Diversidade de cefalópodes e o seu papel no nicho trófico de seus principais predadores nos Arquipélagos de Fernando de Noronha e São Pedro e São Paulo

This study aims, to characterize the diversity of cephalopods by analyzing the stomach contents of fishes caught in the islands of St. Peter and St. Paul (ASPSP) and Fernando de Noronha (AFN). Also, verify the participation of cephalopods in the diet of their main predators. A total of 723 stomachs were collected, from 8 species of fish, caught by the fishery, 471 stomachs were from ASPSP and 252 were from the AFN. It was recorded the occurrence of food items (fish, cephalopods and crustaceans) and the cephalopods were identified to the lowest taxa possible, according to specialized literature. The Ommastrephidae family represented 84.46% of occurrence in the ASPSP and 63.48% in the AFN, confirming the importance of this family in the area studied and also in the diet of their predators. Among the species with greatest occurrence Ornitoteuthis antillarum was the most representative in both regions. This species had an average mantle length of 54.25 mm, thus demonstrating that the majority of this population is in the juvenile stage of development. The smallest species found was Argonauta nodosa with a mantle length of 4.06 mm and the largest was Ommastrephes bartrami, with 223.33 mm. In the AFN, the species richness (d) was 2.318, the diversity index (H ') was 1.454 and the measure of evenness (J) was 0.585. In the ASPSP, the species richness (d) was 2.66, the Shannon diversity index (H ') was 1.013 and the measure of evenness (J) was 0.373. AFN has a greater cephalopod diversity than ASPSP, confirming the pattern suggested by the Theory of Island Biogeography. Among the occurrence of prey items for all predators, the cephalopods are secondary preys. The most important cephalopod species in the diet of Thunnus albacares and Acantocybium solandri was Ornithoteuthis antillarum. These predators have different niche width the diet of Thunnus albacares is more specialized, but they have an overlap of 84.684% in the trophic niche, suggesting that in the ASPSP these two species may use similar niches

Composição florística de um trecho de floresta ripária na Mata Atlântica em Picinguaba, Ubatuba, SP

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)

HERBIVORY AND ASSEMBLAGE STRUCTURE OF MYRMECOPHYTOUS UNDERSTORY PLANTS AND THEIR ASSOCIATED ANTS IN THE CENTRAL AMAZON

The species combinations of myrmecophytic plants were compared in three different, neighboring local central Amazon forest sites. The proportional contribution of myrmecophytes in each setting varied significantly, with Maieta guainensis being the most abundant in each locality. This pattern resulted in low site similarity values. Other recorded species were Hirtella physophora, Tachigalia myrmecophila, Duroia sp., Tococa sp., and Cordia nodosa. Little variability was found with respect to associated ants that inhabited the myrmecophytes, and mutual entropies indicated a high degree of mutualistic interactions. However, for the majority of myrmecophytes, no differences in herbivore damage levels could be attributed to the presence of ants, with only M. guianensis and T. myrmecophila demonstrating significantly lower damages when inhabited by ants. Their respective ant associates, Pheidole minitula and Pseudomyrmex concolor, were thus the only plant-ants with a demonstrable ability to reduce the levels of herbivory in their host plant.

Licófitas e monilófitas das Unidades de Conservação da Usina Hidroelétrica - UHE de Tucuruí, Pará, Brasil

O presente estudo refere-se às espécies de licófitas e monilófitas ocorrentes nas Zonas de Preservação da Vida Silvestre da Usina Hidroelétrica de Tucuruí, Estado do Pará, Brasil. A área de estudo localiza-se na região sudeste do Pará, com cerca de 29.700 hectares, composta, predominantemente, por floresta ombrófila aberta. Os dados obtidos demonstraram a ocorrência de 18 famílias, 37 gêneros e 82 espécies. A família com maior riqueza de espécies é Pteridaceae (21 spp.) e o gênero mais representativo é Adiantum com 14 espécies. Três espécies são novas referências para o Pará: Didymoglossum ovale, Danaea nodosa e Pecluma hygrometrica. Além disso, duas espécies novas foram identificados, uma delas já descrita, Thyelypteris amazonica. A outra espécie pertence a Adiantum e será publicada em breve. A riqueza florística da área, associada com as novidades taxonômicas, atesta a sua importância biológica e aponta para a necessidade de aumentar os esforços em pesquisa e conservação da área estudada.

