The systemic control of circadian gene expression.

The mammalian circadian timing system consists of a central pacemaker in the brain's suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) and subsidiary oscillators in nearly all body cells. The SCN clock, which is adjusted to geophysical time by the photoperiod, synchronizes peripheral clocks through a wide variety of systemic cues. The latter include signals depending on feeding cycles, glucocorticoid hormones, rhythmic blood-borne signals eliciting daily changes in actin dynamics and serum response factor (SRF) activity, and sensors of body temperature rhythms, such as heat shock transcription factors and the cold-inducible RNA-binding protein CIRP. To study these systemic signalling pathways, we designed and engineered a novel, highly photosensitive apparatus, dubbed RT-Biolumicorder. This device enables us to record circadian luciferase reporter gene expression in the liver and other organs of freely moving mice over months in real time. Owing to the multitude of systemic signalling pathway involved in the phase resetting of peripheral clocks the disruption of any particular one has only minor effects on the steady state phase of circadian gene expression in organs such as the liver. Nonetheless, the implication of specific pathways in the synchronization of clock gene expression can readily be assessed by monitoring the phase-shifting kinetics using the RT-Biolumicorder.

Terapia fotodinâmica: aspectos farmacológicos, aplicações e avanços recentes no desenvolvimento de medicamentos

Photodynamic Therapy (PDT) is a clinical procedure, which utilize a photosensitive compound and light. This is a new modality of treatment for cancer, aged related macular degenerescence (AMD), psoriasis, arthritis, arterial restenosis, etc which exhibits efficiency, less traumatic effects, low recovery time and few co-lateral effects. The first officially approved drug for PDT by the Food and Drug Administration (EUA) is Photofrinâ, which is applied for cancer. A new generation drug for PDT, Visudyneâ was recently approved to treat AMD; its photoactive compound is BPDMA, a benzoporphyrin mono-acid derivative (chlorin-type molecule). A concise history, technical information and some drugs for PDT are reported.

Inativação fotodinâmica de microrganismos

Photodynamic Therapy uses photosensitive dyes and visible light that, combined in the presence of oxygen, produce cytotoxic species that cause tumor death. Microorganisms such as bacteria, fungi, yeasts and viruses (including HIV) can also be inactivated by visible light after treatment with an appropriate photosensitizer as an alternative low cost treatment for localized infections, viral lesions such as acnes, and fungical skin lesions for example. Besides, Photodynamic Inactivation can be used for sterilization of blood and its subproducts for clinical use, in the treatment of drinking water as well as in antimicrobial detoxification of foods.

Estudo da decomposição fotoquímica por exposição à luz UV de fotorresinas positivas

Positive photoresists are widely used in lithographic process in microelectronics and in optics for the fabrication of relief components. With the aim of identifying molecular modifications among positive photoresists unexposed and previously exposed to ultraviolet light the electron stimulated ion desorption technique coupled to time-of-flight mass spectrometry was employed in the study of the AZ-1518 photoresist. Mass spectra were obtained as a function of the electron beam energy, showing specific changes related to the photochemical decomposition of the photoresist. This reinforces the applicability of the technique to investigate and characterize structural changes in photosensitive materials.

Electrical Equivalent Circuit for Dry Bacteriorhodopsin Sensor

Bacteriorhodopsin (BR) is a photosensitive protein which functions as a light-driven proton pump. Due to its photoactivity, BR could be used in photosensing and information processing which has inspired researchers to study the photoelectric response and the appropriate measurement instrumentation for BR. In this thesis, the measurement instrumentation connected to a dry BR sensor was confirmed to affect the photovoltage response measured by using voltage amplifiers. Changing of the input impedance of the measurement instrumentation was shown to alter a part of the measured photovoltage response. The photocurrent measurements using transimpedance amplifier and the presented electrical equivalent circuit were used to show that the photocurrent measurements have no significant effect on the photoelectric response. The photocurrent was shown to be a derivate of the photovoltage response measured from the dry BR sensor when it was compared to the response measured with a voltage amplifier. This confirmed that another part of the photovoltage response was not affected by the measurement instrumentation. The time-variant behavior of the dry BR sensor was confirmed in both the photocurrent and the photovoltage measurements. This was caused by the fact that the capacitance of the dry BR sensor changes with the excitation light intensity.

Construction of 2D transparent micromodels in polyester resin with porosity similar to carrots

Microscopic visualization, especially in transparent micromodels, can provide valuable information to understand the transport phenomena at pore scale in different process occurring in porous materials (food, timber, soils, etc.). Micromodels studies focus mainly on the observation of multi-phase flow, which presents a greater proximity to reality. The aim of this study was to study the process of flexography and its application in the manufacture of polyester resin transparent micromodels and its application to carrots. Materials used to implement a flexo station for micromodels construction were thermoregulated water bath, exposure chamber to UV light, photosensitive substance (photopolymer), RTV silicone polyester resin, and glass plates. In this paper, data on size distribution of a particular kind of carrot we used, and a transparent micromodel with square cross-section as well as a Log-normal pore size distribution with pore radii ranging from 10 to 110 µm (average of 22 µm and micromodel size of 10 × 10 cm) were built. Finally, it stresses that it has successfully implemented the protocol processing 2D polyester resin transparent micromodels.

