Vers le haut : la valeur d’usage du toit vert privé : le point de vue de professionnels de l’immobilier œuvrant sur le Plateau Mont-Royal

Cette recherche s’intéresse à la valeur d’usage du toit vert dans l’arrondissement du Plateau Mont-Royal, de la Ville de Montréal. Spécifiquement, elle s’intéresse à l’état problématique qu’est l’étalement urbain en tentant l’estimation de la valeur d’usage du toit vert, de la cour arrière et du balcon-terrasse soutenue par le dispositif argumentaire immobilier propre à chacun des aménagements. L’étalement urbain est la source de graves problèmes et la résorption de ses effets néfastes est devenue une priorité dans l’aménagement du territoire. L’une des principales raisons sousjacentes à l’exode urbain est la valeur d’usage accordée à la parcelle extérieure qu’offre l’habitat unifamilial pavillonnaire. Dans cette situation, la question est de savoir si l’insertion d’espaces verts privés en milieu urbain peut participer à la résorption de l’exode urbain. Or, dans l’agglomération, le sol manque. Le toit vert privé apparaît comme une alternative astucieuse, bien que limitée, au terrain entourant la maison. Reste à savoir si les gens le valorisent tel un espace vert privé d’extrême proximité, à même le sol. À la lueur de l’analyse, il advient que le toit vert ne présente pas de valeur d’usage comparable à celle de la cour arrière dans le contexte observé, précisément parce que leurs publics cibles s’opposent d’emblée. En revanche, le balcon-terrasse et le toit vert semblent être, en fonction des données construites, des aménagements à valeur d’usage comparable.

L’architecture de paysage moderne du campus de l’Université de Montréal

Le campus de l’Université de Montréal est composé de bâtiments et d’aménagements paysagers hautement significatifs, dont la présence contribue à faire comprendre son évolution spatiale. Parmi eux, les espaces libres des années 1960 méritent une attention particulière pour plusieurs raisons historiques : ils font l’objet d’une réflexion pour la toute première fois dans l’histoire du campus ; l’Université de Montréal vit une phase d’expansion sans précédent ; les disciplines de l’aménagement et la pratique de planification émergent au Québec. Cet article présente de manière contextuelle les principes de planification qui ont mené à leur réalisation par La Haye et associés, firme d’urbanisme de premier plan au Québec. Il expose les qualités et les défauts des espaces libres de cette période moderne, soit l’innovation sur le plan de la vision planificatrice et du design, d’un côté, et la trop grande importance accordée aux automobiles au détriment de la sécurité et de la convivialité, de l’autre côté.

