67 resultados para PAPP-A


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Hydrogen–deuterium exchange experiments have been used previously to investigate the structures of well defined states of a given protein. These include the native state, the unfolded state, and any intermediates that can be stably populated at equilibrium. More recently, the hydrogen–deuterium exchange technique has been applied in kinetic labeling experiments to probe the structures of transiently formed intermediates on the kinetic folding pathway of a given protein. From these equilibrium and nonequilibrium studies, protection factors are usually obtained. These protection factors are defined as the ratio of the rate of exchange of a given backbone amide when it is in a fully solvent-exposed state (usually obtained from model peptides) to the rate of exchange of that amide in some state of the protein or in some intermediate on the folding pathway of the protein. This definition is straightforward for the case of equilibrium studies; however, it is less clear-cut for the case of transient kinetic intermediates. To clarify the concept for the case of burst-phase intermediates, we have introduced and mathematically defined two different types of protection factors: one is Pstruc, which is more related to the structure of the intermediate, and the other is Papp, which is more related to the stability of the intermediate. Kinetic hydrogen–deuterium exchange data from disulfide-intact ribonuclease A and from cytochrome c are discussed to explain the use and implications of these two definitions.

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STUDY HYPOTHESIS Using optimized conditions, primary trophoblast cells isolated from human term placenta can develop a confluent monolayer in vitro, which morphologically and functionally resembles the microvilli structure found in vivo. STUDY FINDING We report the successful establishment of a confluent human primary trophoblast monolayer using pre-coated polycarbonate inserts, where the integrity and functionality was validated by cell morphology, biophysical features, cellular marker expression and secretion, and asymmetric glucose transport. WHAT IS KNOWN ALREADY Human trophoblast cells form the initial barrier between maternal and fetal blood to regulate materno-fetal exchange processes. Although the method for isolating pure human cytotrophoblast cells was developed almost 30 years ago, a functional in vitro model with primary trophoblasts forming a confluent monolayer is still lacking. STUDY DESIGN, SAMPLES/MATERIALS, METHODS Human term cytotrophoblasts were isolated by enzymatic digestion and density gradient separation. The purity of the primary cells was evaluated by flow cytometry using the trophoblast-specific marker cytokeratin 7, and vimentin as an indicator for potentially contaminating cells. We screened different coating matrices for high cell viability to optimize the growth conditions for primary trophoblasts on polycarbonate inserts. During culture, cell confluency and polarity were monitored daily by determining transepithelial electrical resistance (TEER) and permeability properties of florescent dyes. The time course of syncytia-related gene expression and hCG secretion during syncytialization were assessed by quantitative RT-PCR and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, respectively. The morphology of cultured trophoblasts after 5 days was determined by light microscopy, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Membrane makers were visualized using confocal microscopy. Additionally, glucose transport studies were performed on the polarized trophoblasts in the same system. MAIN RESULTS AND THE ROLE OF CHANCE During 5-day culture, the highly pure trophoblasts were cultured on inserts coated with reconstituted basement membrane matrix . They exhibited a confluent polarized monolayer, with a modest TEER and a size-dependent apparent permeability coefficient (Papp) to fluorescently labeled compounds (MW ∼400-70 000 Da). The syncytialization progress was characterized by gradually increasing mRNA levels of fusogen genes and elevating hCG secretion. SEM analyses confirmed a confluent trophoblast layer with numerous microvilli, and TEM revealed a monolayer with tight junctions. Immunocytochemistry on the confluent trophoblasts showed positivity for the cell-cell adhesion molecule E-cadherin, the tight junction protein 1 (ZO-1) and the membrane proteins ATP-binding cassette transporter A1 (ABCA1) and glucose transporter 1 (GLUT1). Applying this model to study the bidirectional transport of a non-metabolizable glucose derivative indicated a carrier-mediated placental glucose transport mechanism with asymmetric kinetics. LIMITATIONS, REASONS FOR CAUTION The current study is only focused on primary trophoblast cells isolated from healthy placentas delivered at term. It remains to be evaluated whether this system can be extended to pathological trophoblasts isolated from diverse gestational diseases. WIDER IMPLICATIONS OF THE FINDINGS These findings confirmed the physiological properties of the newly developed human trophoblast barrier, which can be applied to study the exchange of endobiotics and xenobiotics between the maternal and fetal compartment, as well as intracellular metabolism, paracellular contributions and regulatory mechanisms influencing the vectorial transport of molecules. LARGE-SCALE DATA Not applicable. STUDY FUNDING AND COMPETING INTERESTS This study was supported by the Swiss National Center of Competence in Research, NCCR TransCure, University of Bern, Switzerland, and the Swiss National Science Foundation (grant no. 310030_149958, C.A.). All authors declare that their participation in the study did not involve factual or potential conflicts of interests.

