A fuzzy multi-criteria decision approach for enhanced auto-tracking of seismic events

The main activity carried out by the geophysicist when interpreting seismic data, in terms of both importance and time spent is tracking (or picking) seismic events. in practice, this activity turns out to be rather challenging, particularly when the targeted event is interrupted by discontinuities such as geological faults or exhibits lateral changes in seismic character. In recent years, several automated schemes, known as auto-trackers, have been developed to assist the interpreter in this tedious and time-consuming task. The automatic tracking tool available in modem interpretation software packages often employs artificial neural networks (ANN's) to identify seismic picks belonging to target events through a pattern recognition process. The ability of ANNs to track horizons across discontinuities largely depends on how reliably data patterns characterise these horizons. While seismic attributes are commonly used to characterise amplitude peaks forming a seismic horizon, some researchers in the field claim that inherent seismic information is lost in the attribute extraction process and advocate instead the use of raw data (amplitude samples). This paper investigates the performance of ANNs using either characterisation methods, and demonstrates how the complementarity of both seismic attributes and raw data can be exploited in conjunction with other geological information in a fuzzy inference system (FIS) to achieve an enhanced auto-tracking performance.

Plant-symbiotic fungi as chemical engineers: multi-genome analysis of the Clavicipitaceae reveals dynamics of alkaloid Loci

The fungal family Clavicipitaceae includes plant symbionts and parasites that produce several psychoactive and bioprotective alkaloids. The family includes grass symbionts in the epichloae clade (Epichloë and Neotyphodium species), which are extraordinarily diverse both in their host interactions and in their alkaloid profiles. Epichloae produce alkaloids of four distinct classes, all of which deter insects, and some—including the infamous ergot alkaloids—have potent effects on mammals. The exceptional chemotypic diversity of the epichloae may relate to their broad range of host interactions, whereby some are pathogenic and contagious, others are mutualistic and vertically transmitted (seed-borne), and still others vary in pathogenic or mutualistic behavior. We profiled the alkaloids and sequenced the genomes of 10 epichloae, three ergot fungi (Claviceps species), a morning-glory symbiont (Periglandula ipomoeae), and a bamboo pathogen (Aciculosporium take), and compared the gene clusters for four classes of alkaloids. Results indicated a strong tendency for alkaloid loci to have conserved cores that specify the skeleton structures and peripheral genes that determine chemical variations that are known to affect their pharmacological specificities. Generally, gene locations in cluster peripheries positioned them near to transposon-derived, AT-rich repeat blocks, which were probably involved in gene losses, duplications, and neofunctionalizations. The alkaloid loci in the epichloae had unusual structures riddled with large, complex, and dynamic repeat blocks. This feature was not reflective of overall differences in repeat contents in the genomes, nor was it characteristic of most other specialized metabolism loci. The organization and dynamics of alkaloid loci and abundant repeat blocks in the epichloae suggested that these fungi are under selection for alkaloid diversification. We suggest that such selection is related to the variable life histories of the epichloae, their protective roles as symbionts, and their associations with the highly speciose and ecologically diverse cool-season grasses.

Mid-Holocene monsoons: a multi-model analysis of the inter-hemispheric differences in the responses to orbital forcing and ocean feedbacks

