomenon (sound-induced vertigo).

'Ceci n'est pas une pipe'

Reflexión sobre la influencia de las prácticas y técnicas surrealistas en la ciudad y la arquitectura de 1920/30