Freiräume auf Zeit

Zwischennutzungen sind ein Alltagsphänomen, das seit Ende der 1990er Jahre im wissenschaftlichen Kontext und der kommunalen Praxis der Stadt- und Freiraumentwicklung auffallend an Aufmerksamkeit gewinnt. Die vorliegende Arbeit widmet sich dem Phänomen aus der Perspektive der Freiraumentwicklung als kommunaler Aufgabe. Im Zentrum des Interesses steht die Frage, welche aktuelle Bedeutung Zwischennutzungen, verstanden als die vorübergehende Freiraumnutzung brachliegender Baugrundstücke, für freiraumbezogene öffentliche Aufgaben und Handlungsansätze haben bzw. welche Potentiale sie dafür bieten. Vor dem Hintergrund heterogener gesellschaftlicher und räumlicher Gegebenheiten, der Erkenntnis um eine begrenzte hoheitliche Steuerbarkeit der weiteren stadträumlichen Entwicklung und angesichts knapper Haushaltsmittel ist die kommunale Freiraumentwicklung gefordert, sich bezüglich ihrer Kernaufgaben aber auch bezüglich ihrer Rolle bei der Erfüllung dieser Aufgaben neu zu positionieren. Vermehrt werden Forderungen nach einem Abgehen von „allgemeingültigen“ Versorgungsstandards und traditionellen „Produktionsprozessen“ laut. Flexiblere Freiraumangebote sollen Gestaltungsspielräume für eigeninitiatives Handeln und wechselhafte oder neuartige Nutzungen eröffnen. Mit dem Setzen von Prioritäten, einer verstärkten Kundenorientierung und aktivierenden bzw. kooperativen Handlungsansätzen soll der schlechten Haushaltslage begegnet werden. Zwischennutzungen deuten aufgrund ihrer funktionalen, räumlichen und zeitlichen Flexibilität Möglichkeiten an, auf diese Anforderungen einzugehen. Der Blick in die Verwaltungspraxis einzelner Städte zeigt, dass Zwischennutzungen in der kommunalen Freiraumentwicklung in verschiedenen Zusammenhängen gezielt aufgegriffen werden und dabei diverse Bezüge zu diesen aktuellen Anforderungen herstellen lassen. Der Stellenwert, der ihnen beigemessen wird, reicht dabei vom Ausnahmefall bis zum bewährten Ansatz. Mit den Maßnahmen werden häufig akute bzw. kurzfristige Ziele verfolgt, etwa die vorübergehende Schaffung zusätzlicher Spiel- und Aufenthaltsmöglichkeiten oder die Aufwertung brachliegender Flächen durch extensive Gestaltungsmaßnahmen. Die Projekte sind häufig charakterisiert durch intensive Kooperationen mit anderen öffentlichen und mit nicht-öffentlichen Akteuren. Die Einbindung von Zwischennutzungen in das alltägliche Verwaltungshandeln ist allerdings auch mit diversen Schwierigkeiten verbunden, wie erste Institutionalisierungsansätze in manchen Städten zeigen. Die Verknüpfung unterschiedlicher Zeithorizonte im Planungsgeschehen, die Verbindung des temporären Phänomens Zwischennutzung mit dem traditionellerweise auf Dauerhaftigkeit ausgerichteten Aufgabenverständnis der kommunalen Freiraumentwicklung verlangt nach einer Modifizierung bisheriger Positionen und Herangehensweisen. Ein solcher Anpassungsprozess im Verwaltungshandeln lässt sich nur langfristig und schrittweise bewältigen und ist als Teil der – angesichts aktueller Entwicklungen notwendigen – Weiterentwicklung freiraumbezogener Aufgaben und Handlungsansätze zu verstehen. Zwischennutzungen können neben ihren kurzfristig umsetzbaren Funktionen einen Beitrag dazu leisten.

Understanding Recreational Services of Urban Riverfront Space for Planning Purposes