Influence of temperature and photoperiod upon ionic regulation in rainbow trout Salmo gairdneri

Interactions of photoperiod and temperature upon waterelectrolyte balance were examined in rainbow trout acclimated to six combinations of two photoperiods {18h light: 6h dark, o 6h light: l8h dark) and three temperatures (2, 10 and 18 C). The influence of temperature and photoperiod upon plasma, skeletal muscle, cardiac muscle and liver levels of sodium, potassium, magnesi.um, calcium, chloride, water content, water distribution and cellular ion concentrations was determined by a one way analysis of variance. Significant (p < 0.05 or better) temperature effects at common photoperiods were observed in 70% of the analyses performed, showing no bias toward either photoperiod. Significant photoperiod effects occured in 57% of the analyses performed at common temperatures. The influence of photoperiod was most prevalent at reduced temperatures. Potassium and magnesium appeared to be particularly thermosensitive, while sodium and calcium were the most photosensitive of the electrolytes. The ionic composition of all tissues studied were relatively thermosensitive, with liver apparently being the most sensitive. On the other hand; the ionic composition of skeletal and cardiac muscle appear to be the mos.t photosensitive of the tissues examined. Water content and distribution in skeletal muscle and liver were significantly influenced by temperature in 50% of the analyses performed showing a very strong bias toward UwinterU animals. Photoperiod effects were significant in 56% of the water parameters measured with a strong bias toward the two lower temperatures. Body weight was of significant influence in 16% of the 174 analyses performed. These data are discussed in terms of the effect of temperature upon ionregulatory mechanisms and the possible impact of photoperiod variations on endocrine systems influencing water-electrolyte metabolism.

Films minces de copolymères à blocs supramoléculaires et photosensibles

La technique de trempage («dip-coating») est un procédé rapide et efficace pour former des films minces de copolymères à blocs (CPB) d’épaisseur et de nano-morphologies variées. Très peu d’études ont toutefois porté sur le trempage des CPB supramoléculaires et/ou photosensibles. Le trempage du CPB poly(styrène-b-4-vinyl pyridine) (PS-P4VP) a premièrement été étudié avec des petites molécules (PM) d’acide 1-naphtoïque (NCOOH) et de 1-naphtol (NOH) capables de former des ponts hydrogène (ponts H) avec le bloc P4VP dans 4 solvants (tétrahydrofurane (THF), p-dioxane, toluène et chloroforme). Le ratio d’incorporation (RI) molaire PM/VP dans les films trempés augmente avec la vitesse de retrait mais sa variation dépend fortement du solvant et de la PM utilisés. Le RI et la morphologie des films minces dépendent de la possibilité (ou non) du solvant à former des ponts H avec la PM et de sa sélectivité au bloc de PS menant (ou non) à des micelles de P4VP/PM en solution dont la rigidité influence l’état cinétique du système en film mince. La dépendance en une courbe en V de l’épaisseur des films en fonction la vitesse de retrait définit deux régimes, nommés régimes capillaire et de drainage. Ces régimes influencent différemment le RI et la morphologie finale. Nous nous sommes ensuite intéressés aux complexes de PS-P4VP avec des azobenzènes (AB) photosensibles, le 4-hydroxy-4’-butyl-azobenzène (BHAB) et le 4-hydroxy-4’-cyano-azobenzène (CHAB). Ces AB peuvent non seulement former des ponts H avec le bloc P4VP mais aussi s'isomériser entre les formes trans et cis sous illumination. Les expériences avec PS-P4VP/BHAB dans le THF et le toluène ont révélé que l'irradiation pendant le trempage permet de provoquer une transition entre les morphologies sphérique et cylindrique à basses vitesses de retrait. Ces transitions sont expliquées par l’augmentation du ratio molaire BHAB/VP pris dans les films sous illumination et par le plus grand volume des isomères BHAB-cis par rapport aux BHAB-trans. L'irradiation permet également de moduler l'épaisseur des films sans égard à la présence des AB. Finalement, des solutions de PS-P4VP/CHAB et PS-P4VP/BHAB dans le THF avec un CPB de masse molaire plus élevée ont été étudiées afin de comprendre l’effet d'un temps de demi-vie plus court de l’AB et de la présence de micelles en solution. Le photocontrôle morphologique perd de son efficacité avec le CHAB car l’augmentation du RI de CHAB dans les films illuminés par rapport aux films non irradiés est moins prononcée que pour les complexes de BHAB. Le choix du PS-P4VP est également important puisque la présence de micelles dans les solutions de THF du PS-P4VP(36,5k-16k), même si elle n’influence pas les RI BHAB/VP, fige davantage la morphologie sphérique en solution par rapport à une solution non-micellaire de PS-P4VP(24k-9,5k), limitant les possibilités de transition morphologique.

