Validation et conditionnement d'un test PAMPA amélioré pour l'évaluation de la perméabilité membranaire de médicaments.

Les tests PAMPA et les tests Caco-2 sont des essais in vitro de l’évaluation de la perméabilité intestinale des médicaments. Ils sont réalisés lors de la phase de découverte du médicament. Les tests PAMPA ne sont pas biologiquement représentatifs de la paroi intestinale, mais ils sont rapides et peu coûteux. Les tests Caco-2 nécessitent plus de 21 jours pour la culture cellulaire et des installations spécifiques sont requises. Ils sont constitués d’une monocouche d’entérocytes à confluence et donc plus biologiquement représentatifs. Il y a un besoin pour le développement d’un essai qui est biologiquement représentatif de la membrane intestinale humaine, rapide et peu coûteux. Le premier but de ce projet était de développer une méthode analytique qui permettrait l’évaluation simultanée de huit médicaments témoins utilisés pour la validation de l’essai de perméabilité. Le deuxième but de ce projet était donc d’améliorer la membrane des tests PAMPA pour proposer un nouveau test : le néoPAMPA. Contrairement au test PAMPA traditionnel, cette membrane est constituée de trois composantes : (1) un filtre poreux qui agit à titre de support, (2) un coussin polydopamine chargé négativement qui sert d’ancrage et qui assure la fluidité de la bicouche et (3) une bicouche lipidique formée par fusion de vésicules. Une méthode analytique HPLC-MS/MS a été validée selon les spécifications de la FDA et de la EMA. Cette méthode a permis de quantifier simultanément les huit médicaments standards utilisés pour le test néoPAMPA. Le test PAMPA traditionnel a été mis en place à titre d’essai control. Les coefficients de perméabilité mesurés pour les huit médicaments au travers de la membrane PAMPA comparaient favorablement aux résultats de la littérature. Les composantes de la membrane néoPAMPA ont été optimisées. Les conditions optimales retenues étaient les filtres de polycarbonate hydrophile ayant des pores de 15 nm, les plaques Costar 12 puits comme dispositif des tests de perméabilité, une bicouche lipidique composée de 70 % DOPC et de 30 % cholestérol cationique ainsi qu’une déposition des liposomes en présence de 150 mM NaCl suivi d’un équilibre d’1 h en présence d’une solution saturée en DOPC. Les stabilités de la cassette de médicaments et des liposomes sont insuffisantes pour le conditionnement commercial des membranes néoPAMPA. Les différentes optimisations réalisées ont permis d’améliorer la membrane néoPAMPA sans toutefois la rendre fonctionnelle. La membrane néoPAMPA n’est toujours pas en mesure de discriminer des molécules en fonction de leur perméabilité attendue.

Perfeccionamiento docente : un proyecto para la provincia de la Pampa, Argentina.

Trata de visualizar el problema de la actualización docente y de la reforma educativa en Argentina. Aborda distintos aspectos de la formación permanente del profesorado: la realidad docente, los factores de presión, la formación en relación a la escuela y a la interculturalidad. Encuadra el perfeccionamiento docente a nivel nacional y provincial, teniendo en cuenta la Ley Federal de Educación y la articulación entre la Ley Nacional y las necesidades de la provincia de la Pampa; describe la formación inicial y permanente de los docentes en la provincia de La Pampa. Lleva a cabo un análisis de la percepción del profesorado sobre el plan de perfeccionamiento docente en dicha provincia. La muestra está formada por 34 docentes de distintos centros a los que se pasa un cuestionario; a través de éste se pretende explorar las siguientes dimensiones: valoración del plan, actitud y disposición para el futuro, y sugerencias. Evaluadas las respuestas se concluye que los docentes necesitan más atención en todas las áreas, y especialmente en la de Ciencias Sociales y Naturales; todos los centros requieren una mejora de la asistencia técnica y financiera prestada por la administración central. Desarrolla una propuesta de perfeccionamiento docente tomando como referencia el modelo sistémico. La metodología se ha de basar entre otras cosas, en la discusión y solución de problemas, en el uso de recursos tecnológicos y en el respaldo de profesionales que tengan larga experiencia en determinadas áreas del conocimiento.