In the process of urbanization, natural and semi-natural landscapes are increasingly cherished as open space and recreational resource. Urban rivers are part of this kind of resource and thus play an important role in managing urban resilience and health. Employing the example of Tianjin, this doctoral dissertation research aims at learning to understand how to plan and design for the interface zones between urban water courses and for the land areas adjacent to such water courses. This research also aims at learning how to link waterfront space with other urban space in order to make a recreational space system for the benefit of people. Five questions of this dissertation are: 1) what is the role of rivers in spatial and open space planning? 2) What are the human needs regarding outdoor open space? 3) How do river and water front spatial structures affect people's recreational activities? 4) How to define the recreational service of urban river and waterfront open space? 5) How might answering these question change planning and design of urban open space? Quantitative and qualitative empirical approaches were combined in this study for which literature review and theoretical explorations provide the basis. Empirical investigations were conducted in the city of Tianjin. The quantitative approach includes conducting 267 quantitative interviews, and the qualitative approach includes carrying out field observations and mappings. GIS served to support analysis and visualization of empirical information that was generated through this study. By responding to the five research questions, findings and lessons include the following: 1) In the course of time rivers have gained importance in all levels and scales of spatial planning and decision making. Regarding the development of ecological networks, mainly at national scale, rivers are considered significant linear elements. Regarding regional and comprehensive development, river basins and watersheds are often considered as the structural link for strategic ecological, economic, social and recreational planning. For purposes of urban planning, particularly regarding recreational services in cities, the distribution of urban open spaces often follows the structure of river systems. 2) For the purpose of classifying human recreational needs that relate to outdoor open space Maslow's hierarchy of human needs serves as theoretical basis. The classes include geographical, safety, physiological, social and aesthetic need. These classes serve as references while analyzing river and waterfront open space and other kinds of open space. 3) Regarding the question how river and waterfront spatial structures might affect people's recreational activities, eight different landscape units were identified and compared in the case study area. Considering the thermal conditions of Tianjin, one of these landscape units was identified as affording the optimal spatial arrangement which mostly meets recreational needs. The size and the shape of open space, and the plants present in an open space have been observed as being most relevant regarding recreational activities. 4) Regarding the recreational service of urban river and waterfront open space the results of this research suggest that the recreational service is felt less intensively as the distances between water 183 front and open space user’s places of residence are increasing. As a method for estimating this ‘Service Distance Effect’ the following formula may be used: Y = a*ebx. In this equation Y means the ‘Service Distance’ between homes and open space, and X means the percentage of the people who live within this service distance. Coefficient "a" represents the distance of the residential area nearest to the water front. The coefficient "b" is a comprehensive capability index that refers to the size of the available and suitable recreational area. 5) Answers found to the questions above have implications for the planning and design of urban open space. The results from the quantitative study of recreational services of waterfront open space were applied to the assessment of river-based open space systems. It is recommended that such assessments might be done employing the network analysis function available with any GIS. In addition, several practical planning and designing suggestions are made that would help remedy any insufficient base for satisfying recreational needs. The understanding of recreational need is considered helpful for the proposing planning and designing ideas and for the changing of urban landscapes. In the course of time Tianjin's urban water system has shrunk considerably. At the same time rivers and water courses have shaped Tianjin's urban structure in noticeable ways. In the process of urbanization water has become increasingly important to the citizens and their everyday recreations. Much needs to be changed in order to improve recreational opportunities and to better provide for a livable city, most importantly when considering the increasing number of old people. Suggestions made that are based on results of this study, might be implemented in Tianjin. They are 1) to promote the quality of the waterfront open space and to make all linear waterfront area accessible recreational spaces. Then, 2), it is advisable to advocate the concept of green streets and to combine green streets with river open space in order to form an everyday recreational network. And 3) any sound urban everyday recreational service made cannot rely on only urban rivers; the whole urban structure needs to be improved, including adding small open space and optimize the form of urban communities, finally producing a multi-functional urban recreational network.

Propuesta de comercialización de panela desde Chitaraque Boyacá, hacia Estados Unidos

En Colombia la producción de panela es básicamente artesanal, por lo cual no se registra un gran volumen de exportaciones. Este producto es comúnmente conocido como sustituto del azúcar y dentro del país su consumo es casi igual a su producción. A pesar de lo anterior, con el presente proyecto estamos buscando abrir espacios de comercialización de la panela hacia el exterior, más específicamente con destino a la ciudad de New York – Estados Unidos, dirigido a la población latina que se encuentra en dicha ciudad. Para incentivar las ventas de nuestro producto, haremos énfasis en los beneficios nutricionales y medicinales de la panela, que aún no son conocidos por el mercado objetivo. Además, según el estudio de mercados realizado, las presentaciones con mayor acogida por los consumidores son: panela granulada y panela en cubitos, que se comercializarán en frascos plásticos y en cajas de cartón respectivamente. Para ambas referencias las presentaciones serán identificadas con el logo de la empresa, además de la bandera de nuestro país. El empaque en su etiqueta mostrará la tabla nutricional como su forma de preparación, la etiqueta estará en los dos idiomas: inglés y español. Finalmente, el término de negociación utilizado será FOB puerto colombiano, con medio de pago carta de crédito ya que brinda la confianza y seguridad de llevar a feliz término el acuerdo pactado en una negociación de comercio exterior.