Methylene Blue Doped Polymers: efficient Media for Optical Recording

Polymer materials find application in optical storage technology, namely in the development of high information density and fast access type memories. A new polymer blend of methylene blue sensitized polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) and polyacrylic acid (PAA) in methanol is prepared and characterized and its comparison with methylene blue sensitized PVA in methanol and complexed methylene blue sensitized polyvinyl chloride (CMBPVC) is presented. The optical absorption spectra of the thin films of these polymers showed a strong and broad absorption region at 670-650 nm, matching the wavelength of the laser used. A very slow recovery of the dye on irradiation was observed when a 7:3 blend of polyvinyl alcohol/polyacrylic acid at a pHof 3.8 and a sensitizer concentration of 4.67 10 5 g/ml were used. A diffraction efficiency of up to 20% was observed for the MBPVA/alcohol system and an energetic sensitivity of 2000 mJ/cm2 was obtained in the photosensitive films with a spatial frequency of 588 lines/mm.

Methylene Blue Doped Polymers:Efficient Media for Optical Recording

Polymer materials find application in optical storage technology, namely in the development of high information density and fast access type memories. A new polymer blend of methylene blue sensitized polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) and polyacrylic acid (PAA) in methanol is prepared and characterized and its comparison with methylene blue sensitized PVA in methanol and complexed methylene blue sensitized polyvinyl chloride (CMBPVC) is presented. The optical absorption spectra of the thin films of these polymers showed a strong and broad absorption region at 670-650 nm, matching the wavelength of the laser used. A very slow recovery of the dye on irradiation was observed when a 7:3 blend of polyvinyl alcohol/polyacrylic acid at a pHof 3.8 and a sensitizer concentration of 4.67 10 5 g/ml were used. A diffraction efficiency of up to 20% was observed for the MBPVA/alcohol system and an energetic sensitivity of 2000 mJ/cm2 was obtained in the photosensitive films with a spatial frequency of 588 lines/mm.

Photoconductivity studies on some semiconducting thin films for photovoltaic applications

Photoconductivity (PC) processes may be the most suitable technique for obtaining information about the states in the gap. It finds applications in photovoItaics, photo detection and radiation measurements. The main task in the area of photovoltaics, is to increase the efficiency of the device and also to develop new materials with good optoelectronic properties useful for energy conversion, keeping the idea of cost effectiveness. Photoconduction includes generation and recombination of carriers and their transport to the electrodes. So thermal relaxation process, charge carrier statistics, effects of electrodes and several mechanisms of recombination are involved in photoconductivity.A major effect of trapping is to make the experimentally observed decay time of photocurrent, longer than carrier lifetime. If no trapping centers are present, then observed photocurrent will decay in the same way as the density of free carriers and the observed decay time will be equal to carrier lifetime. If the density of free carriers is much less than density of trapped carriers, the entire decay of photocurrent is effectively dominated by the rate of trap emptying rather than by the rate of recombination.In the present study, the decay time of carriers was measured using photoconductive decay (PCD) technique. For the measurements, the film was loaded in a liquid Helium cryostat and the temperature was controlled using Lakshore Auto tuning temperature controller (Model 321). White light was used to illuminate the required area of the sample. Heat radiation from the light source was avoided by passing the light beam through a water filter. The decay current. after switching off the illumination. was measured using a Kiethely 2000 multi meter. Sets of PCD measurements were taken varying sample temperature, sample preparation temperature, thickness of the film, partial pressure of Oxygen and concentration of a particular element in a compound. Decay times were calculated using the rate window technique, which is a decay sampling technique particularly suited to computerized analysis. For PCD curves with two well-defined regions, two windows were chosen, one at the fast decay region and the other at the slow decay region. The curves in a particular window were exponentially fitted using Microsoft Excel 2000 programme. These decay times were plotted against sample temperature and sample preparation temperature to study the effect of various defects in the film. These studies were done in order to optimize conditions of preparation technique so as to get good photosensitive samples. useful for photovoltaic applications.Materials selected for the study were CdS, In2Se3, CuIn2Se3 and CuInS2• Photoconductivity studies done on these samples are organised in six chapters including introduction and conclusion.