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Front Row: Anthony Mitchell, Pat Fitzgerald, David Ritter, Allen Bishop, Chris Zurbrugg, Phil Webb, Jamie Morris, Erik Campbell, Doug Mallory, Bob Cernak, Ernie Bock, Don Lessner, Rick Stites, Bob Stites.

2nd Row: Andy Borowski, Dave Chester, Dave Folkertsma, Michael Dames, John Vitale, Andre McIntyre, John Elliott, Mark Messner, Steve Thibert, Monte Robbins, Billy Harris, John Willingham, Mike Husar, Carlitos Bostic, Bo Schembechler.

3rd Row: Rick Hassel, Bobby Abrams, Derrick Walker, Jeff Brown, David Arnold, Dave Dever, Brent White, John Duerr, Dave Mandel, Scott Mandel, Michael Taylor, Demetrius Brown, John Kolesar, Mike Gillette.

4th Row: Ernie Holloway, Rick Sutkiewicz, Keith Cooper, J.J. Grant, Keith Mitchell, Dean Dingman, Pat Olszewski, David Weil, Joe Holland, John Herrmann, Frank Petroff, Olatide Ogunfitidim, Sean LaFontaine, Mike DeBoer.

5th Row: Vince Washington, Scott Herrala, David Key, Mike Teeter, John Milligan, Greg McMurtry, John Plantz, Joel Boyden, Warde Manuel, Jarrod Bunch, Allen Jefferson, Chris Calloway, Doug Matton, Gulam Khan.

6th Row: Mark Gutzwiller, Jeff Tubo, Marc Spencer, Marc Ramirez, T.J. Osman, Scott Smykowski, Tom Dohring, Doug Daugherty, Mike Kerr, Curtis Feaster, Vada Murray, Tim Williams, Tracy Williams, Trey Walker.

7th Row: Sean Eastman, Byron Lawson, Dave Knight, Todd Plate, Greg Ziegler, Steve Zacharias, Huemartin Robinson, Tony Boles, Chris Horn, Mike Edwards, Stu Duncan, Dave Herrick, Brian Reid, Ken Mouton, Chris D'Esposito.

8th Row: Eric Bush, Wilbur Odom, Erick Anderson, Brian Townsend, Ron Zielinski, Dave Diebolt, Greg Skrepenak, Dave Dingman, Alex Marshall, Chris Bohn, Rusty Fishtner, Ken Sollom, Otis Williams, Ra-Mon Watkins.

9th Row: Shawn Watson, Carlos Smith, Yale VanDyne, Mike Evans, Dave Ritter, Matt Elliott, Dan Jokisch, Mark Soehnlen, Lance Dottin, Neil Simpson, Kevin Owen, Jim Sinclair, Bill Madden, J.D. Carlson, John Rodney.

10th Row: Aaron Studwell, Jon Falk, Mike Gittleson, Mike Walters, Damon Taylor, Leon Morton, Dave Caputo, Brad Moyer, Colin Rudolph, Eric Traupe, David Papp, Fritz Seyferth, Russ Miller, Paul Schmidt, Kevin Kolcheff, Brad Andres.

Back Row: Dennis Morgan, Jeff Long, Jim Herrmann, Bill Harris, Bobby Morrison, Tom Reed, Lloyd Carr, Gary Moeller, Jerry Hanlon, Tirrel Burton, Les Miles, Cam Cameron, Alex Agase, Kevin Kalinich, Randy Fichtner, Dave Garlow, Dennis Blanchard, Charlie Baird.

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Back Row: Student Manager Tim Freehan, Groundskeeper Erich Keil, Volunteer Coach Alan Trammell, Dan Sanborn, Brad Schemer, Alex Wozniak, Matt Herr, Chris Hesse, Bryan Besco, Derek Besco, John Papp, Mike Hribernik, Mike Cervenak, Mario Garza Jr., Dan Murphy, Trainer Rex Thompson, Student Trainer Stephanie Rummel. Missing: Chuck Winters.

