O comércio justo e o mercado global : um jogo de equilíbrios

Partindo do conceito de mercado livre, teorizando de forma estruturada, pela primeira vez, por Adam Smith, o objetivo é perceber se o «comércio justo», enquanto movimento de empoderamento de pequenos produtores e sub-desempregados dos países desenvolvidos, pode ou não funcionar como contraponto ao oligopólio corporativo das grandes empresas de distribuição, obrigando à mais justa remuneração da produção a nível mundial.

The Farm-Retail Price Spread in an Imperfectly Competitive Food Industry

Gardner's popular model of perfect competition in the marketing sector is extended to a conjectural-variations oligopoly with endogenous entry. Revising Gardner's comparative statics on the "farm-retail price ratio," tests of hypotheses about food industry conduct are derived. Using data from a recent article by Wohlgenant, which employs Gardner's framework, tests are made of the validity of his maintained hypothesis-that the food industries are perfectly competitive. No evidence is found of departures from competition in the output markets of the food industries of eight commodity groups: (a) beef and veal, (b) pork, (c) poultry, (d) eggs, (e) dairy, (f) processed fruits and vegetables, (g) fresh fruit, and (h) fresh vegetables.

Consistent comparative statics for the food industries

Consistent conjectures are derived in an oligopoly model with homogeneous products and identical firms. The exercise uncovers two important findings. Absent entry, the monopolistic conjecture, is the unique consistent conjecture. With endogenous entry, no consistent conjecture exists. These results provide foundations for deriving consistentc omparatives taticsf or the food industries

Reworking the NAFTA: departures from traditional frameworks

This paper reviews the treatment of intellectual property rights in the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) and considers the welfare-theoretic bases for innovation transfer between member and nonmember states. Specifically, we consider the effects of new technology development from within the union and question whether it is efficient (in a welfare sense) to transfer that new technology to nonmember states. When the new technology contains stochastic components, the important issue of information exchange arises and we consider this question in a simple oligopoly model with Bayesian updating. In this context, it is natural to ask the optimal price at which such information should be transferred. Some simple, natural conjugate examples are used to motivate the key parameters upon which the answer is dependent

Non-competitive markets

Among all the paradigms in economic theory, the theoretical predictions of oligopoly were the first to be examined in the laboratory. In this chapter, instead of surveying all the experiments with few sellers, we adopt a narrower definition of the term “oligopoly”, and focus on the experiments that were directly inspired by the basic oligopolistic models of Cournot, Bertrand, Hotelling, Stackelberg, and some extensions. Most of the experiments we consider in this chapter have been run in the last three decades. This literature can be considered as a new wave of experimental works aiming at representing basic oligopolistic markets and testing their properties. The chapter is divided into independent sections referring to different parts of the oligopolistic theory, including both monopoly as well as a number of extensions of the basic models, which have been chosen with the aim of providing a representative list of the relevant experimental findings.

Internalization theory: an unfinished agenda

Internalization theory is usually applied at the firm level to analyse FDI, licensing and subcontracting, but this paper extends it to the industry level. It synthesises internalisation theory and oligopoly theory. It analyses a global industry where firms innovate competitively, and freely enter and exit the industry. It presents a formal model which highlights the inter-dependencies between rival firms. Each firm responds to its rivals by jointly optimising production and innovation through inter-dependent ownership and location decisions. The competitive outcome determines which firms serve which markets, which firms enter or exit the industry, and the internalisation strategy of each firm.

Competição e alavancagem na indústria de aços planos

Pesquisas recentes nos campos das Finanças e de Economia Industrial vêem mostrando que as decisões de financiamento corporativo são interdependentes de decisões relativas ao mercado de produtos. As teorias apresentadas apóiam-se na responsabilidade limitada dos detentores do capital próprio para construir modelos nos quais a dívida é utilizada estrategicamente. Altos níveis de endividamento tendem a favorecer o acirramento da concorrência e a produzir resultados piores do que numa situação de conluio, provocando a adoção de mecanismos de limitação da alavancagem e da concorrência pelo oligopólio. Evidências indicam que firmas alavancadas suavizam a concorrência enquanto firmas menos ou não alavancadas tornam a concorrência mais acirrada ante a presença de um rival mais alavancado. Dados de corte seccional das firmas participantes do mercado brasileiro de aços planos ao carbono foram tratados pelo método econométrico para verificar o comportamento da variável de endividamento tendo como variáveis explicativas de interesse os preços praticados e as quantidades vendidas pelas firmas e, como variáveis de controle, algumas dentre aquelas sugeridas pela teoria da estrutura de capital. Os resultados mostram evidências de que a variável de concorrência "preço" influencia as decisões de estrutura de capital das firmas siderúrgicas produtoras de aços planos e que a correlação com a alavancagem é positiva. No entanto, nenhuma conclusão pôde ser obtida sobre a variável quantidade. Cálculos adicionais produziram resultados que são indicativos de iniciativas de aumento de concorrência pelas firmas mais alavancadas da indústria, como redução de preço, aumento de lucratividade e maior participação de mercado, sugerindo que as circunstâncias de expansão de demanda favorecem a ruptura do conluio.

