A proposed parameterization of interface discontinuity factors depending on neighborhood for pin-by-pin diffusion computations for LWR

There exists an interest in performing full core pin-by-pin computations for present nuclear reactors. In such type of problems the use of a transport approximation like the diffusion equation requires the introduction of correction parameters. Interface discontinuity factors can improve the diffusion solution to nearly reproduce a transport solution. Nevertheless, calculating accurate pin-by-pin IDF requires the knowledge of the heterogeneous neutron flux distribution, which depends on the boundary conditions of the pin-cell as well as the local variables along the nuclear reactor operation. As a consequence, it is impractical to compute them for each possible configuration. An alternative to generate accurate pin-by-pin interface discontinuity factors is to calculate reference values using zero-net-current boundary conditions and to synthesize afterwards their dependencies on the main neighborhood variables. In such way the factors can be accurately computed during fine-mesh diffusion calculations by correcting the reference values as a function of the actual environment of the pin-cell in the core. In this paper we propose a parameterization of the pin-by-pin interface discontinuity factors allowing the implementation of a cross sections library able to treat the neighborhood effect. First results are presented for typical PWR configurations.

Assessment of CTF boiling transition and critical heat flux modeling capabilities using the OECD/NRC BFBT and PSBT benchmark databases

The need to refine models for best-estimate calculations, based on good-quality experimental data, has been expressed in many recent meetings in the field of nuclear applications. The modeling needs arising in this respect should not be limited to the currently available macroscopic methods but should be extended to next-generation analysis techniques that focus on more microscopic processes. One of the most valuable databases identified for the thermalhydraulics modeling was developed by the Nuclear Power Engineering Corporation (NUPEC), Japan. From 1987 to 1995, NUPEC performed steady-state and transient critical power and departure from nucleate boiling (DNB) test series based on the equivalent full-size mock-ups. Considering the reliability not only of the measured data, but also other relevant parameters such as the system pressure, inlet sub-cooling and rod surface temperature, these test series supplied the first substantial database for the development of truly mechanistic and consistent models for boiling transition and critical heat flux. Over the last few years the Pennsylvania State University (PSU) under the sponsorship of the U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission (NRC) has prepared, organized, conducted and summarized the OECD/NRC Full-size Fine-mesh Bundle Tests (BFBT) Benchmark. The international benchmark activities have been conducted in cooperation with the Nuclear Energy Agency/Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (NEA/OECD) and Japan Nuclear Energy Safety (JNES) organization, Japan. Consequently, the JNES has made available the Boiling Water Reactor (BWR) NUPEC database for the purposes of the benchmark. Based on the success of the OECD/NRC BFBT benchmark the JNES has decided to release also the data based on the NUPEC Pressurized Water Reactor (PWR) subchannel and bundle tests for another follow-up international benchmark entitled OECD/NRC PWR Subchannel and Bundle Tests (PSBT) benchmark. This paper presents an application of the joint Penn State University/Technical University of Madrid (UPM) version of the well-known subchannel code COBRA-TF, namely CTF, to the critical power and departure from nucleate boiling (DNB) exercises of the OECD/NRC BFBT and PSBT benchmarks

Métodos avanzados multiescala núcleo-celdas en geometrías tridimensionales y multigrupos para el cálculo de Reactores de Agua Ligera