Photoacoustic study on the photostability of polymethyl methacrylate films doped with Rhodamine 6G–Rhodamine B dye mixture system

The photosensitivity of dye mixture-doped polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA) films are investigated as a function of laser power, concentration of the dyes, modulation frequency and the irradiation wavelength. Energy transfer from a donor molecule to an acceptor molecule affects the emission output of the dye mixture system. Photosensitivity is found to change with changes in donor–acceptor concentrations. PMMA samples doped with the dye mixture are found to be more photosensitive when the dyes are mixed in the same proportion.

Role of chlorine on the opto-electronic properties of β-In2S3 thin films

Effect of chlorine doping on the opto-electronic properties of β-In2S3 thin film, deposited by spray pyrolysis technique is studied for the first time. Chlorine was incorporated in the spray solution, using HCl. Pristine sample prepared using In(NO3)3 and thiourea as the precursors showed very low photosensitivity. But upon adding optimum quantity of chlorine, the photosensitivity increased by 3 orders. X-ray analysis revealed that crystallinity was also increasing up to this optimum level of Cl concentration. It was also observed that samples with high photosensitivity were having higher band gap. The present study proved that doping with chlorine was beneficial as this could result in forming crystalline and photosensitive films of indium sulfide.

Organic field-effect transistors and phototransistors based on amorphous materials

A comparison between the charge transport properties in low molecular amorphous thin films of spiro-linked compound and their corresponding parent compound has been demonstrated. The field-effect transistor method is used for extracting physical parameters such as field-effect mobility of charge carriers, ON/OFF ratios, and stability. In addition, phototransistors have been fabricated and demonstrated for the first time by using organic materials. In this case, asymmetrically spiro-linked compounds are used as active materials. The active materials used in this study can be divided into three classes, namely Spiro-linked compounds (symmetrically spiro-linked compounds), the corresponding parent-compounds, and photosensitive spiro-linked compounds (asymmetrically spiro-linked com-pounds). Some of symmetrically spiro-linked compounds used in this study were 2,2',7,7'-Tetrakis-(di-phenylamino)-9,9'-spirobifluorene (Spiro-TAD),2,2',7,7'-Tetrakis-(N,N'-di-p-methylphenylamino)-9,9'-spirobifluorene (Spiro-TTB), 2,2',7,7'-Tetra-(m-tolyl-phenylamino)-9,9'-spirobifluorene (Spiro-TPD), and 2,2Ž,7,7Ž-Tetra-(N-phenyl-1-naphtylamine)-9,9Ž-spirobifluorene (Spiro alpha-NPB). Related parent compounds of the symmetrically spiro-linked compound used in this study were N,N,N',N'-Tetraphenylbenzidine (TAD), N,N,N',N'-Tetrakis(4-methylphenyl)benzidine (TTB), N,N'-Bis(3-methylphenyl)-(1,1'-biphenyl)-4,4'-diamine (TPD), and N,N'-Diphenyl-N,N'-bis(1-naphthyl)-1,1'-biphenyl-4,4'-diamine (alpha-NPB). The photosensitive asymmetrically spiro-linked compounds used in this study were 2,7-bis-(N,N'-diphenylamino)-2',7'-bis(biphenyl-4-yl)-9,9'-spirobifluorene (Spiro-DPSP), and 2,7-bis-(N,N'-diphenylamino)-2',7'-bis(spirobifluorene-2-yl)-9,9'-spirobifluorene (Spiro-DPSP^2). It was found that the field-effect mobilities of charge carriers in thin films of symmetrically spiro-linked compounds and their corresponding parent compounds are in the same order of magnitude (~10^-5 cm^2/Vs). However, the thin films of the parent compounds were easily crystallized after the samples have been exposed in ambient atmosphere and at room temperature for three days. In contrast, the thin films and the transistor characteristics of symmetrically spiro-linked compound did not change significantly after the samples have been stored in ambient atmosphere and at room temperature for several months. Furthermore, temperature dependence of the mobility was analyzed in two models, namely the Arrhenius model and the Gaussian Disorder model. The Arrhenius model tends to give a high value of the prefactor mobility. However, it is difficult to distinguish whether the temperature behaviors of the material under consideration follows the Arrhenius model or the Gaussian Disorder model due to the narrow accessible range of the temperatures. For the first time, phototransistors have been fabricated and demonstrated by using organic materials. In this case, asymmetrically spiro-linked compounds are used as active materials. Intramolecular charge transfer between a bis(diphenylamino)biphenyl unit and a sexiphenyl unit leads to an increase in charge carrier density, providing the amplification effect. The operational responsivity of better than 1 A/W can be obtained for ultraviolet light at 370 nm, making the device interesting for sensor applications. This result offers a new potential application of organic thin film phototransistors as low-light level and low-cost visible blind ultraviolet photodetectors.

Crystallization study of the (1-x)Sb2O3-(x)SbPO4 glass system

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