Algas y plantas marinas: esas grandes, y pequeñas, desconocidas

[ES]La charla trata de dar a conocer aspectos de la vegetación marina, desde las diminutas algas microscópicas que forman el fitoplancton hasta las que construyen bosques marinos con talos de metros de longitud. Las algas son importantes e insustituibles en la alimentación humana, pero es que sostinenen el funcionamiento del ecosistema marino, es decir, la existencia de peces y del mismo ser humano. Las sebas son plantas con flor, Cymodocea nodosa, que forman sebadales se analizan y sus beneficios ambientales hacen que sea necesario conocerlas y emplear técnicas de biotecnología para recuperarlas.

Identification, Abundance and Rearing of Mysids of Gran Canaria: aplication to laboratory and oceanographic respiratory metabolism studies

Programa de doctorado en Oceanografía

Sebadales en Canarias: una mirada a su diversidad, importancia y alarmante situación actual

[ES] Las praderas constituidas por la planta marina Cymodocea nodosa – los sebadales – constituyen un hábitat clave en las costas del archipiélago. No en vano, suministran alimento y refugio a sinfín de organismos marinos, muchos de ellos de valor comercial, además de minimizar la erosión de playas, aumentar la calidad de agua y reciclar los nutrientes. Sin embargo, una serie de impactos naturales y, fundamentalmente, antrópicos están erosionando su bienestar y extensión. Nuestro conocimiento sobre la planta y sus praderas comienza a estar avalado por un sólido conocimiento científico, cuyas recomendaciones deberían tomarse en cuenta en iniciativas legislativas que promoviesen su conservación.

Herbivory intensity over two coexisting macrophytes on soft bottoms of Gran Canaria Island

Máster en Oceanografía

Evaluación, gestión y conservación de praderas de fanerógamas marinas en la isla de Gran Canaria, Islas Canarias

Máster Oficial en Gestión Costera

Foraminifera and microfossil occurence in Late Jurassic sediments of the North and South Atlantic

Biostratigraphical, taxonomical, and palaeocological results were obtained from Oxfordian to Tithonian foraminifers of the Northern and Southern Atlantic Ocean boreholes of the DSDP Legs 1, 11, 36, 41, 44, 50, and 79. An oversight on the cored Jurassic sections of the DSDP Legs 79 and the corresponding foraminiferal descriptions are given. The reddish brown, clayey and carbonaceous Cat Gap Formation (Oxfordian to Tithonian) of the Northern Atlantic Ocean, rich in radiolarians, yields less or more uniform, in most cases allochthonous foraminiferal faunas of Central European shelf character. No Callovian and Upper Tithonian foraminiferaI zones can be established. The zone of Pseudomarssonella durnortieri covers the Oxfordian/Kimmeridgian, the zone of Neobulimina atlantica the Kimmeridgian/Lower Tithonian interval. Characteristic foraminiferal faunas are missing since the Upper Tithonian to Valanginian for reason of a widely distributed regression which caused hiatuses observed all over the Northern Atlantic Ocean and in parts of Europe. The Upper Jurassic cannot be subdivided into single stages by foraminiferal biostratigraphy alone. The fovaminiferal zones established by Moullad (1984) covering a Callovian-Tithonian interval may be of some local importance in the Tethyan realm: It has too long-ranging foraminiferal species to be used as index marker in the word-wide DSDP boreholes. Some taxonomical confusion is caused because in former publications some foraminiferal species have got different names both in the Jurassic and Cretaceous. The foraminiferal biostratigraphy of drilled sections from DSDP boreholes is restricted by the drilling technique and for palaeo-oceanographical, biological, and geological reasons. Foraminiferal faunas from the DSDP originally described as ,,bathyal, or ,,abyssal,, have to be derived from shallower water. This contrasts the palaeo-water depths of 3000-4000 m which result from sedimentological and palaeo-geographical investigations.

