Contribuições para o gerenciamento de requisitos do cliente em empreendimentos do Programa de Arrendamento Residencial

Nas últimas décadas, o papel do Governo brasileiro na oferta de habitação de interesse social tem sofrido mudanças, com a participação mais ativa do setor privado no desenvolvimento de produtos. Isto tem levado à crescente complexidade financeira, regulamentar, ambiental, social e técnica. Um grande número de profissionais é envolvido, demandando muito esforço no gerenciamento de requisitos conflitantes e trade-offs. Além disso, o aumento na velocidade das inovações tecnológicas e a crescente exigência por qualidade por parte dos clientes tem demandado mudanças no processo de desenvolvimento do produto (PDP) no sentido de aumentar o seu valor do ponto de vista do cliente final. O objetivo principal deste trabalho é identificar oportunidades de melhorias para o gerenciamento de requisitos do cliente em empreendimentos do Programa de Arrendamento Residencial (PAR), no contexto atual brasileiro. Este programa é uma nova forma de provisão habitacional, gerenciada pela Caixa Econômica Federal. O desenvolvimento desta pesquisa foi dividido em três etapas. A Etapa A teve como objetivo principal a compreensão do PDP de empreendimentos PAR, através da elaboração de um modelo descritivo. Para tanto, foram realizados sete estudos de caso, analisando o desenvolvimento de diferentes empreendimentos do PAR, além de entrevistas semi-estruturadas com diversos agentes do processo. A Etapa B teve como objetivo a captação de requisitos do cliente final de empreendimentos do PAR, realizada através de quatros estudos de caso. Na última etapa, foram realizados nove seminários, em oito cidades brasileiras, para apresentar os resultados a técnicos da CEF, Prefeituras Municipais e empresas construtoras. As principais contribuições deste trabalho dizem respeito a melhorias na captação de requisitos do cliente final e à compreensão da diversidade dos requisitos dos clientes finais desse modo de provisão.

Diretrizes para a integração dos requisitos de construtibilidade ao processo de desenvolvimento de produto de obras repetitivas

O processo de desenvolvimento de produto (PDP) convencional tende a enfatizar a definição do produto sem levar em conta as necessidades da produção. Dentre as várias iniciativas que têm sido desenvolvidas para integrar estas duas interfaces, este trabalho destaca a construtibilidade, a qual visa, por meio de intervenções no projeto do produto e do processo, garantir a facilidade de execução da obra durante as etapas de construção e manutenção. No entanto, poucos estudos têm se dedicado à consideração dos requisitos de produção no PDP de obras de menor complexidade. Assim, o objetivo principal deste trabalho consiste em propor diretrizes para a integração dos requisitos de construtibilidade ao PDP de obras repetitivas, que abrangem conjuntos residenciais e prédios altos com mais de dez pavimentos. A partir de dois estudos de caso realizados em uma empresa construtora e incorporadora de condomínios horizontais de Porto Alegre, foram propostas as seguintes diretrizes: (a) adequação do projeto do produto às limitações impostas pela tecnologia construtiva disponível; (b) análise crítica do projeto com apoio de indicadores; (c) construção e avaliação de uma unidade modelo; e (d) desenvolvimento de mecanismos de aprendizagem em relação à construtibilidade. A diretriz (b) inclui a proposição de um check-list de boas práticas com vistas a avaliação dos níveis de construtibilidade do projeto do produto e do processo. Além disso, este trabalho indicou que, a ocorrência de determinadas não conformidades durante a execução, tais como má qualidade dos materiais e erros de execução, resultam em perda do valor agregado para o cliente interno. Sendo assim, constatou-se que o esforço pela melhoria da construtibilidade deve incluir a consideração de meios para assegurar que a facilidade de execução prevista no projeto do produto e do processo, seja concretizada na etapa de construção.

