Abundance and biomass of the benthic infauna of the North Sea

In 1986 participants of the Benthos Ecology Working Group of ICES conducted a synoptic mapping of the infauna of the southern and central North Sea. Together with a mapping of the infauna of the northern North Sea by Eleftheriou and Basford (1989, doi:10.1017/S0025315400049158) this provides the database for the description of the benthic infauna of the whole North Sea in this paper. Division of the infauna into assemblages by TWINSPAN analysis separated northern assemblages from southern assemblages along the 70 m depth contour. Assemblages were further separated by the 30, 50 m and 100 m depth contour as well as by the sediment type. In addition to widely distributed species, cold water species do not occur further south than the northern edge of the Dogger Bank, which corresponds to the 50 m depth contour. Warm water species were not found north of the 100 m depth contour. Some species occur on all types of sediment but most are restricted to a special sediment and therefore these species are limited in their distribution. The factors structuring species distributions and assemblages seem to be temperature, the influence of different water masses, e.g. Atlantic water, the type of sediment and the food supply to the benthos.

Seabird density and predation on Arctic cod (Boreogadus saida) in Allen Bay in 2010

Seabirds feed heavily on Arctic cod Boreogadus saida during the summer in the Canadian Arctic but little is known of the interactions among birds while foraging and the factors that drive feeding behaviour. The objective of this study was to describe the relationship between seabirds and Arctic cod in a productive feeding area distant from breeding colonies. Transect surveys were completed using standardized count protocols to determine the density of seabirds in Allen Bay, Cornwallis Island, Nunavut. Shore-based observation sites determined seabird foraging behaviour associated with the presence of schools and environmental variables. The density of birds (156 bird/km**2) was high compared to that of other locations in the Canadian Arctic. Several bird species were more active early in the morning and with winds from the south, possibly due to an increase in Arctic cod feeding on zooplankton at the surface. Northern fulmars Fulmarus glacialis and black-legged kittiwakes Rissa tridactyla captured Arctic cod directly from the water; however, they lost nearly 25% of captures to glaucous gulls Larus hyperboreus and parasitic jaegers Stercorarius parasiticus. These kleptoparasitic seabirds benefited the most in Allen Bay obtaining as much as 8 times more Arctic cod than species capturing cod directly. Northern fulmars captured 3 times more Arctic cod from schools, and black-legged kittiwakes captured similar proportions of schooling and non-schooling cod. We conclude that non-schooling Arctic cod are as important as schooling cod as an energy source for seabirds in nearshore areas, such as Allen Bay, during the summer.

Biometrics, fatty acid composition and stable isotopic ratios of five seabird species from Kongsfjorden, Svalbard

Marine birds are important predators in the marine ecosystem, and dietary studies can give useful information about their feeding ecology, food webs and oceanographic variability. The aim of this study was to increase our understanding of the diet and trophic level of the seabirds breeding in Kongsfjorden, Svalbard. We have used fatty acids and stable isotopes, both of which integrate diet information over space and time, to determine trophic relationships in marine food webs. Fatty acid compositions of muscle from Little auk (Alle alle), Brünnich's guillemot (Uria lomvia), Black-legged kittiwake (Rissa tridactyla), Northern fulmar (Fulmarus glacialis) and Glaucous gull (Larus hyperboreus) were determined and compared with their prey species. Canonical analysis (CA) showed that fatty acid composition differed among the five seabird species. Little auk, Black-legged kittiwake and Northern fulmar had high levels of the Calanus markers 20:1n9 and 22:1, indicating that these seabirds are a part of the Calanus food chain. Brünnich's guillemot differed from the other species with much lower levels of 20:1n9 and 22:1. Brünnich's guillemot is a pursuit diver feeding on fish and amphipods deeper in the water column, below 30 m. Glaucous gull also differed from the other seabird species, with a larger variation in the fatty acid composition indicating a more diverse diet. Trophic level analysis placed Little auk at the lowest trophic level, Brünnich's guillemot and Black-legged kittiwake at intermediate levels and Glaucous gull and Northern fulmar at the highest trophic level.