The response of monsoon circulation in the northern and southern hemisphere to 6 ka orbital forcing has been examined in 17 atmospheric general circulation models and 11 coupled ocean–atmosphere general circulation models. The atmospheric response to increased summer insolation at 6 ka in the northern subtropics strengthens the northern-hemisphere summer monsoons and leads to increased monsoonal precipitation in western North America, northern Africa and China; ocean feedbacks amplify this response and lead to further increase in monsoon precipitation in these three regions. The atmospheric response to reduced summer insolation at 6 ka in the southern subtropics weakens the southern-hemisphere summer monsoons and leads to decreased monsoonal precipitation in northern South America, southern Africa and northern Australia; ocean feedbacks weaken this response so that the decrease in rainfall is smaller than might otherwise be expected. The role of the ocean in monsoonal circulation in other regions is more complex. There is no discernable impact of orbital forcing in the monsoon region of North America in the atmosphere-only simulations but a strong increase in precipitation in the ocean–atmosphere simulations. In contrast, there is a strong atmospheric response to orbital forcing over northern India but ocean feedback reduces the strength of the change in the monsoon although it still remains stronger than today. Although there are differences in magnitude and exact location of regional precipitation changes from model to model, the same basic mechanisms are involved in the oceanic modulation of the response to orbital forcing and this gives rise to a robust ensemble response for each of the monsoon systems. Comparison of simulated and reconstructed changes in regional climate suggest that the coupled ocean–atmosphere simulations produce more realistic changes in the northern-hemisphere monsoons than atmosphere-only simulations, though they underestimate the observed changes in precipitation in all regions. Evaluation of the southern-hemisphere monsoons is limited by lack of quantitative reconstructions, but suggest that model skill in simulating these monsoons is limited.

A multi-model analysis of the role of the ocean on the African and Indian monsoon during mid-Holocene

We investigate the role of the ocean feedback on the climate in response to insolation forcing during the mid-Holocene (6,000 year BP) using results from seven coupled ocean–atmosphere general circulation models. We examine how the dipole in late summer sea-surface temperature (SST) anomalies in the tropical Atlantic increases the length of the African monsoon, how this dipole structure is created and maintained, and how the late summer SST warming in the northwest Indian Ocean affects the monsoon retreat in this sector. Similar mechanisms are found in all of the models, including a strong wind evaporation feedback and changes in the mixed layer depth that enhance the insolation forcing, as well as increased Ekman transport in the Atlantic that sharpens the Atlantic dipole pattern. We also consider changes in interannual variability over West Africa and the Indian Ocean. The teleconnection between variations in SST and Sahelian precipitation favor a larger impact of the Atlantic dipole mode in this region. In the Indian Ocean, the strengthening of the Indian dipole structure in autumn has a damping effect on the Indian dipole mode at the interannual time scale

Landscape change in central Latvia since the Iron Age: multi-proxy analysis of the vegetation impact of conflict, colonization and economic expansion during the last 2000 years

This study represents the first detailed multi-proxy palaeoenvironmental investigation associated with a Late Iron Age lake-dwelling site in the eastern Baltic. The main objective was to reconstruct the environmental and vegetation dynamics associated with the establishment of the lake-dwelling and land-use during the last 2,000 years. A lacustrine sediment core located adjacent to a Late Iron Age lake-dwelling, medieval castle and Post-medieval manor was sampled in Lake Āraiši. The core was dated using spheroidal fly-ash particles and radiocarbon dating, and analysed in terms of pollen, non-pollen palynomorphs, diatoms, loss-on-ignition, magnetic susceptibility and element geochemistry. Associations between pollen and other proxies were statistically tested. During ad 1–700, the vicinity of Lake Āraiši was covered by forests and human activities were only small-scale with the first appearance of cereal pollen (Triticum and Secale cereale) after ad 400. The most significant changes in vegetation and environment occurred with the establishment of the lake-dwelling around ad 780 when the immediate surroundings of the lake were cleared for agriculture, and within the lake there were increased nutrient levels. The highest accumulation rates of coprophilous fungi coincide with the occupation of the lake-dwelling from ad 780–1050, indicating that parts of the dwelling functioned as byres for livestock. The conquest of tribal lands during the crusades resulted in changes to the ownership, administration and organisation of the land, but our results indicate that the form and type of agriculture and land-use continued much as it had during the preceding Late Iron Age.

The late Roman field army in Northern Britain? Mobility, material culture and multi-isotope analysis at Scorton (N. Yorks)

At Hollow Banks Quarry, Scorton, located just north of Catterick (N Yorks.), a highly unusual group of 15 late Roman burials was excavated between 1998 and 2000. The small cemetery consists of almost exclusively male burials, dated to the fourth century. An unusually large proportion of these individuals was buried with crossbow brooches and belt fittings, suggesting that they may have been serving in the late Roman army or administration and may have come to Scorton from the Continent. Multi-isotope analyses (carbon, nitrogen, oxygen and strontium) of nine sufficiently well-preserved individuals indicate that seven males, all equipped with crossbow brooches and/or belt fittings, were not local to the Catterick area and that at least six of them probably came from the European mainland. Dietary (carbon and nitrogen isotope) analysis only of a tenth individual also suggests a non-local origin. At Scorton it appears that the presence of crossbow brooches and belts in the grave was more important for suggesting non-British origins than whether or not they were worn. This paper argues that cultural and social factors played a crucial part in the creation of funerary identities and highlights the need for both multi-proxy analyses and the careful contextual study of artefacts.