O renascimento do parto e da (reinvenção da) emancipação social na blogosfera brasileira: contra o desperdício das experiências

The birth models of care are discussed, in the light of classical and contemporary social science theoretical background, emphasizing the humanistic model. The double spiral of the sociology of absences and the sociology of emergences is detailed, being based, on one hand, on the translation of experiences of knowledge, and, on the other, on the translation of experiences of information and communication, by revealing the movement articulated by Brazilian women on blogs that defend and bring into light initiatives aiming to recover natural and humanized birth. A cartography of the thematic ideas in birth literature is produced, resulting in the elaboration of a synthetic map on obstetric models of care in contemporaneity, pointing out the consequences of the obstetric model that has become hegemonic in contemporary societies, and comparing that model to others that work more efficaciously to mothers and babies. A symbolic cartography of the activism for humanizing birth on the Brazilian blogosphere is configured by the elaboration of an analytical map synthetizing the main mottos defended by the movement: Normal humanized birth; Against obstetrical violence; and Planned home birth. The superposition of the obstetric models of care s map and the rebirth of birth s analytical map indicates it is necessary to reinforce three main measures in order to make a paradigmatic turn in contemporary birth models of care possible: pave the way for the humanistic care of assistance in normal birth, by defending and highlighting practices and professionals that act in compliance with evidence based medicine, respecting the physiology of birth; denaturalize obstetric violence, by showing how routine procedures and interventions can be means of aggression, jeopardizing the autonomy, the protagonism and the respect towards women; and motivate initiatives of planned home birth, the best place for the occurrence of holistic experiences of birth. It is concluded that Internet tools have allowed a pioneer mobilization in respecting women s reproductive rights in Brazil and that the potential of the crowd s biopower that resides on the blogosphere can turn blogs into a hegemonic alternative way to reach more democratic forms of social organization. In that condition of being virtually hegemonic in contesting the established power, these blogs can be understood, therefore, as potentially great contra-hegemonic channels for the rebirth of birth and for the reinvention of social emancipation, as their author s articulate and organize themselves to strive against the waste of experience, trying to create reciprocal intelligibility amongst different experiences of world

Inserção do Design em Micro e Pequenas Empresas: o caso de duas indústrias moveleiras no Estado do Rio Grande do Norte /

This work aims to promote design aspects into furniture Small and Medium Enterprises (SME s) at Rio Grande do Norte State. The final outcome will be an increasing on their competitiveness as well as consider design as key strategic aspect for their business. As a consequence, the results are based on two SME companies from the furniture sector located at Natal/RN. The study is based on a literature research followed by a management diagnosis for each company. The diagnosis was base don interviews with the entrepreneurs and their employees as well as meetings, participant observations and document analysis. Based on this analysis, specific aspects were implement in order to boost the production line as well as the product development process (PDP) and the development of a prototype. The results have indicated some limitation of these companies regarding their low technological on their production line, poor management and work skills as well as low perception of design as a competitive tool. Regardless these results, it was observed that design has brought an important contribution for cultural changes within companies as well as for the development of better quality and competitive products

Desenvolvimento de um modelo de gestão do conhecimento para a melhoria do processo de desenvolvimento de produtos

The knowledge management has received major attention from product designers because many of the activities within this process have to be creative and, therefore, they depend basically on the knowledge of the people who are involved in the process. Moreover, Product Development Process (PDP) is one of the activities in which knowledge management manifests in the most critical form once it had the intense application of the knowledge. As a consequence, this thesis analyzes the knowledge management aiming to improve the PDP and it also proposes a theoretical model of knowledge management. This model uses five steps (creation, maintenance, dissemination, utilization and discard) through the verification of the occurrence of four types of knowledge conversion (socialization, externalization, combination and internalization) that it will improve the knowledge management in this process. The intellectual capital in Small and Medium Enterprises (SMEs) managed efficiently and with the participation of all employees has become the mechanism of the creation and transference processes of knowledge, supporting and, consequently, improving the PDP. The expected results are an effective and efficient application of the proposed model for the creation of the knowledge base within an organization (organizational memory) aiming a better performance of the PDP. In this way, it was carried out an extensive analysis of the knowledge management (instrument of qualitative and subjective evaluation) within the Design department of a Brazilian company (SEBRAE/RN). This analysis aimed to know the state-of-the-art of the Design department regarding the use of knowledge management. This step was important in order to evaluate in the level of the evolution of the department related to the practical use of knowledge management before implementing the proposed theoretical model and its methodology. At the end of this work, based on the results of the diagnosis, a knowledge management system is suggested to facilitate the knowledge sharing within the organization, in order words, the Design department