La inspección educativa y el mejoramiento de la escuela en la provincia de la Pampa, Argentina.

Plantear propuestas que permitan lograr un mejor funcionamiento de las organizaciones escolares de la provincia de la Pampa y que esto revierta positivamente en la misma.. El objeto de estudio abarca diferentes temas: la reforma educativa y su implementación en Argentina; la escuela como organización; la inspección de la enseñanza y la organización escolar.. La investigación surge como consecuencia de las tareas de supervisión y dirección educativa del propio autor que intenta definir estrategias y líneas de acción que contribuyan a paliar los problemas que ha venido observando a lo largo de varios años como profesional de la educación. Serán los hechos constatados en su contacto con esta realidad educativa los que vayan marcando la orientación del trabajo: alto índice de repetición en los primeros años de la escuela secundaria (13 y 14 años); deserción escolar, muchas veces provocada por las dificultades socioeconómicas de las familias; dificultades de aprendizaje por falta de comprensión, hábitos y técnicas de estudio, que dan lugar a problemas para alcanzar el aprobado en las asignaturas; desinterés por la enseñanza impartida ya que algunos docentes muestran despreocupación por hacer atractiva su materia y ello produce apatía en los alumnos; desajustes en las fuentes de información y formación debido a que algunas son más sugerentes que las que brinda la escuela y los profesores no son capaces a veces de adaptarse a las necesidades cambiantes del adolescente.. La exhaustiva revisión bibliográfica comprende numerosas publicaciones del Ministerio de Cultura y Educación de Argentina relativas a la legislación educativa.. El enfoque tiene un carácter descriptivo.. En relación a los espacios físicos de la escuela se apuesta por: analizar la distribución espacial y relacionarla con la interdisciplinariedad y la globalidad del aprendizaje; realizar un estudio de la estética tanto en sus aspectos arquitectónicos como de distribución, ornamentación, limpieza y orden. En referencia a las actividades docentes y práctica pedagógica se sugiere: utilizar módulos nuevos de distribución horaria; optar por fórmulas de coordinación vertical y horizontal que potencien la cooperación entre los profesores; observar por parejas de profesores; organizar grupos de interés para evaluar proyectos de investigación; generar espacios de puertas abiertas. Con respecto a la convivencia escolar, el clima y las relaciones con el entorno se pretende: realizar un estudio de la escuela en el que se recojan los hábitos de comportamiento, las normas de convivencia y los estilos de comunicación; estudiar los conflictos de manera sistemática; enviar a los alumnos a lugares del entorno a fin de facilitarles el aprendizaje a través de la experiencia y que después puedan expresarla ante sus compañeros; analizar los distintos tipos de relaciones (entre jóvenes y mayores, entre hombres y mujeres, entre profesores y alumnos) que se dan para mejorar el clima de la institución; elaborar encuestas para obtener la opinión de los padres y promover el acercamiento de los mismos.. Es conveniente tener en cuenta que si bien es destacable el papel que desempeñan las instituciones escolares y sus integrantes en el desarrollo y mejora de la educación, no es apropiado hacer recaer todo el peso del éxito o fracaso de una reforma en los establecimientos escolares y sus integrantes. Se observa como necesario que los niveles superiores de la administración faciliten los medios para que las transformaciones se hagan efectivas: mejores salarios, profesores designados por cargo, horas asignadas a actividades extracurriculares, entre otros. A esto hay que añadir que los profesionales de la educación deberán aprender a trabajar cada vez más en equipo. La organización debe ser un elemento dinamizador de la innovación y la mejora.