Middle Row: Assistant Coach Ace Adams, Kirk Beermann, Mike Haskell, Matt Fleury, John Arvai, Kelly Dransfeldt, Tyler Steketee, Brian Steinbach, Andy Wade, Mark Temple, Mike Muir, Brad Tinkham, Mick Kalahar, Assistant Coach Steve Merriman.

Front Row: (From Left): Student Manager Matt Hyde, Brian Simmons, Scott Niemiec, Sean Coston, Jasen Livingston, Co-Captain Ryan Van Oeveren, Head Coach Bill Freehan, Co-Captain Rodney Goble, Aaron Toth, Matt Ferullo, Chad Chapman, Matt Humbles, Scott Weaver.

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Back Row: (17) Manager Andy Galbreath, Manager Jeff Olsen, Groundskeeper Erich Keil, Andy Hood, Quinn DeMarrais, Alex Wozniak, Mike Seestedt, Brian Bush, Brian Kalczynski, Ryan Kelley, Pete Martay, Luke Bonner, Bobby Scales, Jason Alcaraz, Mario Garza Jr., Dan Murphy, Student Trainer Jon Nichols.

Middle Row: Assistant SID Jim Schneider, Mike Cervenak, John Papp, Bryan Besco, Derek Besco, Chuck Taylor, Tyler Steketee, J.J. Putz, Brian Steinbach, Mike Hribernik, Brian Berryman, Chris Hesse, Matt Herr, Brad Scheiner, Mick Kalahar, Trainer Rex Thompson.

Front Row: (13) Kirk Beermann, Marlon Wright, Mike Muir, John Arvai, Assistant Coach Tom Dodge, Assistant Coach Chris Harrison, Head Coach Geoff Zahn, Assistant Coach Ace Adams, Matt Hyde, Mark Temple, Matt Fleury, Kelly Dransfeldt, Mike Haskell.

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Back Row: (16) Groundskeeper Erich Keil, Student Manager Jeff Singer, Kevin Quinn, Dan Murphy, Dan Sanborn, Jeff Van Sickle, Andrew Miller, Brad Scheiner, Rob Bobeda, Bryce Ralston, Alex Wozniak, Stephen Lenick, Brian Coughlin, Andy Hood, Trainer Rex Thompson, Student Trainer Karen Dunn.

Middle Row: (14) Jason Alcaraz, Luke Bonner, Pete Martay, Brian Bush, Matt Herr, Mike Hribernik, J.J. Putz, Bryan Cranson, Brian Berryman, Ryan Kelley, John Papp, Mike Seestedt, Bobby Scales, Mario Garza, Jr.

Front Row: (13) Tyler Steketee, Mike Cervenak, Brian Kalczynski, Marlon Wright, Brian Steinbach, Assistant Coach Chris Harrison, Head Coach Geoff Zahn, Assistant Coach Matt Hyde, Captain Kirk Beerman, Mike Haskell, Mick Kalahar, Derek Besco, Bryan Besco.

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4th Row: (12) Nick Alexander, Jeff Van Sickle, Mike Seestedt, David Parrish, Rob Bobeda, J.J. Putz, Bryan Cranson, Joe Young, Brian Berryman, John Papp, Ryan Kelley, Vince Pistilli.

3rd Row: (12) Trainer Rex Thompson, Jason Alcaraz, Pete Martay, Brian Bush, Robbie Reid, Matt Herr, Luke Bonner, Mike Haskell, Bryce Ralston, Bobby Scales, Dan Sanborn, Student Trainer Rich Wright.

2nd Row (12) Derek Besco, Mario Garza, Jr., Mike Hribernik, Tyler Steketee, Brian Steinbach , Assistant Coach Chris Harrison, Head Coach Geoff Zahn, Assistant Coach Matt Hyde, Brian Kalczynski, Mick Kalahar, Mike Cervenak, Bryan Besco.

Front Row: (11, Sitting) Student Manager Josh Taft, Seth Greene, Kevin Quinn, Bill LaRosa, Scott Tousa, C.J. Ghannam, Stephen Lenick, Andy Hood, Mike Norkus, Student Manager Jeff Singer, Groundskeeper Erich Keil.