La importancia de la seguridad en la aplicación de la tecnología nuclear impregna todas las tareas asociadas a la utilización de esta fuente de energía, comenzando por la fase de diseño, explotación y posterior desmantelamiento o gestión de residuos. En todos estos pasos, las herramientas de simulación computacional juegan un papel esencial como guía para el diseño, apoyo durante la operación o predicción de la evolución isotópica de los materiales del reactor. Las constantes mejoras en cuanto a recursos computacionales desde mediados del siglo XX hasta este momento así como los avances en los métodos de cálculo utilizados, permiten tratar la complejidad de estas situaciones con un detalle cada vez mayor, que en ocasiones anteriores fue simplemente descartado por falta de capacidad de cálculo o herramientas adecuadas. El presente trabajo se centra en el desarrollo de un método de cálculo neutrónico para reactores de agua ligera basado en teoría de difusión corregida con un nivel de detalle hasta la barra de combustible, considerando un número de grupos de energía mayor que los tradicionales rápido y térmico, y modelando la geometría tridimensional del núcleo del reactor. La capacidad de simular tanto situaciones estacionarias con posible búsqueda de criticidad, como la evolución durante transitorios del flujo neutrónico ha sido incluida, junto con un algoritmo de cálculo de paso de tiempo adaptativo para mejorar el rendimiento de las simulaciones. Se ha llevado a cabo un estudio de optimización de los métodos de cálculo utilizados para resolver la ecuación de difusión, tanto en el lazo de iteración de fuente como en los métodos de resolución de sistemas lineales empleados en las iteraciones internas. Por otra parte, la cantidad de memoria y tiempo de computación necesarios para resolver problemas de núcleo completo en malla fina obliga a introducir un método de paralelización en el cálculo; habiéndose aplicado una descomposición en subdominios basada en el método alternante de Schwarz acompañada de una aceleración nodal. La aproximación de difusión debe ser corregida si se desea reproducir los valores con una precisión cercana a la obtenida con la ecuación de transporte. Los factores de discontinuidad de la interfase utilizados para esta corrección no pueden en la práctica ser calculados y almacenados para cada posible configuración de una barra de combustible de composición determinada en el interior del reactor. Por esta razón, se ha estudiado una parametrización del factor de discontinuidad según la vecindad que permitiría tratar este factor como una sección eficaz más, parametrizada en función de valores significativos del entorno de la barra de material. Por otro lado, también se ha contemplado el acoplamiento con códigos termohidráulicos, lo que permite realizar simulaciones multifísica y producir resultados más realistas. Teniendo en cuenta la demanda creciente de la industria nuclear para que los resultados realistas sean suministrados junto con sus márgenes de confianza, se ha desarrollado la posibilidad de obtener las sensibilidades de los resultados mediante el cálculo del flujo adjunto, para posteriormente propagar las incertidumbres de las secciones eficaces a los cálculos de núcleo completo. Todo este trabajo se ha integrado en el código COBAYA3 que forma parte de la plataforma de códigos desarrollada en el proyecto europeo NURESIM del 6º Programa Marco. Los desarrollos efectuados han sido verificados en cuanto a su capacidad para modelar el problema a tratar; y la implementación realizada en el código ha sido validada numéricamente frente a los datos del benchmark de transitorio accidental en un reactor PWR con combustible UO2/MOX de la Agencia de Energía Nuclear de la OCDE, así como frente a otros benchmarks de LWR definidos en los proyectos europeos NURESIM y NURISP.

Problemática del ruido neutrónico

El objetivo del presente proyecto es identificar y definir la problemática del ruido neutrónico en el tratamiento y procesamiento de los canales de medida y tratamiento del flujo neutrónico interno y externo en los sistemas de control y protección de los reactores nucleares tipo PWR (que trabajan con agua a presión) que dan lugar a actuaciones indeseadas de los sistemas de vigilancia y control no relacionadas con situaciones reales del proceso como cambios significativos en los parámetros de temperatura y por lo tanto de potencia del reactor que reducen la disponibilidad de operación de la central y provocan transitorios no justificados por dichas actuaciones. Finalmente, se proponen algunas soluciones. Abstract The aim of this project is to identify and define the problem of neutron noise in PWR nuclear power plants, its influence on the treatment and processing of the measurement channels and external neutron flux treatment, its contributions to the control and protection systems that result in undesired actions of monitoring and control systems that are not related to the actual process conditions. These actions reduce the availability of plant operation and unjustified transient causes. Finally, some possible solutions are proposed

Neighborhood-corrected interface discontinuity factors for multi-group pin-by-pin diffusion calculations for LWR

Performing three-dimensional pin-by-pin full core calculations based on an improved solution of the multi-group diffusion equation is an affordable option nowadays to compute accurate local safety parameters for light water reactors. Since a transport approximation is solved, appropriate correction factors, such as interface discontinuity factors, are required to nearly reproduce the fully heterogeneous transport solution. Calculating exact pin-by-pin discontinuity factors requires the knowledge of the heterogeneous neutron flux distribution, which depends on the boundary conditions of the pin-cell as well as the local variables along the nuclear reactor operation. As a consequence, it is impractical to compute them for each possible configuration; however, inaccurate correction factors are one major source of error in core analysis when using multi-group diffusion theory. An alternative to generate accurate pin-by-pin interface discontinuity factors is to build a functional-fitting that allows incorporating the environment dependence in the computed values. This paper suggests a methodology to consider the neighborhood effect based on the Analytic Coarse-Mesh Finite Difference method for the multi-group diffusion equation. It has been applied to both definitions of interface discontinuity factors, the one based on the Generalized Equivalence Theory and the one based on Black-Box Homogenization, and for different few energy groups structures. Conclusions are drawn over the optimal functional-fitting and demonstrative results are obtained with the multi-group pin-by-pin diffusion code COBAYA3 for representative PWR configurations.