Cuidando a los muertos: las mujeres medievales en las pampa fúnebres familiares (Taking care to the Dead: the medieval women in the family funeral Pompas )

Previous studies of burial practice in the later medieval period have concluded that mortuary custom was regulated strictly by male religious authorities, resulting in a uniformity of practice that held little potential for the expression of personal identity or family relationships. This paper challenges previous approaches through a close study of the material culture of the medieval grave. Archaeological and pictorial sources combine to suggest that women were responsible for the preparation of the body for burial. This reassessment of medieval burial yields new evidence for female undertaking as an extension of the social role of mothering.

Pollen-based biome reconstructions for Latin America at 0, 6000 and 18000 radiocarbon years

The biomisation method is used to reconstruct Latin American vegetation at 6000±500 and 18 000±1000 radiocarbon years before present (14C yr BP) from pollen data. Tests using modern pollen data from 381 samples derived from 287 locations broadly reproduce potential natural vegetation. The strong temperature gradient associated with the Andes is recorded by a transition from high altitude cool grass/shrubland and cool mixed forest to mid-altitude cool temperate rain forest, to tropical dry, seasonal and rain forest at low altitudes. Reconstructed biomes from a number of sites do not match the potential vegetation due to local factors such as human impact, methodological artefacts and mechanisms of pollen representivity of the parent vegetation.

Palaeovegetation in China during the late Quaternary: Biome reconstructions based on a global scheme of plant functional types

Two previous reconstructions of palaeovegetation across the whole of China were performed using a simple classification of plant functional types (PFTs). Now a more explicit, global PFT classification scheme has been developed, and a substantial number of additional pollen records have become available. Here we apply the global scheme of PFTs to a comprehensive set of pollen records available from China to test the applicability of the global scheme of PFTs in China, and to obtain a well-founded reconstruction of changing palaeovegetation patterns. A total of 806 pollen surface samples, 188 mid-Holocene (MH, 6000 14C yr BP) and 50 last glacial maximum (LGM, 18,000 14C yr BP) pollen records were used to reconstruct vegetation patterns in China, based on a new global classification system of PFTs and a standard numerical technique for biome assignment (biomization). The biome reconstruction based on pollen surface samples showed convincing agreement with present potential natural vegetation. Coherent patterns of change in biome distribution between MH, LGM and present are observed. In the MH, cold and cool-temperate evergreen needleleaf forests and mixed forests, temperate deciduous broadleaf forest, and warm-temperate evergreen broadleaf and mixed forest in eastern China were shifted northward by 200–500 km. Cold-deciduous forest in northeastern China was replaced by cold evergreen needleleaf forest while in central northern China, cold-deciduous forest was present at some sites now occupied by temperate grassland and desert. The forest–grassland boundary was 200–300 km west of its present position. Temperate xerophytic shrubland, temperate grassland and desert covered a large area on the Tibetan Plateau, but the area of tundra was reduced. Treeline was 300–500 m higher than present in Tibet. These changes imply generally warmer winters, longer growing seasons and more precipitation during the MH. Westward shifts of the forest–shrubland–grassland and grassland–desert boundaries imply greater moisture availability in the MH, consistent with a stronger summer monsoon. During the LGM, in contrast, cold-deciduous forest, cool-temperate evergreen needleleaf forest, cool mixed forests, warm-temperate evergreen broadleaf and mixed forest in eastern China were displaced to the south by 300–1000 km, while temperate deciduous broadleaf forest, pure warm-temperate evergreen forest, tropical semi-evergreen and evergreen broadleaf forests were restricted or absent from the mainland of southern China, implying colder winters than present. Strong shifts of temperate xerophytic shrubland, temperate grassland and desert to the south and east in northern and western China and on the Tibetan Plateau imply drier conditions than present.

Pollen-based reconstructions of biome distributions for Australia, Southeast Asia and the Pacific (SEAPAC region) at 0,6000 and 18,000 14C yr B.P.