Concentration of persistant organic pollutants and mercury in seabird eggs collected in Norway

The main objective of this study was to investigate possible temporal trends of persistent organic pollutants (POPs) and mercury in eggs of herring gulls (Larus argentatus), black-legged kittiwakes (Rissa tridactyla), common guillemots (Uria aalge) and Atlantic puffins (Fratercula arctica) in Northern Norway. Eggs were collected in 1983, 1993 and 2003. Egg concentrations of POPs (PCB congeners IUPAC numbers: CB-28, 74, 66, 101, 99, 110, 149, 118, 153, 105, 141, 138, 187, 128, 156, 157, 180, 170, 194, 206, HCB, alph-HCH, beta-HCH, gamma-HCH, oxychlordane, trans-chlordane, cis-chlordane, trans-nonachlor, cis-nonachlor, p,p'-DDE, o,p'-DDD, p,p'-DDD, o,p'-DDT and p,p'-DDT) and mercury were quantified. Generally, POP levels decreased between 1983 and 2003 in all species. No significant temporal trend in mercury levels was found between 1983 and 2003.

(Table 1) Antioxidant concentrations in liver of wild sea bird chicks from the Norwegian arctic region

The efficiency of antioxidant defenses and relationship with body burden of metal and organic contaminants has not been previously investigated in arctic seabirds, neither in chicks nor in adults. The objective of this study was to compare such defenses in chicks from three species, Black-legged kittiwake (Rissa tridactyla), Northern fulmar (Fulmarus glacialis), and Herring gull (Larus argentatus), and the relationship with tissue concentrations of essential metals such as selenium and iron and halogenated organic compounds, represented by polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB). The results showed significant species-specific differences in the antioxidant responses which also corresponded with metal and PCB levels in different ways. The capability to neutralize hydroxyl radicals (TOSC-HO°) and the activities of catalase and Se-dependent glutathione peroxidases (GPX) clearly increased in species with the higher levels of metals and PCBs, while the opposite trend was observed for Se-independent GPX, TOSC against peroxyl radicals (ROO°) and peroxynitrite (ONOOH). Less clear relationships were obtained for glutathione levels, GSH/GSSG ratio, glutathione reductase and superoxide dismutase. The results showed differences in antioxidant efficiency between the species, and some of these defenses exhibited dose-response-like relationships with measured levels of selenium, iron and XPCBs. PCBs, selenium and iron levels were positively related to the responses of antioxidants with potential to reduce HO°/H2O2 (Se-dependent GPX, CAT and TOSC against HO°). However, direct causal relationships between antioxidant responses and contaminant concentrations could not be shown on individual level. Varying levels of metals and contaminants due to different diet and age were probably the main explanations for the species differences in antioxidant defense.

Ciclo de capacitación sobre el monitoreo hormonal no invasivo como herramienta para evaluar procesos reproductivos y respuestas de estrés en fauna silvestre.

