Whole-body vibration exposure study in U.S. railroad locomotives--an ergonomic risk assessment

Whole-body vibration exposure of locomotive engineers and the vibration attenuation of seats in 22 U.S. locomotives (built between 1959 and 2000) was studied during normal revenue service and following international measurement guidelines. Triaxial vibration measurements (duration mean 155 min, range 84-383 min) on the seat and on the floor were compared. In addition to the basic vibration evaluation (aw rms), the vector sum (av), the maximum transient vibration value (MTVV/aw), the vibration dose value (VDV/(aw T1/4)), and the vibration seat effective transmissibility factor (SEAT) were calculated. The power spectral densities are also reported. The mean basic vibration level (aw rms) was for the fore-aft axis x = 0.18 m/sec2, the lateral axis y = 0.28 m/sec2, and the vertical axis z = 0.32 m/sec2. The mean vector sum was 0.59 m/sec2 (range 0.27 to 1.44). The crest factors were generally at or above 9 in the horizontal and vertical axis. The mean MTVV/aw was 5.3 (x), 5.1 (y), and 4.8 (z), and the VDV/(aw T1/4) values ranged from 1.32 to 2.3 (x-axis), 1.33 to 1.7 (y-axis), and 1.38 to 1.86 (z-axis), generally indicating high levels of shocks. The mean seat transmissibility factor (SEAT) was 1.4 (x) and 1.2 (y) and 1 (z), demonstrating a general ineffectiveness of any of the seat suspension systems. In conclusion, these data indicate that locomotive rides are characterized by relatively high shock content (acceleration peaks) of the vibration signal in all directions. Locomotive vertical and lateral vibrations are similar, which appears to be characteristic for rail vehicles compared with many road/off-road vehicles. Tested locomotive cab seats currently in use (new or old) appear inadequate to reduce potentially harmful vibration and shocks transmitted to the seated operator, and older seats particularly lack basic ergonomic features regarding adjustability and postural support.

Age-dependent visual exploration during simulated day- and night driving on a motorway: a cross-sectional study

BACKGROUND: Central and peripheral vision is needed for object detection. Previous research has shown that visual target detection is affected by age. In addition, light conditions also influence visual exploration. The aim of the study was to investigate the effects of age and different light conditions on visual exploration behavior and on driving performance during simulated driving. METHODS: A fixed-base simulator with 180 degree field of view was used to simulate a motorway route under daylight and night conditions to test 29 young subjects (25-40 years) and 27 older subjects (65-78 years). Drivers' eye fixations were analyzed and assigned to regions of interests (ROI) such as street, road signs, car ahead, environment, rear view mirror, side mirror left, side mirror right, incoming car, parked car, road repair. In addition, lane-keeping and driving speed were analyzed as a measure of driving performance. RESULTS: Older drivers had longer fixations on the task relevant ROI, but had a lower frequency of checking mirrors when compared to younger drivers. In both age groups, night driving led to a less fixations on the mirror. At the performance level, older drivers showed more variation in driving speed and lane-keeping behavior, which was especially prominent at night. In younger drivers, night driving had no impact on driving speed or lane-keeping behavior. CONCLUSIONS: Older drivers' visual exploration behavior are more fixed on the task relevant ROI, especially at night, when driving performance becomes more heterogeneous than in younger drivers.

Comparison and Assessment of Two Emission inventories for the Madrid Region

Emission inventories are databases that aim to describe the polluting activities that occur across a certain geographic domain. According to the spatial scale, the availability of information will vary as well as the applied assumptions, which will strongly influence its quality, accuracy and representativeness. This study compared and contrasted two emission inventories describing the Greater Madrid Region (GMR) under an air quality simulation approach. The chosen inventories were the National Emissions Inventory (NEI) and the Regional Emissions Inventory of the Greater Madrid Region (REI). Both of them were used to feed air quality simulations with the CMAQ modelling system, and the results were compared with observations from the air quality monitoring network in the modelled domain. Through the application of statistical tools, the analysis of emissions at cell level and cell – expansion procedures, it was observed that the National Inventory showed better results for describing on – road traffic activities and agriculture, SNAP07 and SNAP10. The accurate description of activities, the good characterization of the vehicle fleet and the correct use of traffic emission factors were the main causes of such a good correlation. On the other hand, the Regional Inventory showed better descriptions for non – industrial combustion (SNAP02) and industrial activities (SNAP03). It incorporated realistic emission factors, a reasonable fuel mix and it drew upon local information sources to describe these activities, while NEI relied on surrogation and national datasets which leaded to a poorer representation. Off – road transportation (SNAP08) was similarly described by both inventories, while the rest of the SNAP activities showed a marginal contribution to the overall emissions.