Aim  This paper documents reconstructions of the vegetation patterns in Australia, Southeast Asia and the Pacific (SEAPAC region) in the mid-Holocene and at the last glacial maximum (LGM). Methods  Vegetation patterns were reconstructed from pollen data using an objective biomization scheme based on plant functional types. The biomization scheme was first tested using 535 modern pollen samples from 377 sites, and then applied unchanged to fossil pollen samples dating to 6000 ± 500 or 18,000 ± 1000 14C yr bp. Results  1. Tests using surface pollen sample sites showed that the biomization scheme is capable of reproducing the modern broad-scale patterns of vegetation distribution. The north–south gradient in temperature, reflected in transitions from cool evergreen needleleaf forest in the extreme south through temperate rain forest or wet sclerophyll forest (WSFW) and into tropical forests, is well reconstructed. The transitions from xerophytic through sclerophyll woodlands and open forests to closed-canopy forests, which reflect the gradient in plant available moisture from the continental interior towards the coast, are reconstructed with less geographical precision but nevertheless the broad-scale pattern emerges. 2. Differences between the modern and mid-Holocene vegetation patterns in mainland Australia are comparatively small and reflect changes in moisture availability rather than temperature. In south-eastern Australia some sites show a shift towards more moisture-stressed vegetation in the mid-Holocene with xerophytic woods/scrub and temperate sclerophyll woodland and shrubland at sites characterized today by WSFW or warm-temperate rain forest (WTRF). However, sites in the Snowy Mountains, on the Southern Tablelands and east of the Great Dividing Range have more moisture-demanding vegetation in the mid-Holocene than today. South-western Australia was slightly drier than today. The single site in north-western Australia also shows conditions drier than today in the mid-Holocene. Changes in the tropics are also comparatively small, but the presence of WTRF and tropical deciduous broadleaf forest and woodland in the mid-Holocene, in sites occupied today by cool-temperate rain forest, indicate warmer conditions. 3. Expansion of xerophytic vegetation in the south and tropical deciduous broadleaf forest and woodland in the north indicate drier conditions across mainland Australia at the LGM. None of these changes are informative about the degree of cooling. However the evidence from the tropics, showing lowering of the treeline and forest belts, indicates that conditions were between 1 and 9 °C (depending on elevation) colder. The encroachment of tropical deciduous broadleaf forest and woodland into lowland evergreen broadleaf forest implies greater aridity. Main conclusions  This study provides the first continental-scale reconstruction of mid-Holocene and LGM vegetation patterns from Australia, Southeast Asia and the Pacific (SEAPAC region) using an objective biomization scheme. These data will provide a benchmark for evaluation of palaeoclimate simulations within the framework of the Palaeoclimate Modelling Intercomparison Project.

Climate and CO2 controls on global vegetation distribution at the last glacial maximum: analysis based on palaeovegetation data, biome modelling and palaeoclimate simulations.

The global vegetation response to climate and atmospheric CO2 changes between the last glacial maximum and recent times is examined using an equilibrium vegetation model (BIOME4), driven by output from 17 climate simulations from the Palaeoclimate Modelling Intercomparison Project. Features common to all of the simulations include expansion of treeless vegetation in high northern latitudes; southward displacement and fragmentation of boreal and temperate forests; and expansion of drought-tolerant biomes in the tropics. These features are broadly consistent with pollen-based reconstructions of vegetation distribution at the last glacial maximum. Glacial vegetation in high latitudes reflects cold and dry conditions due to the low CO2 concentration and the presence of large continental ice sheets. The extent of drought-tolerant vegetation in tropical and subtropical latitudes reflects a generally drier low-latitude climate. Comparisons of the observations with BIOME4 simulations, with and without consideration of the direct physiological effect of CO2 concentration on C3 photosynthesis, suggest an important additional role of low CO2 concentration in restricting the extent of forests, especially in the tropics. Global forest cover was overestimated by all models when climate change alone was used to drive BIOME4, and estimated more accurately when physiological effects of CO2 concentration were included. This result suggests that both CO2 effects and climate effects were important in determining glacial-interglacial changes in vegetation. More realistic simulations of glacial vegetation and climate will need to take into account the feedback effects of these structural and physiological changes on the climate.