O mercado doméstico de transporte aéreo de passageiros: modelo de escolha de capacidade empregada em função da ação do regulador e da estrutura da indústria

O presente tabalho apresenta um modelo destinado à análise do mercado doméstico de transporte aéreo de passageiros. O modelo analisado permite acompanhar as escolhas ótimas das companhias aéreas quanto ao número de vôos ofertados e passageiros transportados diante das alterações no valor das tarifas promovidas pelo reguldor, tanto em equilibrio competitvo quanto monopolista e, alternativamente, caso a indústria atue como um oligopólio. Neste último caso, o modelo analisado permite que o equilíbrio da indústria seja mensurado em conjunto com parâmetros conjecturais de comportamento das firmas.

Uma barreira à entrada não tão inocente

Em teorias de oligop olio baseadas em Equil brios de Nash e conceitos derivados, livre entrada e associada a coexist^encia de uma ou mais rmas. Por outro lado, teorias de monop olio que tentam explicar a aus^encia de concorrentes em ambientes com livre entrada n~ao se baseiam em equil brios de Teoria dos Jogos. Neste trabalho, usando um arcabou co de Teoria dos Jogos, apresento exemplos em que randomiza c~ao entre pre cos de monop olio e uma nova poss vel explica c~ao para a exist^encia de um monopolista com lucros positivos quando h a livre entrada. S~ao constru dos modelos onde, devido a multidimensionalidade dos bens e heterogeneidade dos consumidores, existe mais de um pre co de monop olio, possibilitando randomiza c~ao em equil brio.

Tributos indiretos na cadeia produtiva do camarão

The state of Rio Grande do Norte counts with a relevant potential in the shrimp farming supply chain. In the larviculture step the state responds for more than half of the national production. In the farming step it is the second largest producer. In the industrial step, its industries have almost 40% of the shrimp processing capacity of the northeast of Brazil. However, this country has the highest tax rate comparing with the main shrimp producer countries. Considering the influence of taxes in the competition among companies, the main goal of this research is to analyze the impact of indirect taxes in the above steps of the supply chain. To achieve it, it will be used the data of the 2011 Census of the Shrimp Farming and it will be applied the Herfindahl-Hirschman Index to identify the market form of those steps. In order to contribute with the characterization of the supply chain, CEO´s of farms and industries will be interviewed. The price-elasticity of the shrimp larvae, the in natura shrimp and the processed shrimp will be analyzed in order to verify the possibility that each one of those three steps has to pass-through the onus of the end of benefit over the ICMS. The data analysis shows that the larviculture step functions as a duopoly and, facing the end of that benefit, it will be able to pass-through most its onus to the farming step. On the other hand, this step functions similar to a perfect competing market, which diminishes its capacity to pass-through that onus to the processing step. This step operates as oligopoly with a lower concentration than the larviculture step but, due to the fact that it faces an oligopsony, it will end up assuming most of that onus, which will cause a decrease in the amount of processed shrimp. It is concluded that the end of that benefit would impact negatively, in this state, the supply chain at all, but mainly the farming and the industrial steps

Condiciones generales de competencia en Guatemala

Incluye Bibliografía

Trabalho e reestruturação na Rede Carrefour: uma análise crítica

Pós-graduação em Ciências Sociais - FFC

Caribbean tourism, trends, policies and impact, 1985-2002

Includes bibliography

A informação no rádio como estímulo à produção do conhecimento

The information is centralized on the oligopolistic control of large media conglomerates. Due to the oligopoly of the sources and agencies, can be seen by reviewing the programs for the transmission of information from different stations, there is a minimum difference maintained only for the sources of information of local character. The purpose of this article refers to present concepts and communication proccess for the transmission of information may serve as a stimulus for the generation of knowledge.

A regulação jurídica constitucional dos meios e a monopolização das transmissões esportivas

It is this presentation of search results undergraduates, which had the purpose to analyze the legal regulation constitutional produced during the constituent process of 87/88 on the right of ownership of the media, in order to investigate the ban constitutional monopoly and oligopoly in the appropriation of the means. A research proposal considers that this prohibition is also, as a consequence, the seal of the oligopoly and monopoly in the transmission of information, assuming a market plural and diverse. Further considers that, notwithstanding the statutory prohibition on the plane of reality some media companies monopolize certain sectors of the economy, controlling the flow of information, as can be seen in the recent issue about the monopoly rights to broadcast games of the Championship Football Serie A, by the Globo Television Network, a theme that will be used to justify the illegality pointed to the sector. In this sense, the research revisited the constitutional process in order to analyze the projects and legislative debates that led to the current constitutional regulation of ownership of the media, as well as reviewed the decision of the Administrative Council for Economic Defense (CADE) in against the monopoly of the Globo broadcasts Brasileirão, series A.