Memória social de enfermeiros acerca do cuidado de Enfermagem no contexto do HIV/aids: enfrentamentos, afetos e construções representacionais

Este estudo tem como objeto o cuidado de Enfermagem e suas memórias e representações sociais para enfermeiros hospitalares inseridos nas unidades de referências para pessoas que viviam com o HIV/aids no Rio de Janeiro, no decorrer de 1980 a 1991. Os objetivos específicos foram: identificar a memória social do cuidado de enfermagem implementado pelos enfermeiros aos acometidos pelo HIV/aids no Município do Rio de Janeiro; descrever as práticas de cuidado pelos enfermeiros no contexto do recorte temporal adotado no estudo; descrever o processo de enfrentamento da epidemia da aids pelos enfermeiros, tanto no contexto do cuidado de enfermagem no espaço hospitalar, quanto nas relações sociais estabelecidas; analisar as memórias e representações sociais de enfermeiros acerca do cuidado de Enfermagem prestado às pessoas com HIV/aids em situação de hospitalização na primeira década da epidemia. Trata-se de uma pesquisa descritiva, de campo, com abordagem qualitativa, baseada nos pressupostos teóricos da memória social propostos por Sá em sua interface com a teoria de representações sociais no campo da Psicologia Social. Realizada com 30 enfermeiros que atuaram em hospitais considerados de referência para o tratamento de clientes que viviam com HIV/aids. Os dados foram coletados por uma entrevista semiestruturada e a visualização de 12 fac-símiles escolhidos de forma aleatória na imprensa. A população de estudo é predominantemente do sexo feminino e com idade entre 51 a 60 anos. Os principais resultados apontam que a memória social do cuidado de enfermagem se constitui a partir de diferentes objetos representacionais (cuidado de enfermagem, aids e biossegurança), instâncias da memória social (pessoal, pública, prática, coletiva, comuns, histórica oral e histórica documental) e diversos elementos que constituem esta memória (ambiente de cuidado e relações sociais, familiares e laborais, dentre outras). Emergiram sete categorias de análise: O processo do cuidado de Enfermagem: do enfrentamento, da capacitação e do desenvolvimento; Sentimentos dos enfermeiros e dos clientes descritos pelos participantes no processo de cuidar; O processo de cuidado direto ao cliente no início da epidemia; Memórias da autoproteção profissional e da proteção ao cliente no contexto do HIV/aids; Os contextos do cuidado: ambiente, materiais e recursos humanos; Memórias dos enfermeiros sobre os clientes acometidos pelo HIV e Relacionamento interpessoal. Destaca-se que a memória do cuidado de enfermagem se mostra ligada à construção representacional da aids (não familiar/familiar), do cuidado de enfermagem (sem controle/sob controle) e à constituição de um grupo social com forte identidade, o dos enfermeiros da aids. Concluímos que o estudo mostrou o trabalho pioneiro dos enfermeiros com o HIV/aids no ambiente hospitalar. Esses profissionais tiveram que cuidar desses clientes em meio à possibilidade de contaminação, ao mesmo tempo em que desenvolviam um autocuidado, em alguns momentos exagerados devido ao desconhecimento sobre a síndrome, como forma de preservação da sua saúde, bem como de sua família. A memória social como conceito guarda-chuva mostrou-se pertinente para a análise dos dados, permitindo recuperar, ao menos em parte, a dinâmica do cuidado de enfermagem nos primeiros anos da síndrome.

Literatura, loucura e imaginário social no Brasil: final do século XIX e início do século XX

O presente trabalho tem como principal objetivo analisar o imaginário social sobre a loucura a partir das produções literárias de autores brasileiros do final do século XIX e início do século XX. O período escolhido para realização desta pesquisa deve-se ao fato de ter sido cenário do advento do alienismo no Brasil, com a criação do primeiro hospício brasileiro e da primeira lei de assistência aos alienados, o que revela um processo de transição da visão mística e religiosa em relação à loucura para uma visão científica. É neste contexto que se destacam as obras de Machado de Assis, Olavo Bilac e Lima Barreto que foram selecionadas para análise desta pesquisa e que têm em comum o tema da loucura e questões afins. Sob o aspecto metodológico a pesquisa teve como base fundamental o referencial teórico da sociologia compreensiva, proposta por Michel Maffesoli, particularmente na noção de imaginário social, a partir de uma crítica ao modelo dominante da produção de conhecimento. Foram elaboradas seis grandes noções, concebidas a partir das obras literárias, são elas: ciência, alienação, institucionalização, periculosidade, produção de identidade e medicalização. Além das discussões, vários fragmentos exemplificam e possibilitam uma melhor discussão de cada uma destas noções. Concluiu-se, em consonância com Antonio Candido, ser evidente a importância da literatura, assim como de outras formas de arte e cultura, para compreender o imaginário social de uma época sobre os temas em questão, da mesma forma em que a própria literatura contribui para produzi-los

