水蚀条件下硝酸铵施用对黄绵土氮素流失的影响

研究结果表明不同坡度谷子地 ,高 N处理小区径流中铵态氮、硝态氮和有效氮浓度平均为 1.0 6、0 .76和1.82 mg/kg,低 N分别为 0 .6 4、1.2 9和 1.93mg/kg;高氮处理土壤铵态氮、硝态氮和有效氮平均流失量分别达到17.90、12 .93和 30 .84kg/(km2 · a) ,低 N流失量为 11.90、2 3.86和 35 .77kg/(km2 · a)。高氮处理小区泥沙中有机质和全氮浓度平均为 5 .2 1和 0 .5 36 g/kg,而低氮处理分别为 4.94和 0 .481g/kg;高氮和低氮处理土壤有机质流失量分别为 5 70 2和 5 743kg/(km2 · a) ,土壤全氮流失量为 498和 5 5 9kg/(km2 · a)

黄土高原沟壑区不同施肥条件下土壤剖面中矿质氮的分布特征

在黄土高原沟壑区长期施肥对土壤剖面中的 NH4- N、NO3 - N含量分布影响不同。长期不同施肥处理对 NH4- N含量和分布保持相对稳定 ;但不同施肥对 NO3 - N含量分布影响显著。凡施氮肥处理中 ,土壤剖面中出现了 NO3 - N深层富集分布。土壤剖面中 NO3 - N深层富集分布是作物降雨等条件的综合影响下经多年累积而形成的。其中 N处理中 ,NO3 - N富集深度的最大为 12 0 cm～ 2 0 0 cm,富集量为 2 91.4kg/ hm2。NPM处理中 ,NO3 - N富集量最大356.8kg/ hm2 ,但富集分布深度降低 60 cm～ 12 0 cm。 NP处理可有效降低 NO3 - N富集量169.9kg/ hm2和富集分布深度 80 cm～ 140 cm。不施氮肥处理中 ,NO3 - N含量分布在整个土壤剖面显著降低。

脲酶/硝化抑制剂对土壤有效态氮、微生物量氮和小麦氮吸收的影响

研究了脲酶抑制剂 (NBPT)、硝化抑制剂 (DCD)及二者组合在草甸棕壤上施用对尿素态N转化及土壤总有效态N、微生物量N的影响 .结果表明 ,尿素配施NBPT、DCD及抑制剂组合能够增加尿素水解后土壤NH+ 4 含量 2 %～ 5 3% ,显著降低了氧化态N的浓度 ,抑制了土壤中铵态N的氧化 ,增加土壤总有效N 34%～ 4 4 % ,小麦吸N量增加 0 2 6 %～ 6 79% ,其中以脲酶抑制剂与硝化抑制剂组合的效果最明显 .抑制剂施用增加了微生物在小麦生长初期对有效态N固持 ,有利于后期土壤有效态N的矿化 .

脲酶抑制剂/硝化抑制剂对植稻土壤中尿素N行为的影响

采用自制根盒试验 ,主要研究了脲酶抑制剂氢醌 (HQ)、硝化抑制剂双氰胺 (DCD)及二者组合对离水稻根际不同距离处 NH+ 4-N和 NO- 3 -N分布的影响。结果表明 ,DCD及其与 HQ组合均能显著促进稻株地上部分生长 ,始终显著降低水稻根际与近根际土中 NH+ 4-N含量直至施肥后 60 d。施肥后 2 0 d时 ,DCD及其与 HQ组合可使非根际土中 NH+ 4-N含量显著增加。随后 ,却出现相反现象。施肥后 2 0 d时 ,距根际不同距离的土壤中 ,配施 DCD或 DCD+HQ处理均能显著降低NO- 3 -N含量。随后 ,近根际和非根际仍保持上述现象直至施肥后 40 d;同未施 DCD处理相比 ,根际土壤却较早出现NO- 3 -N含量高峰 ,正好与水稻 N营养需求时期相一致。因此 ,DCD及其与 HQ组合可减少水稻根际环境下尿素 N损失潜势。通过不种稻土壤和距根际 3 cm处的土壤中尿素无机氮形态分布的差异 ,充分显示了研究水稻根际土壤氮素转化及相关抑制剂对其影响时 ,以取离根际 3 cm外的土壤作为非根际明显优于不种稻土壤。