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4th Row: (12) Trainer Joel Pickerman, Nick Alexander, Vince Pistilli, Nate Wright, Kirk Taylor, Phil Lorbert, Jeff Trzos, Nick Bellows, Joe Young, Jeff Sandor, Mike Sokol, Student Trainer Jaye Peterson.

3rd Row: (12) Rob Bobeda, David Parrish, Bryan Cranson, Dan Sanborn, John Papp, Robbie Reid, Luke Bonner , Ryan Kelly, Pete Martay, Andy Hood, Bryce Ralston, Student Trainer Todd Sonquist.

2nd Row (11) Mike Seestedt, Brian Bush, Jason Alcaraz, Mike Cervenak, Assistant Coach Chris Harrison, Head Coach Geoff Zahn, Assistant Coach Matt Hyde, Assistant Coach John Edman, Bobby Scales, J.J. Putz, Bryan Besco.

Front Row: (10, Sitting) Student Manager Josh Taft, Bobby Korecky, Jay Dines, Scott Tousa, C.J. Ghannam, Kevin Quinn, Bill LaRosa, Dan Dombos, Aaron Wilkens, Student Manager Jeff Singer.

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ON t.-p. of vol.3: Bearbeitung der gesammelten materialen von Ferdinand Filarszky, Ernö Csiki, Karl Papp, Franz Schafarzik und Moriz von Déch.

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Objective - To evaluate long-term safety of intravitreal ranibizumab 0.5-mg injections in neovascular age-related macular degeneration (nAMD). Design - Twenty-four–month, open-label, multicenter, phase IV extension study. Participants - Two hundred thirty-four patients previously treated with ranibizumab for 12 months in the EXCITE/SUSTAIN study. Methods - Ranibizumab 0.5 mg administered at the investigator's discretion as per the European summary of product characteristics 2007 (SmPC, i.e., ranibizumab was administered if a patient experienced a best-corrected visual acuity [BCVA] loss of >5 Early Treatment Diabetic Retinopathy Study letters measured against the highest visual acuity [VA] value obtained in SECURE or previous studies [EXCITE and SUSTAIN], attributable to the presence or progression of active nAMD in the investigator's opinion). Main Outcome Measures - Incidence of ocular or nonocular adverse events (AEs) and serious AEs, mean change in BCVA from baseline over time, and the number of injections. Results - Of 234 enrolled patients, 210 (89.7%) completed the study. Patients received 6.1 (mean) ranibizumab injections over 24 months. Approximately 42% of patients had 7 or more visits at which ranibizumab was not administered, although they had experienced a VA loss of more than 5 letters, indicating either an undertreatment or that factors other than VA loss were considered for retreatment decision by the investigator. The most frequent ocular AEs (study eye) were retinal hemorrhage (12.8%; 1 event related to study drug), cataract (11.5%; 1 event related to treatment procedure), and increased intraocular pressure (6.4%; 1 event related to study drug). Cataract reported as serious due to hospitalization for cataract surgery occurred in 2.6% of patients; none was suspected to be related to study drug or procedure. Main nonocular AEs were hypertension and nasopharyngitis (9.0% each). Arterial thromboembolic events were reported in 5.6% of the patients. Five (2.1%) deaths occurred during the study, none related to the study drug or procedure. At month 24, mean BCVA declined by 4.3 letters from the SECURE baseline. Conclusions - The SECURE study showed that ranibizumab administered as per a VA-guided flexible dosing regimen recommended in the European ranibizumab SmPC at the investigator's discretion was well tolerated over 2 years. No new safety signals were identified in patients who received ranibizumab for a total of 3 years. On average, patients lost BCVA from the SECURE study baseline, which may be the result of disease progression or possible undertreatment.

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Az angolkertnek is nevezett klasszikus tájkertről alkotott magyarországi ismeretek kutatása ennek ellenére nem újdonság. A korábbi szakirodalom egyes utazók benyomásainak lényegét, sőt az angolkert divatjának több eszmetörténeti jellegzetességét is elemezte már (Sisa, 1992; Papp, 1992; Sisa, 1994; Sisa, 2001; Galavics, 2003; Gál, 2005), de az angliai kerti élmények átfogó, a motívumokat is bemutató elemzését, valamint a brit utazóknak a magyarországi kertekről alkotott véleményét háttérként felmutató összefoglalás még nem készült. A jelen kutatás egyrészt újabb források bevonásával, másrészt a brit-magyar interakciók komplex, összehasonlító elemzésével kíván teljesebb képet mutatni az angol tájkert magyarországi diadalmenetéről.