Não tenha vergonha, vem pra Marcha da maconha: ação coletiva, política e identidade em um movimento social contemporâneo

O presente trabalho aborda o movimento social conhecido como Marcha da Maconha, buscando uma análise compreensiva de suas características a partir de revisão teórica e pesquisa etnográfica. Apresenta inicialmente uma revisão bibliográfica sobre o fenômeno das drogas, com o objetivo específico de contextualizar o debate em que o movimento se insere. Busca-se enfatizar a polissemia do termo droga, os aspectos culturais, sociais, econômicos e políticos da história da proibição de algumas drogas e o atual cenário de modelo proibicionista. A partir deste enquadramento, o trabalho apresenta um histórico da manifestação Marcha da Maconha no Brasil, enfatizando seus princípios norteadores, modo de organização, demandas e identidade. Busca-se compreender, lançando mão da abordagem teórica de autores como Touraine e Melucci, os fatores de mobilização e pertencimento construídos na manifestação que marcam experiências na vida social. Apresenta então resultados da pesquisa de campo junto à rede de ativistas da manifestação na cidade do Rio de Janeiro no ano de 2013. Partindo da diversidade e das tensões internas e históricas da organização, o trabalho propõe mapear e caracterizar os grupos engajados, evidenciando as diferentes interpretações sobre o próprio movimento, perfis de ativismo e militância, interesses, enfoques e estratégias.

Which of the three action-oriented corporate social responsibility (CSR) types is the most effective in improving the public attitude toward tobacco companies?

Dissertação apresentada à Universidade Fernando Pessoa como parte dos requisitos para a obtenção do grau de Mestre em Ciências da Comunicação, ramo de Marketing e Publicidade

Between respectability and disgrace: schismogenesis and the regeneration of inequality, stigma and social exclusion in Limerick

The thesis examines cultural processes underpinning the emergence, institutionalisation and reproduction of class boundaries in Limerick city. The research aims to bring a new understanding to the contemporary context of the city’s urban regeneration programme. Acknowledging and recognising other contemporary studies of division and exclusion, the thesis creates a distinctive approach which focuses on uncovering the cultural roots of inequality, educational disadvantage, stigma and social exclusion and the dynamics of their social reproduction. Using Bateson’s concept of schismogenesis (1953), the thesis looks to the persistent, but fragmented culture of community and develops a heuristic ‘symbolic order of the city’. This is defined as “…a cultural structure, the meaning making aspect of hierarchy, the categorical structures of world understanding, the way Limerick people understand themselves, their local and larger world” (p. 37). This provides a very different departure point for exploring the basis for urban regeneration in Limerick (and everywhere). The central argument is that if we want to understand the present (multiple) crises in Limerick we need to understand the historical, anthropological and recursive processes underpinning ‘generalised patterns of rivalry and conflict’. In addition to exploring the historical roots of status and stigma in Limerick, the thesis explores the mythopoesis of persistent, recurrent narratives and labels that mark the boundaries of the city’s identities. The thesis examines the cultural and social function of ‘slagging’ as a vernacular and highly particularised form of ironic, ritualised and, often, ‘cruel’ medium of communication (often exclusion). This is combined with an etymology of the vocabulary of Limerick slang and its mythological base. By tracing the origins of many normalised patterns of Limerick speech ‘sayings’, which have long since forgotten their roots, the thesis demonstrates how they perform a significant contemporary function in maintaining and reinforcing symbolic mechanisms of inclusion/exclusion. The thesis combines historical and archival data with biographical interviews, ethnographic data married to a deep historical hermeneutic analysis of this political community.