Qualidade em serviços de saúde: uma contribuição à definição de um modelo paramétrico e padrão de qualidade do tempo agendado para consulta ambulatorial

The knowledge management has received major attention from product designers because many of the activities within this process have to be creative and, therefore, they depend basically on the knowledge of the people who are involved in the process. Moreover, Product Development Process (PDP) is one of the activities in which knowledge management manifests in the most critical form once it had the intense application of the knowledge. As a consequence, this thesis analyzes the knowledge management aiming to improve the PDP and it also proposes a theoretical model of knowledge management. This model uses five steps (creation, maintenance, dissemination, utilization and discard) through the verification of the occurrence of four types of knowledge conversion (socialization, externalization, combination and internalization) that it will improve the knowledge management in this process. The intellectual capital in Small and Medium Enterprises (SMEs) managed efficiently and with the participation of all employees has become the mechanism of the creation and transference processes of knowledge, supporting and, consequently, improving the PDP. The expected results are an effective and efficient application of the proposed model for the creation of the knowledge base within an organization (organizational memory) aiming a better performance of the PDP. In this way, it was carried out an extensive analysis of the knowledge management (instrument of qualitative and subjective evaluation) within the Design department of a Brazilian company (SEBRAE/RN). This analysis aimed to know the state-of-the-art of the Design department regarding the use of knowledge management. This step was important in order to evaluate in the level of the evolution of the department related to the practical use of knowledge management before implementing the proposed theoretical model and its methodology. At the end of this work, based on the results of the diagnosis, a knowledge management system is suggested to facilitate the knowledge sharing within the organization, in order words, the Design department

Nível de maturidade e comparação dos PDPs de produtos automotivos

O desenvolvimento de novos produtos, que atendam às necessidades do mercado consumidor, é atividade estratégica para sustentabilidade das organizações. O objetivo deste artigo é comparar e avaliar o nível de maturidade desses processos em duas montadoras de veículos instaladas na região Sul Fluminense do País. São discutidas algumas características dos processos, expõe-se o modelo de avaliação, baseado nos critérios do CMMI (Capability Maturity Model Integration), e são apresentados os resultados de pesquisa que investigou o nível de maturidade junto a 47 representantes das empresas estudadas. Como resultado, foi possível identificar lacunas na estruturação dos PDP's, com diversas práticas e ferramentas usadas de forma isolada e não integradas, havendo campo suficiente - no entendimento dos próprios executivos - para serem aprimorados e refinados, o que permitiria torná-los mais completos, abrangentes e potentes para alavancar os resultados de mercado e financeiros das próprias organizações.

Product development process: Using real options for assessments and to support the decision-making at decision gates

Enterprises need continuous product development activities to remain competitive in the marketplace. Their product development process (PDP) must manage stakeholders' needs - technical, financial, legal, and environmental aspects, customer requirements, Corporate strategy, etc. -, being a multidisciplinary and strategic issue. An approach to use real option to support the decision-making process at PDP phases in taken. The real option valuation method is often presented as an alternative to the conventional net present value (NPV) approach. It is based on the same principals of financial options: the right to buy or sell financial values (mostly stocks) at a predetermined price, with no obligation to do so. In PDP, a multi-period approach that takes into account the flexibility of, for instance, being able to postpone prototyping and design decisions, waiting for more information about technologies, customer acceptance, funding, etc. In the present article, the state of the art of real options theory is prospected and a model to use the real options in PDP is proposed, so that financial aspects can be properly considered at each project phase of the product development. Conclusion is that such model can provide more robustness to the decisions processes within PDP.

Clusters y políticas de articulación productiva en América Latina

Incluye bibliografía

Integration practices for the technological innovation of products: Case studies at two large technological companies

Studies on innovation and technology management have emphasized the importance of integration between the research and development (R&D) department and others involved with the product development process (PDP) as a relevant practice for the good performance of technological innovation of product activities. This study addresses the topic of transfers of technologies to new product projects and also integration practices between the R&D department and others involved with the PDP. A qualitative study was conducted that was operationalized through two case studies at large high-tech companies: One is Brazilian and the other is a multinational subsidiary in Brazil. Among its main result, this paper represents and analyzes management practices that are favorable to integration in product development projects that demand development and transfer of technologies, such as: participation of R&D personnel in market activities, the adoption of virtual interaction mechanisms, and the application of methods such as technology roadmaps. © Universidad Alberto Hurtado, Facultad de Economía y Negocios.