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A közmű-szolgáltatások fogyasztói árának általános hatósági csökkentése, a gazdasági és pénzügyi válság sújtotta magyar lakosságot "védő" kormányzati intézkedéssorozat részeként, mára szervesen betagozódott az európai közvéleményt egyaránt foglalkoztató kérdések sorába. A tagországok által eleddig szakpolitikai szinten kezelt témakör az általános politika szintjére emelkedett. Az árcsökkentéssel együtt járó, a közműcégeket az eddigieknél nagyobb mértékű tehervállalásra kényszerítő intézkedések következményei azonban egyelőre még nem ismertek. Az elemzés három magyarországi víziközmű-vállalkozás által előállított GDP megoszlását vizsgálja, az elmúlt években állandósult adóterhek következtében kialakult, valamint azok esetleges további növelése esetén bekövetkező szolgáltatói magatartás modellezésére tesz kísérletet. Az eredmények elemzése során pedig arra a következtetésre jut, hogy a vállalatokat eddigiekben terhelő elvonási arányok negatív irányba történő megváltoztatása, a jövőben fenntarthatatlan működésre kényszerítheti ezeket a vállalkozásokat.

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A köz- és a magánszférában megfigyelhető munkaerő-piaci bizonytalanságoknak e két terület bérkülönbségeire gyakorolt hatását elemezzük. Olyan mikromodellek ből indulunk ki, amelyekben a munkavállalók hasznosságukat maximalizálják, és a hasznossági függvény egyik változója a munkaerő-piaci bizonytalanság. A kérdést empirikusan makro- és mikroadatokon is megvizsgáljuk, a munkaerő-piaci bizonytalanságot többféleképpen specifikáljuk. Az eredmények megerősítik azt a feltevésünket, hogy a magánszférában elérhető bértöbblet legalább részben a szektor magasabb munkaerő-piaci kockázatainak tudható be.

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Az elektronikai iparban nélkülözhetetlen a termékek minőségellenőrzése. Az általam bemutatott berendezés, illetve a hozzá kapcsolódó vizsgálati módszer nagyban hozzájárul ahhoz, hogy egy eszköz vizsgálatát minél szélesebb területen és minél pontosabban meg lehessen valósítani. Az akusztikus mikroszkóp segítségével roncsolás nélkül betekintést nyerhetünk az alkatrészek belsejébe, képet készíthetünk az alkatrészt alkotó különböző anyagok találkozási határfelületéről, vagy megvizsgálhatjuk a minta egy belső tartományát. Két réteg közti delamináció, vagy a tokozó anyagban lévő légzárványok roncsolás mentesen az akusztikus mikroszkóp alkalmazása nélkül kimutathatatlanok lennének. Dolgozatomban bemutatok néhány fontosabb SAM (Scanning Acoustic Microscope – pásztázó akusztikus mikroszkóp) típust, és képalkotási módot. Néhány gyakori akusztikus lencsetípust is ismertetek, írok ezek előnyeiről, hátrányairól, összehasonlítom azokat egymással. Mivel az elektronikai technológiában való felhasználását részletezem, fontosnak tartom megemlíteni a leggyakoribb hibákat, és ezek detektálására szolgáló módszereket. Ezen kívül részletesen bemutatom, hogy hogyan lehet észrevenni a delaminációkat, hogyan kell az elkészült képet értelmezni. Részletes leírását adom az akusztikus mikroszkóppal történő vizsgálat teljes folyamatának, a minta helyes behelyezésétől, a fókusz állítás folyamatán és vizsgáló ablakok megfelelő megválasztásán keresztül egészen a laikusok által is értelmezhető kép elkészüléséig. A BME-ETT-n található SONIX HS-1000 típusú pásztázó akusztikus mikroszkóppal végeztem saját méréseimet. Bemutatom az általam is észlelt hibákat, az alkatrészhez kapcsolódó szerkezeti sajátosságokat. Egy rövid matematikai összefoglalón keresztül megpróbálom feltárni az analógiát az elektromágneses hullám ideális távvezetéken történő terjedése, és a hanghullám terjedése között. Kitérek arra, hogy ezen analógia milyen későbbi fejlesztéseket helyez kilátásba.