Reflecting on Habitus, Field and Capital: Towards a Culturally Sensitive Social Work

Summary: This article argues that the notion of the knowledge base as a central aspect of professional activity is flawed, and that it is more useful to see social work as in a continuous process of constructing and reconstructing professional knowledge. Findings: Culture is an area that has attracted widespread attention in academia and the social professions. However, there has been little examination of culturally sensitive social work practice from a realist perspective, or one that starts from the view that oppressive structures, as encoded within social class, are essential determinants of cultural experience. Following a critique of postmodern perspectives on culture, the work of Pierre Bourdieu on culture and power is explored. Applications: Three of Bourdieu's key constructs - habitus, field and capital - are utilized to develop a model for culturally sensitive social work practice that attends to the interplay of agency and structure in reproducing inequalities within the social world.

Social networks and cooperative learning in a MOOC

MOOCs are changing the educational landscape and gaining a lot of attention in scientific literature. However, the pedagogical design of these proposals has been called into question. It is precisely MOOCs’ social aspect, i.e. the interaction between course participants and the support for learning processes that has become one of the main topics of interest. This article presents the results of a research project carried out at the University of the Basque Country, which focused in cooperative learning and the intensive use of social networks in a MOOC. Significant data was compiled through Likert-type surveys, revealing that the use of both external and internal social networks in a massive open online course is a factor that is evaluated positively by students. We argue that the use of social networks as a learning strategy in a MOOC has an influence on academic performance and on the students' success rate. Furthermore, the participants’ age also has a bearing on the social networks they use, and we have found that the younger members tend to work with external networks such as Twitter or personal blogs, whereas the older students are more inclined to use forums from the Chamilo or Ning platforms.

Social Work Students Learn about Social Work Values from Service Users and Carers

Teaching on social work values is centrally important in social work education as a core aspect of underpinning knowledge in preparing students for practice. This paper describes an innovative project occurring within the first year of the degree in social work, where service users and carers have assisted students with their understanding of social work values. The positive contribution of service users and carers in facilitating students to make links between theory and practice is now well documented. Applying this user perspective to the educational domain of values, however, is relatively uncharted territory given the challenges that have traditionally accompanied the teaching of values. Importantly, this paper describes the ‘value talk’ which occurred when first-year students sought further meaning from service-user and carer groups in their community settings following classroom teaching on values. The paper not only discusses the detailed preparations involved in the project but also the learning which resulted, drawing on the evaluation findings from the students and participating groups. Whilst the findings show that the students' understanding of social work values has been most significantly influenced by the contributions from service users and carers, it is recognized that further research is needed to monitor the longer term impact on social work students' practice after they qualify.

SOCIAL-CLASS, CLASS ORIGINS AND POLITICAL PARTISANSHIP IN THE REPUBLIC-OF-IRELAND

As Laver (1992) notes, people who write about Irish politics frequently describe Ireland as a rather peculiar place. One aspect of this peculiarity is that voters in the Republic of Ireland do not behave like their European counterparts. In particular, Irish voting patterns appear to be only weakly structured by social class. Recent contributions to the debate employing a more sophisticated categorisation of classes have led to some qualification of the 'politics without social bases' description, but still lead to the broad conclusion that any relationship which does exist between social divisions, on the one hand, and party preference, on the other, is, at most, quite marginal. In this paper we draw on data from the 1990 European Values Study to re-examine this issue. We apply a variety of models to the data, including logit regression and diagonal reference models (Sobel 1981, 1984) to explore the complex fashion in which class and political preferences are related in Ireland. We argue that the relationship between such preferences and social divisions are, in fact, greater than has been hitherto thought. In particular, we show the importance of taking into account not only social class but also class origins and class mobility in understanding the nature of political partisanship in the Republic of Ireland.

A direct physiological trade-off between personal and social immunity

1. Recent work shows that organisms possess two strategies of immune response: personal immunity, which defends an individual, and social immunity, which protects other individuals, such as kin. However, it is unclear how individuals divide their limited resources between protecting themselves and protecting others.
2. Here, with experiments on female burying beetles, we challenged the personal immune system and measured subsequent investment in social immunity (antibacterial activity of the anal exudates).
3. Our results show that increased investment in one aspect of personal immunity (wound repair) causes a temporary decrease in one aspect of the social immune response.
4. Our experiments further show that by balancing investment in personal and social immunity in this way during one breeding attempt, females are able to defend their subsequent lifetime reproductive success.
5. We discuss the nature of the physiological trade-off between personal and social immunity in species that differ in the degree of eusociality and coloniality, and suggest that it may also vary within species in relation to age and partner contributions to social immunity.