Analysis of different uncertainty activation cross section data libraries for LWR, ADS and DEMO neutron spectra

This work is aimed to present the main differences of nuclear data uncertainties among three different nuclear data libraries: EAF-2007, EAF-2010 and SCALE-6.0, under different neutron spectra: LWR, ADS and DEMO (fusion). To take into account the neutron spectrum, the uncertainty data are collapsed to onegroup. That is a simple way to see the differences among libraries for one application. Also, the neutron spectrum effect on different applications can be observed. These comparisons are presented only for (n,fission), (n,gamma) and (n,p) reactions, for the main transuranic isotopes (234,235,236,238U, 237Np, 238,239,240,241Pu, 241,242m,243Am, 242,243,244,245,246,247,248Cm, 249Bk, 249,250,251,252Cf). But also general comparisons among libraries are presented taking into account all included isotopes. In other works, target accuracies are presented for nuclear data uncertainties; here, these targets are compared with uncertainties on the above libraries. The main results of these comparisons are that EAF-2010 has reduced their uncertainties for many isotopes from EAF-2007 for (n,gamma) and (n,fission) but not for (n,p); SCALE-6.0 gives lower uncertainties for (n,fission) reactions for ADS and PWR applications, but gives higher uncertainties for (n,p) reactions in all applications. For the (n,gamma) reaction, the amount of isotopes which have higher uncertainties is quite similar to the amount of isotopes which have lower uncertainties when SCALE-6.0 and EAF-2010 are compared. When the effect of neutron spectra is analysed, the ADS neutron spectrum obtained the highest uncertainties for (n,gamma) and (n,fission) reactions of all libraries.

Optimización de librerías tabuladas de secciones eficaces mediante el empleo de coeficientes de sensibilidad

Los códigos de difusión en multigrupos para an álisis tridimensional de núcleos PWR emplean como datos de entrada librerías de parámetros equivalentes homogeneizados y condensados (secciones eficaces y factores de discontinuidad), que dependen de las variables de estado como temperaturas o densidades. Típicamente, esos pará metros se pre-generan para cada tipo de celda o elemento combustible con un código de transporte determinista, dependiendo en gran medida la precisión de los cálculos neutrónicos acoplados con la termohidráulica de la calidad de la librería generada. Las librerías tabuladas son la forma más extendida de compilar las secciones eficaces pre-generadas. Durante el cálculo de núcleo, el código de difusión simplemente obtiene las secciones eficaces por interpolación de los valores en los puntos de la malla. Como los errores de interpolación dependen de la distancia entre esos puntos, se requiere un considerable refinamiento de la malla –con todas las posibles combinaciones de las variables de estado– para conseguir una precisión adecuada, lo que conduce a requisitos elevados de almacenamiento y un gran número de cálculos de transporte para su generación. Para evitar este inconveniente, se ha desarrollado un procedimiento de optimización de librerías tabuladas que permite seleccionar el menor número de puntos de malla para cada variable de estado independiente, manteniendo un error objetivo en la constante de multiplicación k-efectiva. El procedimiento consiste en determinar, aplicando teoría de perturbaciones, los coeficientes de sensibilidad de la k-efectiva con las secciones eficaces. Ello permite evaluar la influencia de los errores de interpolación de cada sección eficaz en la constante de multiplicación para cualquier combinación de las variables de estado. La medida de esta influencia o sensibilidad permite establecer una distancia óptima entre puntos de interpolación dado un error objetivo sobre la constante de multiplicación. Distintos números de grupos de energía, composiciones del elemento combustible y escalas de homogeneización, han sido estudia dos para conocer su efecto sobre la optimización. Asimismo se ha comprobado la influencia de variar el error objetivo o el grado del polinomio de interpolación entre puntos. Finalmente, se realiza un cálculo con la librería optimizada, y se verifica que el error en la k-efectiva está limitado. Se reduce así el tamaño de la librería sin comprometer su grado de precisión en todo el rango de interés.