Espaços públicos e percursos de continuidade nas cidades contemporâneas. Cidades mais atractivas e vividas. O caso da cidade do Funchal

The article is a reflective analysis of the usage of the city and its public spaces, based on a study of the city of Funchal, in Madeira. Today, the city centre tackles the falling rate of its active user risking the disappearance of its public space usage, with the relocation of its leisure spaces to less central areas, due to the appearance of new interior spaces which offer the public the same services as the traditional outdoor ones. It is therefore imperative to make the city attractive and lively. The text presents the city of Funchal as it came into the XXI century, mentioning, in the context of urban requalification or revitalization, the different forms of use and preservation of open spaces.

Violência na escola : implicações na prática docente

Este estudo aborda fatos veiculados a violência na escola mostrando situações em que docentes e estudantes são ameaçados e agredidos por outros sujeitos vinculados a escola ou a comunidade. Tendo como questão norteadora a violência na escola e suas implicações na prática docente. Nesse sentido procurou-se abordar as mais recentes literaturas acerca do tema em destaque a fim de compreendermos a realidade da qual nos propomos estudar. A finalidade dessa pesquisa é compreender de que maneira esse tipo de violência afeta a vida dos sujeitos em uma escola da Rede Pública Municipal de Olinda-PE, através do levantamento de informações acerca do tipo de violência praticada no contexto escolar; identificando os fatos que levam a prática dessa modalidade de violência por parte dos sujeitos da escola e analisar os fatores que contribuem para ocorrência desse fenômeno no ambiente escolar. Metodologicamente optamos pela abordagem qualitativa descritiva e quantitativa objetivando o aprofundamento da temática proposta, utilizando-se como técnica de coleta de dados o questionário e o inquérito por entrevista. A análise dos dados partiu dos discursos de Bardin (2002), através do método análise de conteúdo. Os autores que subsidiaram o estudo foram: Adorno (1971); Bourdieu (2001); Peralva (2000), Abramovay (2002); Debarbieux (2002); Fante (2005) dentre outros que tratam da violência na escola numa perspectiva histórico-social. Assim, pudemos constatar que essa modalidade de violência origina-se na sociedade e se dissemina através de danos físicos ou simbólicos, que são aplicados de modo individual ou grupos. E que num plano maior muitas vezes é associada à pobreza, a desigualdade social, desemprego e falhas de comunicação. É também oposta a utilização da razão, aceitação e diálogo, estando relacionados a diversos tipos de poderes em todos os tipos de relações entre os seres humanos. Contudo, concluiu-se que os sujeitos não estão preparados para lidar com o fenômeno da violência escolar e que é preciso abrir espaços para que todos participem da busca de soluções para evitar e combater o problema.

Building cluster and shading in urban canyon for hot dry climate - Part 1: Air and surface temperature measurements

Under low latitude conditions, minimization of solar radiation within the urban environment may often be a desirable criterion in urban design. The dominance of the direct component of the global solar irradiance under clear high sun conditions requires that the street solar access must be small. It is well known that the size and proportion of open spaces has a great influence on the urban microclimate This paper is directed towards finding the interaction between urban canyon geometry and incident solar radiation. The effect of building height and street width on the shading of the street surfaces and ground for different orientations have been examined and evaluated. It is aimed to explore the extent to which these parameters affect the temperature in the street. This work is based on air and surface temperature measurements taken in different urban street canyons in EL-Oued City (hot and and climate), Algeria. In general, the results show that there are less air temperature variations compared to the surface temperature which really depends on the street geometry and sky view factor. In other words, there is a big correlation between the street geometry, sky view factor and surface temperatures.

Implications of climate change for expanding cities worldwide

This paper analyses the trends of the changing environmental effects within growing megacities as their diameters exceed 50–100 km and their populations rise beyond 30 million people. The authors consider how these effects are influenced by climate change, to which urban areas themselves contribute, caused by their increasing greenhouse gas emissions associated with rapidly expanding energy use. Other environmental and social factors are assessed, quantitatively and qualitatively, using detailed modelling of urban mesoscale meteorology, which shows how these factors can lead to large conurbations becoming more vulnerable to climatic and environmental hazards. The paper discusses the likely changes in meteorological and hydrological hazards in urban areas, both as the climate changes and the sizes of urban areas grow. Examples are given of how these risks are being reduced through innovations in warning and response systems, planning and infrastructure design, which should include refuges against extreme natural disasters. Policies are shown to be more effective when they are integrated and based on substantial community involvement. Some conclusions are drawn regarding how policies for the natural and artificial environment and for reducing many kinds of climate and hazard risk are related to future designs and planning of infrastructure and open spaces.

