980 resultados para OXIDASE I


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Pós-graduação em Ciências Biológicas (Biologia Celular e Molecular) - IBRC

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Pós-graduação em Biologia Geral e Aplicada - IBB

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Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

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Pós-graduação em Genética - IBILCE

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Estudos filogeográficos têm ajudado a esclarecer o contexto espacial e temporal da diversificação de organismos amazônicos, o que pode ser diretamente comparado com cenários geológicos específicos. O presente estudo visa fornecer informações que possam auxiliar na reconstituição da história recente do baixo Tocantins/Ilha do Marajó a partir e uma análise filogeográfica de Gonatodes humeralis e Kentropyx calcarata. Adicionalmente, a utilidade do gene citocromo oxidase I como marcador para estudos populacionais de lagartos foi avaliada. Dados de 49 exemplares de G. humeralis e 32 de K. calcarata de 14 localidades ao sul do Amapá, baixo Tocantins, Ilha do Marajó e de uma externa à área focal do estudo foram analisados. Alem das medidas de diversidade e diferenciação genética, foram possíveis eventos de expansão demográfica recente nestas populações foram avaliados com uso da estatística R2. As relações filogenéticas entre as populações foram avaliadas pela construção de árvores não enraizadas usando-se os métodos de máxima parcimônia (MP) e máxima verossimilhança (MV). Os resultados obtidos demonstram que embora o COI tenha sido raramente utilizado para esta finalidade, a variação observada entre seqüências de populações de G. humeralis e K. calcarata indicam que ele é um marcador útil para análises filogeográficas. As cinco populações de ambas as espécies aqui estudadas, são geneticamente estruturadas. Isso indica um baixo ou mais provavelmente inexistente fluxo gênico entre elas. As relações filogeográficas observadas, embora mais seguramente para G. humeralis que para K. calcarata indicam que ocorreram mudanças significativas em tempos relativamente recentes no sistema de drenagem na região do baixo rio Tocantins e Ilha do Marajó. Isto porque, há neste estudo, fortes indícios de que em tempos pretéritos recentes houve maior movimentação, ativa ou passiva, das espécies entre as regiões do Marajó e oeste do rio Tocantins que teriam sido as mais diretamente afetadas por estas mudanças.

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DNA barcoding is a recently proposed global standard in taxonomy based on DNA sequences. The two main goals of DNA barcoding methodology are assignment of specimens to a species and discovery of new species. There are two main underlying assumptions: i) reciprocal monophyly of species, and ii) intraspecific divergence is always less than interspecific divergence. Here we present a phylogenetic analysis of the family Potamotrygonidae based on mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase I gene, sampling 10 out of the 18 to 20 valid species including two non-described species. Potamotrygonidae systematics is still not fully resolved with several still-to-be-described species while some other species are difficult to delimit due to overlap in morphological characters and because of sharing a complex color patterns. Our results suggest that the family passed through a process of rapid speciation and that the species Potamotrygon motoro, P. scobina, and P. orbignyi share haplotypes extensively. Our results suggest that systems of identification of specimens based on DNA sequences, together with morphological and/or ecological characters, can aid taxonomic studies, but delimitation of new species based on threshold values of genetic distances are overly simplistic and misleading.

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Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

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Distinct genetic structure in populations of Chrysoperla externa (Hagen) (Neuroptera, Chrysopidae) shown by genetic markers ISSR and COI gene. Green lacewings are generalist predators, and the species Chrysoperla externa presents a great potential for use in biological control of agricultural pests due to its high predation and reproduction capacities, as well as its easy mass rearing in the laboratory. The adaptive success of a species is related to genetic variability, so that population genetic studies are extremely important in order to maximize success of the biological control. Thus, the present study used nuclear (Inter Simple Sequence Repeat - ISSR) and mitochondrial (Cytochrome Oxidase I - COI) molecular markers to estimate the genetic variability of 12 populations in the São Paulo State, Brazil, as well as the genetic relationships between populations. High levels of genetic diversity were observed for both markers, and the highest values of genetic diversity appear associated with municipalities that have the greatest areas of native vegetation. There was high haplotype sharing, and there was no correlation between the markers and the geographic distribution of the populations. The AMOVA indicated absence of genetic structure for the COI gene, suggesting that the sampled areas formed a single population unit. However, the great genetic differentiation among populations showed by ISSR demonstrates that these have been under differentiation after their expansion or may also reflect distinct dispersal behavior between males and females.

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The genus Pseudoplatystoma includes catfish species distributed throughout the fresh waters of South America. These species are important fisheries resources and play a significant ecological role due to their piscivorous and migratory habits. The taxonomy of this genus is still debated: traditionally, only three species have been recognised, but recently, this number was raised to eight. The validity of these eight morphospecies, however, was not confirmed by two subsequent molecular phylogenetic studies, which identified either five or four main clades. In this study, we focused on the two morphospecies restricted to the Orinoco basin, P. metaense and P. orinocoense, which have been assigned to either the same or different clades in previous studies. We carried out cytogenetic analyses to describe their unknown karyotypes and to look for cytotaxonomic markers. We also analysed their mitochondrial sequences in order to assign the sampled specimens to the previously identified molecular clades. The two presumptive species show similar karyotypes (2n=56, 42 biarmed and 14 uniarmed chromosomes) and cytogenetic features in terms of the constitutive heterochromatin distribution and the number and location of minor and major ribosomal genes. Thus, no species-specific chromosome markers could be identified. The analysis of cytochrome b and cytochrome oxidase I mitochondrial genes (carried out by retrieving all the mtDNA Pseudoplatystoma sequences available in GenBank) distributed the sampled specimens into two distinct molecular clades and confirmed the need to re-evaluate, by parallel morphological and molecular analyses, the monophyly of some lineages.

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Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq)

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Pós-graduação em Agronomia (Proteção de Plantas) - FCA