沈阳市郊区蔬菜保护地土壤交换性钙镁含量及钙镁比值的变化

对沈阳市郊区43对蔬菜保护地与相邻的露地土壤中交换性Ca、Mg含量状况及Ca/Mg比值进行对比研究的结果表明:与露地土壤相比,保护地土壤交换性Ca平均含量下降6.38%,Ca/Mg比值下降10.34%,交换性Mg平均含量上升4.74%。蔬菜保护地及露地土壤的Ca/Mg比值与交换性Ca含量呈极显著相关(r分别为0.721和0.757,n=43,P<0.01),Ca/Mg比值与交换性Mg含量无显著相关性(r分别为-0.065和-0.117,n=43)。交换性Ca含量下降的主要原因是随蔬菜输出到系统外的Ca量相对较多、含钙肥料施用量减少及土壤pH下降;交换性Mg含量上升的主要原因是土壤中适宜的pH范围(5.0～6.5)有利于Mg以交换性形态存在,土壤中高浓度的Ca2+、K+、NH+4抑制了蔬菜对Mg2+的选择性吸收。

酸雨地区大气与林内降水特征研究

:重庆地区大气降水pH为4.14,降水中主要阴离子为SO2-4,主要阳离子为Ca2+和NH+4,该地区酸雨属典型的硫酸酸雨.城区针叶林冠流和干流pH低于郊区,其Ca2+、Mg2+、NH4+、SO2-4、Cl-、NO-3离子浓度大于郊区,酸雨促进了该地区马尾松针林的酸化作用和元素淋失

Substrate induction and statistical optimization for the production of chitosanase from Microbacterium sp OU01

The chitosanase production was markedly enhanced by substrate induction, statistical optimization of medium composition and culture conditions by Microbacteritan sp. OU01 in shake-flask. A significant influence of (NH4)(2)SO4, MgSO4 center dot 7H(2)O and initial pH on chitosanase production was noted with Plackett-Burman design. It was then revealed with the method of steepest ascent and response surface methodology (RSM) that 19.0 g/L (NH4)(2)SO4, 1.3 g/L MgSO4 and an initial pH of 2.0 were optimum for the production of chitosanase; colloidal chitosan appeared to be the best inducer for chitosanase production by Microbacterium sp. OU01. This optimization strategy led to the enhancement of chitosanase from 3.6 U/mL to 118 U/mL. (c) 2006 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Physiological and immune responses of zhikong scallop Chlamys farreri to the acute viral necrobiotic virus infection

The Zhikong Scallop, Chlamys farreri, is one of the most Important bivalve mollusks cultured in northern China However, mass mortality of the cultured C farreri has posed a serious threat to the maricultural Industry in recent years. Acute Viral Necrobiotic Virus (AVNV) is believed as an important etiological agent causing the scallop mass mortalities To understand the mechanism behind the AVNV associated scallop disease and mortality, we assessed the physiological and immune responses of C farreri to the virus infection using oxygen consumption rate, ammonium-nitrogen excretion rate, hemocyte copper, zinc superoxide dismutase gene expression, and plasma superoxide dismutase activity and alkaline phosphatase activity as indicators Scallops challenged by AVNV at 25 C developed typical disease signs 2 days after virus injection Before the disease manifested, scallop oxygen consumption and NH4+-N excretion rates rose and then fell back. Real-time PCR revealed that the hemocyte cytosol Cu, Zn SOD gene expression was upregulated followed by recovery The plasma SOD activity, however, augmented consistently following virus injection Moreover, plasma AKP activity first lowered and then elevated gradually to the highest level at 24 h post virus injection Scallops challenged by AVNV at 17 degrees C neither developed notable disease nor showed obvious responses that could be associated with the virus infection. While the results suggested a correlation between the elevated seawater temperature and the AVNV infection associated C farreri mortalities, they also indicated that the viral infection provoked multiple physiological and immune responses in the host scallops (C) 2010 Elsevier Ltd All rights reserved

Diversity and Distribution of Sediment NirS-Encoding Bacterial Assemblages in Response to Environmental Gradients in the Eutrophied Jiaozhou Bay, China

A gene-clone-library-based molecular approach was used to study the nirS-encoding bacteria-environment relationship in the sediments of the eutrophic Jiaozhou Bay. Diverse nirS sequences were recovered and most of them were related to the marine cluster I group, ubiquitous in estuarine, coastal, and marine environments. Some NirS sequences were unique to the Jiaozhou Bay, such as the marine subcluster VIIg sequences. Most of the Jiaozhou Bay NirS sequences had their closest matches originally detected in estuarine and marine sediments, especially from the Chesapeake Bay, indicating similarity of the denitrifying bacterial communities in similar coastal environments in spite of geographical distance. Multivariate statistical analyses indicated that the spatial distribution of the nirS-encoding bacterial assemblages is highly correlated with environmental factors, such as sediment silt content, NH4+ concentration, and OrgC/OrgN. The nirS-encoding bacterial assemblages in the most hypernutrified stations could be easily distinguished from that of the least eutrophic station. For the first time, the sedimentological condition was found to influence the structure and distribution of the sediment denitrifying bacterial community.