Could in-home sensors surpass human observation of people with Parkinson’s at high risk of falling? An ethnographic study

Self-report underpins our understanding of falls among people with Parkinson’s (PwP) as they largely happen unwitnessed at home. In this qualitative study, we used an ethnographic approach to investigate which in-home sensors, in which locations, could gather useful data about fall risk. Over six weeks, we observed five independently mobile PwP at high risk of falling, at home. We made field notes about falls (prior events and concerns) and recorded movement with video, Kinect, and wearable sensors. The three women and two men (aged 71 to 79 years) having moderate or severe Parkinson’s were dependent on others and highly sedentary. We most commonly noted balance protection, loss, and restoration during chair transfers, walks across open spaces and through gaps, turns, steps up and down, and tasks in standing (all evident walking between chair and stairs, e.g.). Our unobtrusive sensors were acceptable to participants: they could detect instability during everyday activity at home and potentially guide intervention. Monitoring the route between chair and stairs is likely to give information without invading the privacy of people at high risk of falling, with very limited mobility, who spend most of the day in their sitting rooms.

Role of daylight in preserving identities in heritage context

The narrow alleys and the small neighbourhood squares are the most recognisable urban configuration forms that highlight the fabrics of Old Cairo. Parts of Old Cairo are currently going through major conservation projects. The extent of the success of some of these projects in preserving the identity of the Cairene context is currently under scrutiny and has created a debate among local residents, professionals, and politicians. Preliminary investigation has been conducted to assess the rehabilitation strategy of the selected case of el-Darb el-Asfar in relation to its context. Daylight is an essential contextual ingredient that characterises particular places from its counterparts. The rehabilitation project, using new finishing materials, has led to changes in daylight levels and reflections in the space and hence modify the visual perception and the identity of the place itself. This paper aims to assess the impact of the proposed intervention on the visual perception and the identity of the selected built heritage. Daylight variables in open spaces, a combination of sunlight, skylight and the reflected light from the facades and the ground, are identified. Using TOWNSCOPE, daylight's components are calculated pre and after the implementation of the project. The performance of reflected component is traced by simulating the impact of the original and recently used materials. The paper concludes by suggesting a set of measures to achieve an appropriate daylight performance to achieve a sustainable development in the area and maintain the identity of the old city.

Daylight for sustainable regeneration of built heritage sites

Daylight is an essential contextual ingredient of place making. Research in daylighting has recently received major attention for its valuable contribution to the sustainability of the built environment. Previous research has investigated the role of daylighting in energy efficiency, its regional qualities in relation to the façade configuration, and its contribution to the sense of visual comfort. This paper argues that appropriate use of daylighting will ensure not only visual and thermal comfort in an urban setting, but also contributes to the place identity and hence sustainability of urban regeneration projects. The paper identifies the daylight variables that affect the success of the regeneration of heritage sites in Eastern Mediterranean. Daylight variables in public open spaces include a combination of sunlight, skylight and the reflected light from the facades and the ground. The Solar altitude, the geometry of sectional profiles, the reflectance of the opposing facades, the width of the street and the density of the urban built environment are examined to simulate the daylight performance in the selected heritage sites. Located in the historical Darb al-Ahmar district, Aslam Square is selected as part of one of the rehabilitation project in Cairo. This paper examines the photometric and morphological properties of the existing configuration using daylight simulation software. Various spherical projections were developed to represent full 3D visual environment. The paper calculates and analyses the direct radiation energy, the sky diffused energy and the reflected energy in the case study.