Megabenthic communities in the waters around Svalbard during POLARSTERN cruise ARK-VIII/2 (EPOS II)

Composition and distribution of megabenthic communities around Svalbard were investigated in June/July 1991 with 20 Agassiz trawl and 5 bottom trawl hauls in depths between 100 and 2100 m. About 370 species, ranging from sponges to fish, were identified in the catches. Species numbers per station ranged from 21 to 86. Brittle stars, such as Ophiacantha bidentata, Ophiura sarsi and Ophiocten sericeum, were most important in terms of constancy and relative abundance in the catches. Other prominent faunal elements were eunephthyid alcyonarians, bivalves, shrimps, sea stars and fish (Gadidae, Zoarcidae, Cottidae). Multivariate analyses of the species and environmental data sets showed that the spatial distribution of the megabenthos was characterized by a pronounced depth zonation: abyssal, bathyal, off-shore shelf and fjordic communities were discriminated. However, a gradient in sediment properties, especially the organic carbon content, seemed to superimpose on the bathymetric pattern. Both main factors are interpreted as proxies of the average food availability, which is, hence, suggested to have the strongest influence in structuring megabenthic communities off Svalbard.

Revisión osteológica, análisis filogenético y paleocología de proterochampsidae (Reptilia-arcosauriformes)

Históricamente los proterochámpsidos han sido considerados parte del clado Arcosauriformes, entidad tradicionalmente monofilética que incluye especies desde el Pérmico Tardío a la actualidad, los “Proterosuchidae", Erythrosuchidae, Euparkeria capensis Broom y Archosauria. Los proterochámpsidos se distinguen del resto de los arcosauriformes por un cráneo muy deprimido, transversalmente expandido en el extremo posterior, hocico angosto y alargado longitudinalmente, narinas ubicadas sobre la línea media, ausencia del hueso postfrontal y presencia de un pie asimétrico. La familia Proterochampsidae se compone de cinco géneros triásicos registrados exclusivamente en Argentina y Brasil. En esta familia se incluyen las especies argentinas provenientes de la Formación Ischigualasto (Triásico Superior), Cuenca Ischigualasto-Villa Unión, Proterochampsa barrionuevoi Reig (PVSJ 77; PVSJ 606) y una nueva especie del género Chanaresuchus (PVSJ 567). Estos ejemplares se estudian detalladamente, siendo la primera descripción de los neurocráneos de ambas especies, así como la primer descripción de material poscraneano de Proterochampsa barrionuevoi. Con la información obtenida se realiza un análisis filogenético que incluye los proterochámpsidos diferenciados específicamente. Mediante este análisis se soporta la monofilia de los proterochámpsidos, la cual se sostiene con la sinapomorfía referida a la ausencia de dentículos en ambos lados de los dientes. También se presentan las siguientes relaciones internas del taxón: ((Chanaresuchus sp. nov. + C. bonapartei) + Gualosuchus reigi )+ (P. nodosa + P. barrionuevoi)) y se propone una nueva definición de la Familia Proterochampsidae. En el marco filogenéticamente controlado obtenido se proponen medidas de masa para los ejemplares estudiados y se infiere que los mismos debieron presentar la capacidad el estado de cinesis craneana Competente parcialmente cinético, rasgo compartido con algunos dinosaurios predadores. Tanto el análisis filogenético como el estudio paleoecológico realizado se verán complementados por futuros trabajos dirigidos a dilucidar la microanatomía, paleohistología, microestructura dentaria, así como la morfología de la cavidad encefálica en desarrollo.