Boron dilution benchmark using COBAYA3/FLICA4 coupled codes within the NURISP European Project

Within the subproject 3 of the NURISP project three neutron kinetic codes have been implemented into the NURESIM platform. For all three codes (CRONOS2, COBAYA3 and DYN3D) the coupling with the thermal hydraulic code FLICA4 was accomplished using the features of the NURESIM platform. This paper contains the results obtained with COBAYA3/FLICA4 coupled codes for the PWR boron dilution benchmark defined within the sub project 3 of the NURISP project. Results are provided for all the scenarios.

Diagnóstico de las vibraciones del barrilete y de los elementos combustibles en los PWRs de Ringhals, Suecia

El diagnóstico de las estructuras internas de los PWR, en particular del barrilete del núcleo y su soporte se pueden realizar por medio del análisis de las señales de los detectores de neutrones extra-nucleares. Se han elaborado varios procedimientos que se han usado en diversas plantas en todo el mundo [1], [2]. El objetivo es la vigilancia de la integridad de la estructura del núcleo y la detección temprana y la cuantificación de signos de fatiga, desgaste, etc en las diferentes estructuras tales como el muelle, la placa de sujeción del barrilete del núcleo, etc. Esta vigilancia se ha venido realizando en las tres unidades PWR 2, 3 y 4 de la central sueca de Ringhals desde 1970. Durante las últimas dos décadas el trabajo se ha llevado a cabo en el contexto de un contrato de colaboración entre la Universidad de Chalmers y Ringhals. Esta actividad de colaboración ha consistido tanto en el desarrollo de nuevos métodos, la mejora de éstos así como su aplicación continuada para diagnóstico, vigilancia, incluyendo un análisis de tendencia a lo largo del tiempo. Este trabajo describe el desarrollo realizado en los últimos años con un énfasis especial en los tres últimos.

Análisis de un accidente de rotura de tubos de GV mediante la utilización del SGI de Zorita

En el año 2008 la Universidad Politécnica de Madrid y la empresa Gas Natural Fenosa firmaron un acuerdo por el que se creaba el Aula José Cabrera en el Departamento de Ingeniería Nuclear de la UPM. Dicho aula cuenta con el simulador gráfico interactivo de la central nuclear José Cabrera, que es un simulador de alcance total de una central nuclear PWR de un lazo. El objetivo de la ponencia es demostrar la gran aplicación didáctica que tiene dicho aula. El simulador es una herramienta de uso interactivo para trabajo individual o en grupo con los alumnos. Dentro de la asignatura de “Fiabilidad y Análisis del Riesgo” del Máster Ciencia y Tecnología Nuclear de la ETSII-UPM, se propuso la realización de un árbol de eventos para un accidente propuesto por los alumnos. El trabajo que se presenta en esta ponencia ha consistido en el análisis del accidente de rotura de tubos en el generador de vapor usando el simulador gráfico interactivo.

Application of a dynamic event tree methodolgy to steam generator tube rupture sequences

The Integrated Safety Assessment (ISA) methodology, developed by the Spanish Nuclear Safety Council (CSN), has been applied to a thermo-hydraulical analysis of a Westinghouse 3-loop PWR plant by means of the dynamic event trees (DET) for Steam Generator Tube Rupture (SGTR) sequences. The ISA methodology allows obtaining the SGTR Dynamic Event Tree taking into account the operator actuation times. Simulations are performed with SCAIS (Simulation Code system for Integrated Safety Assessment), which includes a dynamic coupling with MAAP thermal hydraulic code. The results show the capability of the ISA methodology and SCAIS platform to obtain the DET of complex sequences.

Analysis of the operator action and the single failure criteria in a SGTR sequence using best estimate assumptions with TRACE 5.0