Sistema de telemetría para un vehículo de fórmula S.A.E.

En este proyecto, se ha desarrollado una aplicación electrónica para un coche de competición, en concreto para la fórmula SAE (Society of Automotive Engineers), una competición universitaria en la que cada equipo, formado por estudiantes, debe diseñar, construir y probar un prototipo basándose en una serie de reglas. El objetivo final de la competición es proporcionar a los estudiantes el conocimiento práctico necesario para su futura labor profesional, del cual se pensaba que los estudiantes adolecían al acabar sus estudios universitarios cuando se creó esta competición. La aplicación desarrollada en este proyecto consiste en un sistema de telemetría, utilizado para transmitir los datos proporcionados por los sensores del vehículo a través de un sistema de radiofrecuencia, de manera que se pueda estudiar el comportamiento del coche durante los ensayos a la vez que el coche está rodando y así no depender de un sistema de adquisición de datos del que había que descargarse la información una vez finalizada la sesión de ensayo, como había que hacer hasta el momento. Para la implementación del proyecto, se ha utilizado un kit de desarrollo (Xbee Pro 868) que incluye dos módulos de radio, dos placas de desarrollo, dos cables USB y una antena, el cual ha permitido desarrollar la parte de radio del proyecto. Para transmitir los datos proporcionados por la centralita del vehículo, la cual recoge la información de todos los sensores presentes en el vehículo, se han desarrollado dos placas de circuito impreso. La primera de ellas tiene como elemento principal un microprocesador PIC de la marca Microchip (PIC24HJ64GP502), que recoge los datos proporcionados por la centralita del vehículo a través de su bus CAN de comunicaciones. La segunda placa de circuito impreso tiene como elemento fundamental el transmisor de radio. Dicho transmisor está conectado al microprocesador de la otra placa a través de línea serie. Como receptor de radio se ha utilizado una de las placas de prueba que integraba el kit de desarrollo Xbee Pro 868, la cual recoge los datos que han sido enviados vía radio y los manda a su vez a través de USB a un ordenador donde son monitorizados. Hasta aquí la parte hardware del sistema. En cuanto a la parte software, ha habido que desarrollar una aplicación en lenguaje C, que ejecuta el microprocesador PIC, que se encarga de recoger los datos enviados por la centralita a través del bus CAN (Controller Area Network) y transmitirlos a través de línea serie al chip de radio. Por último, para la monitorización de los datos se han desarrollado dos aplicaciones en LabVIEW, una que recoge los datos a través de USB, los muestra en pantalla y los guarda en un fichero y otra que lee los datos del fichero y los representa gráficamente para permitir un estudio más detallado del comportamiento del vehículo. ABSTRACT In this project, an electronic application has been developed for a race car – Formula SAE car-. Formula SAE is a university championship in which each team, made up of students, should design, construct and test a prototype within certain rules. The final goal of the competition is to enhance the practical knowledge of the students, which was thougth to be poor at the time the competition was created. The application developed in this project consists of a telemetry system, employed to transmit the data provided by the car’s sensors through a radio frequency system, so that it could be possible to study the behaviour of the vehicle during tests and do not depend on a datalogger system as it occurred until now. To carry out the radio module of the project, a Xbee Pro 868 development kit has been used, which includes two radio modules, two development boards, two USB cables and an antenna. To transmit the data provided by the ECU (Engine Control Unit) of the vehicle, which receives information from all the sensors the vehicle has, two printed circuit boards have been built. One of them has a PIC microprocessor of Microchip (PIC24HJ64GP502) which receives the data coming from CAN bus of the ECU. Tha main element of the other printed circuit board is the radio transmitter. This chip receives the data from the microprocessor through its serial line. The development board of the Xbee Pro 868 has been used as receiver. When data arrives to the receiver, it transmits them to a computer through USB where the data are displayed. All this composes the hardware of the system. Regarding the software, a C coded application has been developed. This application is executed by the microprocessor and its function is to receive the data from the bus CAN (Controller Area Network) and send them to the radio transmitter through the microprocessor’s serial line. To show the data on the computer, two LabVIEW applications has been developed. The first one receives the data through the USB port, displays them on the screen and save them to a file and the second one reads the data from the file while represents them graphically to allow studying the behaviour of the car on track.