Benthic foraminifera in Lower Cretaceous sediments from various DSDP samples

From the DSDP Legs 1, 11, 13, 17, 25, 27, 32, 36, 41, 43, 44, 50, and 62 the Lower Cretaceous foraminifers have been investigated for biostratigraphical, taxonomical, and palaeoecological purposes. An overview of the cored Lower Cretaceous sections of Leg 1-80 is given. In the Northern Atlantic Ocean characteristic foraminiferal faunas are missing from the Upper Tithonian to the Valanginian due to a marked regression which caused hiatuses. In areas without black shale conditions Valanginian to Barremian medium rich to poor microfaunas with Praedorothia ouachensis (Sigal) of the Praedorothia ouachensis Zone (Valanginian-Hauterivian). The Hauterivian-Aptian interval is characterized by zones of Gavelinella barrerniana, Gaudryina dividens, and Conorotalites aptiensis. During the Albian a world-wide fauna consisting of agglutinated and calcareous foraminifers of the Pseudoclavulina gaultina Zone is established in areas lacking the wide-spread black-shale conditions. The Upper Albian and the Cenomanian are represented by the Gavelinella eenomanica Zone. Some ornamented species of the nodosariids (Citharina, Lenticulina), Gavelinella, Conorotatites, Pleurostomella, Vatvulineria, and Osangularia are of some importance for the biostratigraphy of the Berriasian-Albian interval. The Berriasian to Albian zones introduced for the Tethys and the DSDP by Moullade (1984) could only be of some local importance due to the long stratigraphical range of the foraminiferal species used. In the Indian Ocean an exact stratigraphical age cannot be assigned to the few Neocomian foraminiferal faunas of a cooler sea water (Site 261). These faunas mainly contain primitive agglutinated foraminifers, because in most cases the calcareous tests are dissolved or redeposited. In the Pacific Ocean most of the Berriasian to Aptian microfaunas are of minor biostratigraphical and palaeoecological importance for reasons of poor core recoveries, contaminations or original foraminiferal poverty (black shales). Since the Albian there are somewhat higher-diverse faunas of calcareous and agglutinated foraminifers with index species of the Pseudoclavulina gaultina Zone. As a rule, the boundary Albian/Cenomanian is set by means of planktonic foraminifers because no other foraminifer has its first appearance datum during this interval, except Gavelinella cenornanica. During the Albian very uniform, world-wide foraminiferal faunas without a marked provincialism are obvious.

Benthic foraminiferal composition at the inner wall of the Middle America Trench, Costa Rica

The sediments of Deep Sea Drilling Project Site 565 and University of Texas Marine Science Institute Cores IG-24-7-38 to -42 taken on the landward slope of the Middle America Trench exhibit characteristics of material subject to reworking during downslope mass flow. These characteristics include a generally homogeneous texture, lack of sedimentary structures, pervasive presence of a penetrative scaly fabric, and presence of transported benthic foraminifers. Although these features occur throughout the sediments examined, trends in bulk density, porosity, and water content, and abrupt shifts in these index physical properties and in sediment magnetic properties at Site 565 indicate that downslope sediment creep is presently most active in the upper 45 to 50 m of sediment. It cannot be determined whether progressive dewatering of sediment has brought the material at this depth to a plastic limit at which sediment can no longer flow (thus resulting in its accretion to the underlying sediments) or whether this depth represents a surface along which slumping has occurred. We suspect both are true in part, that is, that mass movements and downslope reworking accumulate sediments in a mobile layer of material that is self-limiting in thickness.

Profiles of diatoms, pollen, XRD, XRF and organic composition of two sediment cores (PG2022 and PG2023) from Lake Kyutyunda in Yakutia, NE Siberia, Russia

Although the climate development over the Holocene in the Northern Hemisphere is well known, palaeolimnological climate reconstructions reveal spatiotemporal variability in northern Eurasia. Here we present a multi-proxy study from north-eastern Siberia combining sediment geochemistry, and diatom and pollen data from lake-sediment cores covering the last 38,000 cal. years. Our results show major changes in pyrite content and fragilarioid diatom species distributions, indicating prolonged seasonal lake-ice cover between ~13,500 and ~8,900 cal. years BP and possibly during the 8,200 cal. years BP cold event. A pollen-based climate reconstruction generated a mean July temperature of 17.8°C during the Holocene Thermal Maximum (HTM) between ~8,900 and ~4,500 cal. years BP. Naviculoid diatoms appear in the late Holocene indicating a shortening of the seasonal ice cover that continues today. Our results reveal a strong correlation between the applied terrestrial and aquatic indicators and natural seasonal climate dynamics in the Holocene. Planktonic diatoms show a strong response to changes in the lake ecosystem due to recent climate warming in the Anthropocene. We assess other palaeolimnological studies to infer the spatiotemporal pattern of the HTM and affirm that the timing of its onset, a difference of up to 3,000 years from north to south, can be well explained by climatic teleconnections. The westerlies brought cold air to this part of Siberia until the Laurentide ice-sheet vanished 7,000 years ago. The apparent delayed ending of the HTM in the central Siberian record can be ascribed to the exceedance of ecological thresholds trailing behind increases in winter temperatures and decreases in contrast in insolation between seasons during the mid to late Holocene as well as lacking differentiation between summer and winter trends in paleolimnological reconstructions.