Proposta de modelo conceitual de QFD integrado com AHP, modelo de Kano e análise SWOT no desenvolvimento de produto

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)

Modelo de referência para o processo de desenvolvimento de produtos eletrônicos em empresas de base tecnológica: estudos de casos múltiplos com decisão multicriterial

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)

Análise do gerenciamento de projetos de produtos na área de desenvolvimento de motores em uma indústria automotiva

L'un des facteurs nécessaires pour qu’une entreprise reste compétitive sur le marché est la création ou l'amélioration d'un produit afin qu’il réponde aux besoins et aux attentes des clients, ainsi, le Processus de Développement de Produits (PDP) est essentiel. Pour la réussite du PDP, il est souhaitable de suivre un système standard de gestion de projet. L'objectif de cette étude est d'analyser la gestion de projets dans le processus de développement de produits dans l'industrie automobile afin d'identifier les possibilités d’amélioration. Par conséquent, nous avons procédé à une revue de littérature sur le sujet, analysé les lignes directrices et les pratiques du processus de développement de produit dans l’entreprise. Comme résultat, il a été obtenu que le système de développement de produits créé par l’entreprise requiert la clarification des outils utiles à la gestion de projet. Un problème de communication et de gestion des coûts a également été constaté dans le domaine du développement du moteur lourd

Avaliação teórico-experimental da distribuição de dose absorvida em radioterapia em tumores de pele

O trabalho propõe rotinas computacionais usando o Método de Monte Carlo com o Código MCNP-5, para analisar os perfis de dose de radiação liberada nos tratamentos de tumores de pele e otimizar os cálculos radiométricos dos feixes de radiação estudados. Foram realizadas medidas dosimétricas do feixe de radiação, comparando os resultados obtidos com os respectivos valores fornecidos pelo serviço de física médica das instituições, com resultados informados pelo fabricante do equipamento e com as simulações computacionais efetuadas com o Código MCNP-5. A quantificação dos erros relativos percentual entre os resultados simulados e os fornecidos pelo Serviço de Radioterapia (E1), os informados pelo fabricante (E2) e os medidos experimentalmente (E3) são inferiores a 4,0% e validam a metodologia computacional proposta para avaliação do comportamento do feixe de raios-X superficial e do feixe de raios γ da unidade de Cobaltoterapia. A metodologia de análise do espectro energético e da curva de porcentagem de dose profunda (PDP) desenvolvida neste trabalho pode ser estendida para estudos de outros feixes clínicos e subsidiar os dados radiométricos utilizados nos planejamentos e cálculos de dose realizados pelo profissional da física médica na sua rotina nos Serviços de Radioterapia

Radioterapia em câncer de mama: importância da determinação da curva de isodose

The study analyzed contours of the thoracic region of patients undergoing radiotherapy of breast tumors in Hospital Manuel de Abreu of Bauru (institution 1) and the Hospital da Faculdade de Medicina of Botucatu (Institution 2). Were prepared isodose curves corresponding to the contours of the patient, which were presented for radiotherapists doctors both hospital services that enabled the choice of the curve isodose that provides the best distribution of radiation dose in the irradiated volume. Some boundaries were digitized in one institution and sent for preparation of isodose lines in the institution 2, both curves plotted in each of the institutions and for the same contour, were compared, showing that the methodology of Curves of distance is feasible and reliable, while optimizing the routine procedures regarding the handling of isodose plans provided by different radiation equipment. It compares the calculation of the exposure time determined using the isodose curve selected by calculating the value obtained considering the PDP at the point of the middle line of separation between the internal and external fields, the difference between the two methods for determining exposure time was around 2.4%. A study on the angle of the radiation beam at the input field (region breast-air) was conducted showing that, once known a tangent angle of the input beam, one can estimate the angle of the wedge filter used in some procedures for uniformity of dose within the irradiated volume compensation and the lack of tissue in the treatment volume. A comparative study between the isodose curves produced manually with the curves obtained in a two-dimensional computer system, the computer system showed that provides further information regarding the dose gradient within the irradiated volume, in addition to reducing the time spent in preparing the curves isodose