Children's active free play in local neighborhoods : a behavioral mapping study

Many Australian children are more sedentary than they should be, and almost one in five are currently overweight or obese. Some children may face difficulties finding opportunities to be active, having poor access to safe public open spaces or having low independent mobility limiting their access to places to play. This study aimed to examine children's access to places in their neighborhood for active free play and how these vary by age, sex and socioeconomic status (SES). Behavioral maps of the local neighborhood were completed by children (8-12 years) from five primary schools across different areas of Melbourne. Children living in low SES outer-urban neighborhoods had to travel greater distances to access local parks compared with those in inner-urban mid and high SES areas. One-third (32%) of children reported an independent mobility range of <100 m from home. In conclusion, for some children opportunities to engage in active free play in the local neighborhood may be limited due to lack of parks in close proximity to home and restricted independent mobility. It is important to collaborate with local governments, urban planners and community groups to improve access to neighborhood parks and to promote a sense of neighborhood safety.

Neighbourhood physical activity environments and adiposity in children and mothers : a three-year longitudinal study

Background Although neighbourhood environments are often blamed for contributing to rising levels of obesity, current evidence is based predominantly on cross-sectional samples. This study examined associations between objectively-measured environmental characteristics of neighbourhoods and adiposity cross-sectionally and longitudinally over three years in children and their female carers.

Methods Longitudinal study of 140 5-6 year-old and 269 10-12 year-old children and their female carers (n = 369). At baseline (2001) and follow-up (2004), height and weight were measured among children and self-reported among female carers, and were used to compute BMI z-scores and BMI, respectively. A Geographic Information System determined access to destinations (public open spaces, sports options, walking/cycling tracks), road connectivity (density of cul-de-sacs and intersections, proportion of 4-way intersections, length of 'access' paths (overpasses, access lanes, throughways between buildings)) and traffic exposure (length of 'busy' and 'local' roads) within 800 m and 2 km of home. Univariate and multivariable linear regression analyses examined associations between environmental characteristics and BMI/BMI z-scores at baseline and change in BMI/BMI z-scores over the three years.

Results Cross-sectionally, BMI z-score was inversely associated with length (km) of access paths within 800 m (b = -0.50) and 2 km (b = -0.16) among younger and number of sport/recreation public open spaces (b = -0.14) and length (km) of 'access' paths (b = -0.94) within 800 m and length of local roads within 2 km (b = -0.01) among older children. Among female carers, BMI was associated with length (km) of walking/cycling tracks (b = 0.17) and busy roads (b = -0.34) within 800 m. Longitudinally, the proportion of intersections that were 4-way (b = -0.01) within 800 m of home was negatively associated with change in BMI z-score among younger children, while length (km) of access paths (b = 0.18) within 800 m was significant among older children. Among female carers, options for aerobics/fitness and swimming within 2 km were associated with change in BMI (B = -0.42).

Conclusion A small number of neighbourhood environment features were associated with adiposity outcomes. These differed by age group and neighbourhood scale (800 m and 2 km) and were inconsistent between cross-sectional and longitudinal findings. However, the results suggest that improvements to road connectivity and slowing traffic and provision of facilities for leisure activities popular among women may support obesity prevention efforts.

Is the neighbourhood environment associated with sedentary behaviour outside of school hours among children?

Background Little is known about neighbourhood environments and children’s sedentary behaviour outside school hours.
Purpose This study aims to examine the associations between public open spaces (POS), parent perceptions of the neighbourhood and children’s sedentary behaviours.
Methods Parents reported their child’s television viewing and computer/electronic game time and their perceptions of the physical and social neighbourhood. Children’s sedentary
time was objectively assessed. The closest POS was audited.
Results Cross-sectionally, living near a POS with a water feature and greater parental satisfactionwith POS quality were negatively associated with computer/e-games; greater POS area was negatively associated with TV viewing. Longitudinally, living in a cul-de-sac and greater satisfaction with POS quality were negatively associated with computer/e-games and TV viewing, respectively. Awalking path in the POS was positively associated with computer/e-games.
Conclusion Neighbourhood features appear to positively and negatively influence children’s sedentary behaviours, highlighting the complexity of urban planning on behaviour. Further age- and context-specific studies are required.