The Governance of Mandated Partnerships: The Case of Social Housing Procurement

Partnership working is nowadays a seemingly ubiquitous aspect of the management and delivery of public services, yet there remain major differences of opinion about how they best work for the different stakeholders they involve. The balances between mandate and trust, and between hard and soft power, are crucial to current debates about public service partnerships. This paper explores the example of social housing procurement in Northern Ireland, and the requirement to form mandated procurement groups. The research shows that the exercise of hierarchical power is still important in network governance; that mandated partnerships alter the balance between trust and power in partnership working, but the impact is uneven; and that these relationships are (re)shaping the ‘hybrid’ identity of housing associations. The balance between accountability for public resources and the independence of third sector organisations is the key tension in mandated partnerships. The Northern Ireland experience suggests that trust-based networks could provide more productive working relationships in partnerships for service delivery.

An evaluation of palliative care services for cancer patients in the Southern Health and Social Services Board of Northern Ireland.

An interview study of 55 lay carers of people who died from cancer in the Southern Board of Northern Ireland was undertaken using a combination of closed-format and open-ended questions. The aim of the study was to evaluate palliative care services delivered in the last six months of their lives to cancer patients who died either at home or in hospital. Two-thirds of the deaths (36) occurred in the domestic home, 45 of the deceased were admitted as hospital inpatients, and the great majority were in receipt of community nursing (53) and general practitioner (54) services. Open-ended questions were used to allow respondents to give their views about services in some detail and their views about good and bad aspects of services were sought. While they were generally satisfied with services specific areas of difficulty were identified in each aspect of care addressed by the study. The most favourable assessments were made of community nursing with the greatest number of negative comments being made about inpatient hospital care. Differing interests between some of those who were dying and their lay carers were found in two areas: the receipt of help from nonfamily members and the information that the deceased received about their terminal status.

Health and Social Care Workers Perceptions of Novel Psychoactive substances in Northern Ireland

Background: The EU Early Warning System currently monitors more than 450 new psychoactive substances (EMCDDA, 2015), far outweighing the total number of illicit drugs under international control (UNODC, 2013). Due to the recent emergence of NPS and rapidly changing nature of the market, evidence about the way in which the emerging drugs are managed in health and social care settings is limited. Methods: The study adopted a mixed methods design, utilising a cross sectional survey and follow up telephone interviews to capture data from staff working in drug and alcohol related services in statutory and voluntary sectors, across the five Health and Social Care (HSC) Trust areas in Northern Ireland. 196 staff participated in the survey and 13 took part in follow up telephone interviews. Results: Study respondents reported that addressing NPS related issues with service users was a key aspect of their daily role and function. Levels of injecting behaviours were also viewed as relatively high by the study participants. Almost all workers used harm reduction as their primary approach when working with service users and the majority of respondents called for additional practical training in relation to addressing drug interactions and intervening with NPS related issues.

Exploring the Roles of Technology and Social Play in Art Museums

This co-written chapter was included in an edited book featuring invited authors from different countries and different areas of museum research and practice. The chapter uses a theory of play by Johan Huizinga (1938) to frame case studies of play-based interactive experiences in museums in various countries. The aim was to use theory to ground museum practice, in order to evaluate existing practical implementations as well as to inform the design of new ones. The book was nominated as one of the 10 best museum education books of 2011 by Museum Education Monitor, and the chapter led to a subsequent technology residency the author undertook in the Spike Island gallery, Bristol in 2012, funded by the National Endowment for Science, Technology and the Arts, Arts and Humanities Research Council and Arts Council England. It also informed his subsequent postgraduate teaching, an example of which is a recent MA project, which deconstructs play from a computational perspective. Collaborations have continued with the co-author, which have resulted in a number of invited lectures. In this chapter the authors explore play as a structure for supporting visitor learning, drawing from international research in museums and interaction design. Four aspects of play first proposed by Huizinga are explored – the free-choice aspect of play, play as distinct from real life, play as an ordering structure, and the role of play in bridging communities. The chapter argues that play provides museums with ready-made structures and concepts, which can help planning for visitor learning. The research was equally divided between the co-authors, who developed the conceptual and theoretical aspects of the article by drawing on their own research alongside key examples of museum design and digital media.