营养盐硅、光和水温对浮游植物生长的影响

本文主要阐述硅是胶州湾的浮游植物生长的限制因子。根据胶州湾1991年5月至1994年2月的观测数据，分析比较研究该水域主要理化因子（温、光、五项营养盐：NO＿3－N，NO＿2－N，NH＿4－N，SiO＿3－Si，PO＿4－P）与浮游植物的初级生产力时空分布变化之间的关系。发现硅酸盐对初级生产力的特征分布、动态周期和变化趋势有着重要影响；通过初级生产力的变化和硅酸盐的变化以统计学和微分方程为工具建立了相应的有意义的初级生产力－硅酸盐的动态模型和模拟曲线；又从胶州湾的硅酸盐成因和生物地球化学的沉积过程，浮游植物硅藻对营养盐氮、磷、硅吸收的比值分析以及浮游植物的优势种和浮游植物的结构分析，对硅酸盐是胶州湾浮植物的限制因子问题进行初步探讨，认为胶州湾的硅酸盐是浮游植物的初级生产力的限制因子并对具有明显的高营养盐浓度，却有着浮游植物的低生物量的这些海域进行了合理解释。对胶州湾的光照时间、水温进行分析，认为光照时间的变化和周期控制着水温的变化和周期，并建立了相应的有意义的光照时间时滞——水温的动态模型。又通过叶绿素a和初级生产力提出了新概念：浮游植物的增殖能力（比初级生产力）既不同于初级生产力，也不同于碳同化数。它对浮游植物的生长过程进行了定量化的深刻的揭示。对胶州湾的浮游植物的增殖能力的时空分布特征和季节变化特点进行的分析研究。使我们大体知道浮植物生长的动态周期、特征和区域。建立了相应的有意义的水温——增殖能力的动态模型和模拟曲线。认为胶州湾的水温控制着浮游植物的增殖能力的周期性和起伏性。阐述了浮游植物有夏季的单峰型（1回）增殖和春、秋季的双峰型（2回）增殖的机制。并解释了光照时间、水温对初级生产力的影响。

The release behavior of inorganic nitrogen and phosphorus in sediment during disturbance

Sediments and surface water were sampled in a tide flat in the Huiquan Bay, Qingdao, China in January 2004 to simulate the exchange of NH4-N/NO3-N/PO43- between sediments and surface water. A working system was designed with which samples were shaken at 60, 120 and 150 revolutions per minute (r/min). Experiment results show that NH4-N concentration in water at shaking rate of 60 r/min decreased gradually, while at 120 r/min increased gradually. In resuspension, fine-grained sediments contributed most NH4-N to the seawater, followed by medium-grained and coarse-grained sediments. The NO3-N concentration in water had a negative relation, with the shaking rate; the medium-grained sediments contributed more NO3-N to seawater than the coarse- and fine-grained sediments. The PO43- concentration is positively related with the shaking rate, the fine-grained sediments were the main N and P contributor to the seawater, followed by medium- and coarse-grained sediments.

Is inorganic nutrient enrichment a driving force for the formation of red tides? A case study of the dinoflagellate Scrippsiella trochoidea in an embayment

Red tides (high biomass phytoplankton blooms) have frequently occurred in Hong Kong waters, but most red tides occurred in waters which are not very eutrophic. For example, Port Shelter, a semi-enclosed bay in the northeast of Hong Kong, is one of hot spots for red tides. Concentrations of ambient inorganic nutrients (e.g. N, P), are not high enough to form the high biomass of chlorophyll a (chl a) in a red tide when chl a is converted to its particulate organic nutrient (N) (which should equal the inorganic nutrient, N). When a red tide of the dinoflagellate Scrippsiella trochoidea occurred in the bay, we found that the red tide patch along the shore had a high cell density of 15,000 cells ml(-1), and high chl a (56 mu g l(-1)), and pH reached 8.6 at the surface (8.2 at the bottom), indicating active photosynthesis in situ. Ambient inorganic nutrients (NO3, PO4, SiO4, and NH4) were all low in the waters and deep waters surrounding the red tide patch, suggesting that the nutrients were not high enough to support the high chl a >50 mu g l(-1) in the red tide. Nutrient addition experiments showed that the addition of all of the inorganic nutrients to a non-red-tide water sample containing low concentrations of Scrippsiella trochoidea did not produce cell density of Scrippsiella trochoidea as high as in the red tide patch, suggesting that nutrients were not an initializing factor for this red tide. During the incubation of the red tide water sample without any nutrient addition, the phytoplankton biomass decreased gradually over 9 days. However, with a N addition, the phytoplankton biomass increased steadily until day 7, which suggested that nitrogen addition was able to sustain the high biomass of the red tide for a week with and without nutrients. In contrast, the red tide in the bay disappeared on the sampling day when the wind direction changed. These results indicated that initiation, maintenance and disappearance of the dinoflagellate Scrippsiella trochoidea red tide in the bay were not directly driven by changes in nutrients. Therefore, how nutrients are linked to the formation of red tides in coastal waters need to be further examined, particularly in relation to dissolved organic nutrients. (C) 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Temporal and spatial variability in nitrogen uptake kinetics during harmful dinoflagellate blooms in the East China Sea