Los objetivos del Jardín Zoológico de Córdoba son, (en correlación a lo planteado en la Estrategia Global para la Conservación en los Zoológicos modernos, 1993): la educación de sus visitantes, la investigación de aspectos relacionados con la fauna y flora autóctona y la conservación de la naturaleza y sus recursos y finalmente la recreación de quienes vienen a este lugar. En la actualidad, existen programas y campañas enfocadas a educar a los visitantes sobre el respeto y protección del ambiente, como así también equipos multidisciplinarios encargados de cuidar la salud, nutrición y reproducción de las especies dentro del Zoológico. Esto último se logra gracias a programas de investigación que se realizan en conjunto con otras instituciones, contribuyendo directamente a incrementar el conocimiento. Dentro de estos programas de investigación se destaca el monitoreo hormonal no invasivo en fauna silvestre, considerado como una herramienta precisa para evaluar la respuesta de estrés en fauna en condiciones tanto in situ como ex situ. El análisis hormonal de metabolitos esteroideos para evaluar la función reproductiva y las respuestas de estrés en aves y en mamíferos está convirtiéndose en una estrategia común en el campo de la zoología. Los avances científicos en la temática aportan información relevante para las ciencias del comportamiento, de la fisiología reproductiva y del estrés, cuyos datos analizados son útiles para la toma de decisiones de manejo de animales en condiciones in situ como ex situ. En Córdoba, Argentina, a través de un proyecto de monitoreo hormonal no invasivo en fauna silvestre, se formalizó durante el 2011 por primera vez un convenio marco (expediente aprobado 1739/11-CONICET central) entre el Jardín Zoológico de Córdoba y el CONICET, que tiene por objeto establecer vínculos de cooperación científica y tecnológica durante 5 años. Hasta el momento se realizaron diferentes investigaciones científicas conjuntamente a la formación de recursos humanos a nivel de grado y posgrado, cuyos productos puedan constituir una base de datos para mejorar el diagnostico y el manejo de fauna silvestre. En 2011, se determinaron los efectos del enriquecimiento ambiental con énfasis en la modificación de la dieta sobre la actividad adrenocortical y el comportamiento de osos meleros (Tamandua tetradactyla); en el 2012, se comenzó con la validación del monitoreo hormonal no invasivo de respuestas de estrés de la mara (Dolichotis patagonum); y en el 2013 se está trabajando en la evaluación de la respuesta de estrés al transporte en el manejo de osos hormigueros (Myrmecophaga tridactyla) durante la reintroducción a su ambiente natural. Estas tareas se realizan en colaboración con especialistas de la UNC-CONICET, de la Universidad de Medicina Veterinaria (Viena, Austria) y del Instituto de Biología de la Conservación del Smithsonian (Front Royal, Estados Unidos). Dada la larga trayectoria de trabajo en conjunto mencionada, es que surge la inquietud de concretar de manera formal, práctica y colaborativa la difusión de los resultados obtenidos. De esta forma, se elabora el presente proyecto de transferencia establecido en conjunto con el IIByT /CONICET-UNC (personal del Instituto de Ciencia y Tecnología de los alimentos); que pretende no sólo llegar a otros científicos, zoólogos e interesados en el monitoreo hormonal no invasivo, sino tambien al personal del Zoológico. Esto incluye a cuidadores, veterinarios y biólogos, con el fin de informar y fomentar el bienestar animal y estandarizar protocolos de trabajos para la aplicación del monitoreo hormonal no invasivo.

Toxoplasma gondii seropositive rates of animals living on Svalbard

Samples (blood or tissue fluid) from 594 arctic foxes (Alopex lagopus), 390 Svalbard reindeer (Rangifer tarandus platyrhynchus), 361 sibling voles (Microtus rossiaemeridionalis), 17 walruses (Odobenus rosmarus), 149 barnacle geese (Branta leucopsis), 58 kittiwakes (Rissa tridactyla), and 27 glaucous gulls (Larus hyperboreus) from Svalbard and nearby waters were assayed for antibodies against Toxoplasma gondii using a direct agglutination test. The proportion of seropositive animals was 43% in arctic foxes, 7% in barnacle geese, and 6% (1 of 17) in walruses. There were no seropositive Svalbard reindeer, sibling voles, glaucous gulls, or kittiwakes. The prevalence in the arctic fox was relatively high compared to previous reports from canid populations. There are no wild felids in Svalbard and domestic cats are prohibited, and the absence of antibodies against T gondii among the herbivorous Svalbard reindeer and voles indicates that transmission of the parasite by oocysts is not likely to be an important mechanism in the Svalbard ecosystem. Our results suggest that migratory birds, such as the barnacle goose, may be the most important vectors bringing the parasite to Svalbard. In addition to transmission through infected prey and carrion, the age-seroprevalence profile in the fox population suggests that their infection levels are enhanced by vertical transmission.