Pollen-based biome reconstructions for China at 0 and 6000 years

Biomization provides an objective and robust method of assigning pollen spectra to biomes so that pollen data can be mapped and compared directly with the output of biomgeographic models. We have tested the applicability of this procedure, originally developed for Europe, to assign modern surface samples from China to biomes. The procedure successfully delineated the major vegetation types of China. When the same procedure was applied to fossil pollen samples for 6000 years ago, the reconstructions showed systematic differences from present, consistent with previous interpretations of vegetation changes since the mid-Holocene. In eastern China, the forest zones were systematically shifted northwards, such that cool mixed forests displaced taiga in northeastern China, while broad-leaved evergreen forest extended c. 300 km and temperate deciduous forestc. 500–600 km beyond their present northern limits. In northwestern China, the area of desert and steppe vegetation was reduced compared to present. On the Tibetan Plateau, forest vegetation extended to higher elevations than today and the area of tundra was reduced. These shifts in biome distributions imply significant changes in climate since 6000 years ago that can be interpreted qualitatively as a response to orbital forcing and its secondary effects on the Asian monsoon.

Climate and biome simulations for the past 21,000 years

This paper reports on a set of paleoclimate simulations for 21, 16, 14, 11 and 6 ka (thousands of years ago) carried out with the Community Climate Model, Version 1 (CCM1) of the National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCAR). This climate model uses four interactive components that were not available in our previous simulations with the NCAR CCM0 (COHMAP, 1988Science, 241, 1043–1052; Wright et al., 1993Global Climate Since the Last Glocial Maximum, University of Minnesota Press, MN): soil moisture, snow hydrology, sea-ice, and mixed-layer ocean temperature. The new simulations also use new estimates of ice sheet height and size from ( Peltier 1994, Science, 265, 195–201), and synchronize the astronomically dated orbital forcing with the ice sheet and atmospheric CO2 levels corrected from radiocarbon years to calendar years. The CCM1 simulations agree with the previous simulations in their most general characteristics. The 21 ka climate is cold and dry, in response to the presence of the ice sheets and lowered CO2 levels. The period 14–6 ka has strengthened northern summer monsoons and warm mid-latitude continental interiors in response to orbital changes. Regional differences between the CCM1 and CCM0 simulations can be traced to the effects of either the new interactive model components or the new boundary conditions. CCM1 simulates climate processes more realistically, but has additional degrees of freedom that can allow the model to ‘drift’ toward less realistic solutions in some instances. The CCM1 simulations are expressed in terms of equilibrium vegetation using BIOME 1, and indicate large shifts in biomes. Northern tundra and forest biomes are displaced southward at glacial maximum and subtropical deserts contract in the mid-Holocene when monsoons strengthen. These vegetation changes could, if simulated interactively, introduce additional climate feedbacks. The total area of vegetated land remains nearly constant through time because the exposure of continental shelves with lowered sea level largely compensates for the land covered by the expanded ice sheets.

Comparing projections of future changes in runoff from hydrological and biome models in ISI-MIP

Future changes in runoff can have important implications for water resources and flooding. In this study, runoff projections from ISI-MIP (Inter-sectoral Impact Model Inter-comparison Project) simulations forced with HadGEM2-ES bias-corrected climate data under the Representative Concentration Pathway 8.5 have been analysed for differences between impact models. Projections of change from a baseline period (1981-2010) to the future (2070-2099) from 12 impacts models which contributed to the hydrological and biomes sectors of ISI-MIP were studied. The biome models differed from the hydrological models by the inclusion of CO2 impacts and most also included a dynamic vegetation distribution. The biome and hydrological models agreed on the sign of runoff change for most regions of the world. However, in West Africa, the hydrological models projected drying, and the biome models a moistening. The biome models tended to produce larger increases and smaller decreases in regionally averaged runoff than the hydrological models, although there is large inter-model spread. The timing of runoff change was similar, but there were differences in magnitude, particularly at peak runoff. The impact of vegetation distribution change was much smaller than the projected change over time, while elevated CO2 had an effect as large as the magnitude of change over time projected by some models in some regions. The effect of CO2 on runoff was not consistent across the models, with two models showing increases and two decreases. There was also more spread in projections from the runs with elevated CO2 than with constant CO2. The biome models which gave increased runoff from elevated CO2 were also those which differed most from the hydrological models. Spatially, regions with most difference between model types tended to be projected to have most effect from elevated CO2, and seasonal differences were also similar, so elevated CO2 can partly explain the differences between hydrological and biome model runoff change projections. Therefore, this shows that a range of impact models should be considered to give the full range of uncertainty in impacts studies.