Temporal and spatial variability in the kinetic parameters of uptake of nitrate (NO3-), ammonium (NH4+), urea, and glycine was measured during dinoflagellate blooms in Changjiang River estuary and East China Sea coast, 2005. Karenia mikimotoi was the dominant species in the early stage of the blooms and was succeeded by Prorocentrum donghaiense. The uptake of nitrogen (N) was determined using N-15 tracer techniques. The results of comparison kinetic parameters with ambient nutrients confirmed that different N forms were preferentially taken up during different stages of the bloom. NO3- (V-max 0.044 h(-1); K-s 60.8 mu M-N) was an important N source before it was depleted. NH4+ (V-max 0.049 h(-1); K-s 2.15 mu M-N) was generally the preferred N. Between the 2 organic N sources, urea was more preferred when K. mikimotoi dominated the bloom (V-max 0.020 h(-1); K-s 1.35 mu M-N) and glycine, considered as a dominant amino acid, was more preferred when P. donghaiense dominated the bloom (V-max 0.025 h(-1); K-s 1.76 mu M-N). The change of N uptake preference by the bloom-forming algae was also related to the variation in ambient N concentrations. Published by Elsevier B.V.

Radical scavenging activity of protein from tentacles of jellyfish Rhopilema esculentum

In this study, radical scavenging activity of protein from tentacles of jellyfish Rhopilema esculentum (R. esculentum) was assayed including superoxide anion radical and hydroxyl radical scavenging. The protein samples showed strong scavenging activity on superoxide anion radical and values EC50 of full protein (FP), first fraction (IFF), second fraction (SF), and 30% (NH4)(2)SO4 precipitate (Fr-1) were 2.65, 7.28, 1.10, and 22.51 mu g/mL, respectively, while values EC50 of BHA, BHT, and alpha-tocopherol were 31, 6 1, and 88 pg/mL, respectively. Also, the protein samples had strong scavenging effect on hydroxyl radical and the values EC50 of FP, FF, SF, Fr-1, and Fr-2 were 48.91, 27.72, 1.82, 16.36, and 160.93 mu g/mL, but values EC50 of Vc and mannitol were 1907 and 4536 mu g/mL, respectively. Of the five protein samples, SF had the strongest radical scavenging activity and may have a use as a possible supplement in the food and pharmaceutical industries. The radical scavenging activity was stable at high temperature so that R. esculentum may be used as a kind of natural functional food. (c) 2005 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Factors influencing hemolytic activity of venom from the jellyfish Rhopilema esculentum Kishinouye

In this study, hemolytic activity of venom from the jellyfish Rhopilema esculentum Kishinouye and some factors affecting it were assayed. The HU50 of R. esculentum full venom (RFV) against chicken erythrocytes was 3.40 mu g/ml and a Hill coefficient value was 1.73 suggesting at least two molecules participated in hemolytic activity. The hemolytic activity of RFV was affected by some chemical and physical factors such as divalent cations, EDTA, (NH4)(2)SO4, pH and temperature. In the presence of Mg2+, Cu2+, Zn2+, Fe2+, Ca2+ ( >= 2 mM), Mn2+ (>= 1 mM), EDTA (>= 2 mM) and (NH4)(2)SO4, the hemolytic activity of RFV was reduced. RFV had strong hemolytic activity at the pH 6-10 and the hemolytic ratios were 0.95-1.19. Hemolytic activity was temperature-sensitive and when RFV was pre-incubated at temperatures over 40 degrees C, it was sharply reduced. (c) 2007 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.