Steam Generator Tube Rupture (SGTR) sequences in Pressurized Water Reactors are known to be one of the most demanding transients for the operating crew. SGTR are a special kind of transient as they could lead to radiological releases without core damage or containment failure, as they can constitute a direct path from the reactor coolant system to the environment. The first methodology used to perform the Deterministic Safety Analysis (DSA) of a SGTR did not credit the operator action for the first 30 min of the transient, assuming that the operating crew was able to stop the primary to secondary leakage within that period of time. However, the different real SGTR accident cases happened in the USA and over the world demonstrated that the operators usually take more than 30 min to stop the leakage in actual sequences. Some methodologies were raised to overcome that fact, considering operator actions from the beginning of the transient, as it is done in Probabilistic Safety Analysis. This paper presents the results of comparing different assumptions regarding the single failure criteria and the operator action taken from the most common methodologies included in the different Deterministic Safety Analysis. One single failure criteria that has not been analysed previously in the literature is proposed and analysed in this paper too. The comparison is done with a PWR Westinghouse three loop model in TRACE code (Almaraz NPP) with best estimate assumptions but including deterministic hypothesis such as single failure criteria or loss of offsite power. The behaviour of the reactor is quite diverse depending on the different assumptions made regarding the operator actions. On the other hand, although there are high conservatisms included in the hypothesis, as the single failure criteria, all the results are quite far from the regulatory limits. In addition, some improvements to the Emergency Operating Procedures to minimize the offsite release from the damaged SG in case of a SGTR are outlined taking into account the offsite dose sensitivity results.

Overview of the Spanish Fuel Cycle: Technical Tours Organized by Spanish young Generation in Nuclear.

Spanish Young Generation in Nuclear (Jóvenes Nucleares, JJNN) is a non-profrt organization that depends on the Spanish Nuclear Society (Sociedad Nuclear Española, SNE).Since one of rts main goals is to spread the knowledge about nuclear power,severa! technical tours to facilities wrth an importan!role in the nuclear fuel cycle have been organized for the purpose ofleaming about the different stages of the Spanish tuel cycle. Spanish Young Generation in Nuclear had the opportunity to visit ENUSA Fuel Assembly Factory in Juzbado (Salamanca, Spain), Where it could be understood the front-end cycle which involves the uranium supply and storage, design and manufacturing of fuel bundles for European nuclear power plants. Alterwards, due to the tour of Almaraz NPP (PWR) and Santa María de Garoña NPP (BWR), rt could be comprehended how to obtain energy from this fuel in two different types of reactors.Furthermore,in these two plants, the facilities related to the back-end cycle could be toured. lt was possible to watch the Spent FuelPools, where the fuel bundles are stored under water until their activity is reduced enough to transport them to an Individual Temporary Storage Facility orto the Centralized Temporary Storage. Finally, a technical tour to ENSA Heavy Components Factory (ENSA) was accomplished, Where it could be experienced at first hand how different Nuclear Steam Supply System (NSSS) components and other nuclear elements, such as racks or shipping and storage casks for spent nuclear fuel, are manulactured. All these perlonned technical tours were a complete success thanks to a generous care and know-how of the wor1

Propagation of Cross-Section Uncertainties in Criticality Calculations in the Framework of UAM-Phase I Using MCNPX-2.7e and SCALE-6.1

In the framework of the OECD/NEA project on Benchmark for Uncertainty Analysis in Modeling (UAM) for Design, Operation, and Safety Analysis of LWRs, several approaches and codes are being used to deal with the exercises proposed in Phase I, “Specifications and Support Data for Neutronics Cases.” At UPM, our research group treats these exercises with sensitivity calculations and the “sandwich formula” to propagate cross-section uncertainties. Two different codes are employed to calculate the sensitivity coefficients of to cross sections in criticality calculations: MCNPX-2.7e and SCALE-6.1. The former uses the Differential Operator Technique and the latter uses the Adjoint-Weighted Technique. In this paper, the main results for exercise I-2 “Lattice Physics” are presented for the criticality calculations of PWR. These criticality calculations are done for a TMI fuel assembly at four different states: HZP-Unrodded, HZP-Rodded, HFP-Unrodded, and HFP-Rodded. The results of the two different codes above are presented and compared. The comparison proves a good agreement between SCALE-6.1 and MCNPX-2.7e in uncertainty that comes from the sensitivity coefficients calculated by both codes. Differences are found when the sensitivity profiles are analysed, but they do not lead to differences in the uncertainty.

Propagation of Neutron Cross Section, Fission Yield, and Decay Data Uncertainties in Depletion Calculations

Propagation of nuclear data uncertainties in reactor calculations is interesting for design purposes and libraries evaluation. Previous versions of the GRS XSUSA library propagated only neutron cross section uncertainties. We have extended XSUSA uncertainty assessment capabilities by including propagation of fission yields and decay data uncertainties due to the their relevance in depletion simulations. We apply this extended methodology to the UAM6 PWR Pin-Cell Burnup Benchmark, which involves uncertainty propagation through burnup.