Patterns of water and heat flux across a biome gradient from tropical forest to savanna in Brazil

We investigated the seasonal patterns of water vapor and sensible heat flux along a tropical biome gradient from forest to savanna. We analyzed data from a network of flux towers in Brazil that were operated within the Large-Scale Biosphere-Atmosphere Experiment in Amazonia (LBA). These tower sites included tropical humid and semideciduous forest, transitional forest, floodplain (with physiognomies of cerrado), and cerrado sensu stricto. The mean annual sensible heat flux at all sites ranged from 20 to 38 Wm(-2), and was generally reduced in the wet season and increased in the late dry season, coincident with seasonal variations of net radiation and soil moisture. The sites were easily divisible into two functional groups based on the seasonality of evaporation: tropical forest and savanna. At sites with an annual precipitation above 1900 mm and a dry season length less than 4 months (Manaus, Santarem and Rondonia), evaporation rates increased in the dry season, coincident with increased radiation. Evaporation rates were as high as 4.0 mm d(-1) in these evergreen or semidecidous forests. In contrast, ecosystems with precipitation less than 1700 mm and a longer dry season (Mato Grosso, Tocantins and Sao Paulo) showed clear evidence of reduced evaporation in the dry season. Evaporation rates were as low as 2.5 mm d(-1) in the transitional forests and 1 mm d(-1) in the cerrado. The controls on evapotranspiration seasonality changed along the biome gradient, with evaporative demand (especially net radiation) playing a more important role in the wetter forests, and soil moisture playing a more important role in the drier savannah sites.

Lógicas de engajamento de produtores familiares em propostas de desenvolvimento : a implementação do programa social agropecuário em Pampa de Achala, Cordoba - AR

Nesta dissertação, analiso as diferentes formas de engajamento dos produtores familiares às propostas de desenvolvimento apresentadas pelo Programa Social Agropecuário, na região de Pampa de Achala, na Província de Córdoba, na Argentina. Os diferentes graus de adesão dos produtores estão relacionados as heterogeneidades na estrutura e volume de capitais carregados por esses agentes, suas diferentes trajetórias e expectativas de retribuição com relação ao projeto. O desajuste entre as expectativas dos produtores e as realizações efetivas dos projetos gera conflitos e resistência aos processos de normalização provocados pelo processo de imposição desses programas de desenvolvimento. Identifiquei três lógicas de engajamento diferenciadas. Na primeira que denominei apropriacionista, ocorre um envolvimento intenso dos produtores a essas propostas apresentadas e a resistência se dá na forma de disputa com os técnicos pelo controle do processo de implementação do Programa. A segunda inserção dos produtores se dá em uma lógica de engajamento assistencialista e a resistência se apresenta como atomização das formas de participação. O terceiro caso paradigmático consiste no de uma comunidade que não adere ao Programa. A construção dessas lógicas de adesão permitem explicar a complexidade da implementação de programas desse tipo e as relações de poder subjacentes. Constatei que no espaço de possibilidades que se abrem para as comunidades rurais empobrecidas na Argentina consolidam-se novos processos de dominação, como passagem de uma pobreza integrada a um processo de pobreza dependente, de políticas publicas especiais.