Emisiones y eficiencia energética: experiencias en el ámbito de la Ingeniería Rural

El LPF_TAGRALIA es un grupo de investigación reconocido de la UPM que trabaja en diversos ámbitos de la Ingeniería Agroforestal y de Biosistemas, entre los que se encuentra el análisis de emisiones de vehículos agrícolas, y el análisis de la calidad y la eficiencia energética en el transporte a larga distancia de productos perecederos, colaborando asimismo con una variedad de grupos y centros de investigación nacionales e internacionales. El primero de estos temas: análisis de emisiones de vehículos agrícolas, es objeto de estudio en el LPF_TAGRALIA desde hace aproximadamente diez años, cuando se materializa y cobra relevancia la aplicación del standard TIER de la agencia de protección ambiental americana (EPA) cuyo disparo de salida tuvo lugar en 1996 con la publicación del TIER I. La adopción en USA y Europa de este standard que regula las emisiones de CO, óxidos de Nitrógeno y 2 partículas de materia de diversa naturaleza (PM) se está produciendo de manera paulatina en función de la potencia de matriculación de los tractores (vehículos de fuera de carretera, off-road vehicles). En la actualidad el standard TIER IV ha de ser verificado mayoritariamente por los tractores, para lo cuál existen dos estrategias básicas: la recirculación de gases de escape (EGR), y la reducción catalítica selectiva (SCR). La verificación del funcionamiento en campo de estas estrategias ha sido materia de análisis y discusión por parte del LPF_TAGRALIA que ejerce desde hace 4 años la labor de Responsable de Ensayos de Campo para el suplemento Maq-Vida Rural, una de las publicaciones más reconocidas por los técnicos que desarrollan su labor en el ámbito de la Ingeniería Rural; los diversos documentos relacionados pueden consultarse en el servicio de acceso abierto también denominado Archivo Digital de la UPM (http://oa.upm.es/).

Pantalla táctil para el piloto en un monoplaza de la fórmula SAE

En este proyecto se ha desarrollado un sistema electrónico para un vehículo de Fórmula SAE. La Fórmula SAE es una competición orientada a estudiantes que se basa en el diseño y fabricación de un vehículo de carreras. Este vehículo será posteriormente testeado en una competición a nivel mundial. El principal objetivo de este proyecto es el estudio, diseño y creación de un sistema para la visualización de información en un vehículo a través de una pantalla táctil. El núcleo del sistema será un microcontrolador de 32 bits de Microchip programado en C sobre un sistema de desarrollo integrado. El sistema mostrará información que pueda ser de utilidad para el piloto del coche. La información que se mostrará en la pantalla provendrá de los diferentes sensores del propio vehículo (velocidad, rpm, temperatura, estado de la batería). Dichos sensores se comunicarán con el sistema a través de comunicación CAN Bus. Para el testeo del sistema se utilizará una herramienta de simulación CAN. Además de mostrar información, el piloto será capaz de seleccionar entre diferentes configuraciones para la conducción desde el propio volante. El sistema contiene además los elementos necesarios para la programación y depuración del microcontrolador PIC. ABSTRACT. In this project, an electronic application for a Formula SAE vehicle has been developed. The Formula SAE is a student-oriented competition based on the design and manufacture of a race car. This car will be later tested in a worldwide competition. The principal aim of this project is the study, design and manufacture of a system for the display of a vehicle’s information through a touch screen. The system core will be a 32-bit Microchip microcontroller programmed in C code over an Integrated Development Environment. The system will display useful information to the car driver. The information shown on the screen will come from the different sensors of the vehicle itself (speed, rpm, temperature, battery status). Those sensors will communicate with the system via CAN Bus. A CAN Bus simulator device will be used during the design testing. In addition to displaying information, the pilot will be able to select different driving configurations from the steering wheel itself. The system also contains the necessary elements for programming and debugging the PIC microcontroller.

Over-embankment accidents on rural 2-lane conventional highways.

Mode of access: Internet.

Safety aspects of roadside cross-section design. Final report.

Federal Highway Administration, Office of Research and Development, Washington, D.C.

Guardrail encroachment monitor - GEM. Final report.

Federal Highway Administration, Office of Research and Development, Washington, D.C.

Guardrail encroachment monitor - GEM. Summary report.

Federal Highway Administration, Office of Research and Development, Washington, D.C.

Vehicle entrapment. Final report.

Federal Highway Administration, Washington, D.C.

Single vehicle roadway departure crashes: problem size assessment and statistical description.

Mode of access: Internet.

Evaluation of a procedure for reducing vehicle-tree accidents. Final report.

Virginia Department of Transportation, Richmond

Embankment guardrail. Final report.

Mode of access: Internet.

Hazardous effects of highway features and roadside objects. Volume 1: literature review and methodology. Final report.

Federal Highway Administration, Washington, D.C.