Análise das políticas ambientais aplicadas aos moradores das margens do Arroio Pampa no município de Novo Hamburgo

As cidades apresentam as múltiplas dimensões do homem que, por sua vez, enovelam-se numa multiplicidade de relações internas exigindo de quem busca a compreensão destas espacialidades, também uma multiplicidade de olhares que se entrecruzam na constituição de um espaço que, por sua vez, é entendido e analisado, na maioria das vezes, sob uma visão mais totalizadora. Ao se buscar uma visão mais totalizada dos espaços urbanos, mascara-se um conjunto de redes de ações constituídas por agentes locais responsáveis pelo processo de urbanização/fragmentação do espaço e que, também, estão por trás da apropriação da terra urbana, a fim de atender aos interesses pessoais, que acabam por gerir profundas desigualdades, tanto no campo social como no espacial. A constituição deste cenário foi sendo montada paralelamente ao intenso processo de urbanização ocorrido no Brasil, alavancado pelo “milagre econômico brasileiro” que provocou um forte êxodo rural, de forma especial, nas décadas de 1960 e 1970. Nesse processo, muitas cidades, que ofereciam alguma oportunidade de empregos, logo foram tomadas por pessoas que abandonavam o campo em busca de melhores oportunidades nos centros urbanos. A rapidez com a qual se processou este fenômeno fez com que a maioria das cidades não estivesse preparadas para receber um grande fluxo de pessoas, tanto no que diz respeito à infra-estrutura urbana, quanto na oferta de oportunidades de empregos. A conjugação desses dois fatores levou a rupturas na organização dos espaços urbanos que, com o tempo, foram se reorganizando e se reproduzindo em múltiplas relações internas redesenhado uma nova espacialidade urbana. É na constituição dessa nova espacialidade urbana, que fez a cidade de Novo Hamburgo, distante 45km da capital Porto Alegre, reproduzir em seu território uma gama de novos espaços, construídos no bojo da sua industrialização, baseada no setor coureiro-calçadista e acompanhada fortemente pelo 9 êxodo rural; que fez constituir na paisagem urbana inúmeras sub-moradias em áreas que não despertavam grandes interesses imobiliários, como as de domínio público e as de risco. A partir da década de 1990, ocorreu uma estagnação da economia em escala nacional estancando, também, os fluxos migratórios, o que fez atingir assim, a grande Porto Alegre, onde a cidade de Novo Hamburgo está inserida. A partir dessa estagnação do êxodo rural e de uma relativa recuperação da economia coureiro-calçadista, a prefeitura municipal, através de suas secretarias, busca atualmente, uma recuperação e revitalização desses espaços urbanos embasados em uma retórica sócioambiental. Um dos pontos em que a prefeitura municipal de Novo Hamburgo vem atuando envolve as vilas formadas ao longo das margens do arroio Pampa. Este arroio atravessa dois dos bairros mais populosos do município e é onde as questões sociais através das sub-habitações e as questões ambientais através da degradação das águas do arroio estão presentes. As políticas públicas adotadas na revitalização e recuperação das margens e do arroio “agredidos” pela ocupação humana, na realidade, não recomporão o quadro natural. A Secretaria de Obras do município está construindo uma avenida que margeará todo o arroio. Assim, quando todas as famílias que ali se encontram forem removidas, a qualidade das águas do arroio Pampa continuará péssima; entretanto, a cidade de Novo Hamburgo não possui estação de tratamento de esgoto, e as indústrias localizadas próximas ao arroio também despejam seus desejos nele sem o tratamento adequado. Este estudo aponta que, no aspecto social, a prefeitura está apenas promovendo a remoção das famílias para loteamentos populares (a prefeitura somente disponibiliza o terreno); no entanto, estão muito distantes do ponto onde atualmente vivem e com pouca oferta de infra-estrutura urbana. Esta remoção, para um lugar muito distante, provoca uma grande ruptura na territorialidade desta população, além de encarecer o seu custo de vida com transportes para ter acesso às escolas, ao local de trabalho, a bancos, a postos de saúde, por exemplo. A desterritorialização e a necessidade de recompor uma nova territorialidade sob as condições impostas pelo poder público municipal não a coloca numa situação de inclusão social e, de certa forma, fere a sua cidadania construída nas margens do arroio Pampa, mas não necessariamente vinculada a ele.