A multi level analysis on pollination-related policies

The paper explores pollination from a multi level policy perspective and analyses the institutional fit and inter play of multi-faceted pollination-related policies. First, it asks what the major policies are that frame pollination at the EU level. Second, it explores the relationship between the EU policies and localised ways of understanding pollination. Addressed third is how the concept of ecosystem services can aid in under- standing the various ways of framing and governing the situation. The results show that the policy systems affecting pollination are abundant and that these systems create different kinds of pressure on stakeholders, at several levels of society. The local-level concerns are more about the loss of pollination services than about loss of pollinators. This points to the problem of fit between local activity driven by economic reasoning and biodiversity-driven EU policies. Here we see the concept of ecosystem services having some potential, since its operationalisation can combine economic and environmental considerations. Further- more, the analysis shows how, instead of formal institutions, it seems that social norms, habits, and motivation are the key to understanding and developing effective and attractive governance measures.

Optimization of amaranth flour films plasticized with glycerol and sorbitol by multi-response analysis

The optimal formulation for the preparation of amaranth flour films plasticized with glycerol and sorbitol was obtained by a multi-response analysis. The optimization aimed to achieve films with higher resistance to break, moderate elongation and lower solubility in water. The influence of plasticizer concentration (Cg, glycerol or Cs, sorbitol) and process temperature (Tp) on the mechanical properties and solubility of the amaranth flour films was initially studied by response surface methodology (RSM). The optimized conditions obtained were Cg 20.02 g glycerol/100 g flour and Tp 75 degrees C, and Cs 29.6 g sorbitol/100 g flour and Tp 75 degrees C. Characterization of the films prepared with these formulations revealed that the optimization methodology employed in this work was satisfactory. Sorbitol was the most suitable plasticizer. It furnished amaranth flour films that were more resistant to break and less permeable to oxygen, due to its greater miscibility with the biopolymers present in the flour and its lower affinity for water. (C) 2011 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Optimization of in situ derivatization SPME by experimental design for GC-MS multi-residue analysis of pharmaceutical drugs in wastewater

This paper presents the development of a procedure, which enables the analysis of nine pharmaceutical drugs in wastewater using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) associated with solid-phase microextraction (SPME) for the sample preparation. Experimental design was applied to optimize the in situ derivatization and the SPME extraction conditions. Ethyl chloroformate (ECF) was employed as derivatizing agent and polydimethylsiloxane-divinylbenzene (PDMS-DVB) as the SPME fiber coating. A fractional factorial design was used to evaluate the main factors for the in situ derivatization and SPME extraction. Thereafter, a Doehlert matrix design was applied to find out the best experimental conditions. The method presented a linear range from 0.5 to 10 mu g/L, and the intraday and interday precision were lower than 16%. Applicability of the method was verified from real influent and effluent samples of a wastewater treatment plant, as well as from samples of an industry wastewater and a river.

Paleoenvironmental reconstruction of a Late Quaternary lagoon system in southern Brazil (Jaguaruna region, Santa Catarina state) based on multi-proxy analysis

This paper provides a paleoenvironmental reconstruction of a Late Quaternary lagoon system in the Jaguaruna region of Santa Catarina state, southern Brazil. Integrated results of bulk sedimentary organic matter characterization (delta C-13, delta N-15 and C/N), microfossil (pollen and diatom) and grain-size analysis from three shallow cores (similar to 2.5m depth) allowed us to propose an evolving paleogeographic scenario in this coastal region for the last ca. 5500 cal a BP. The lagoonal system in this area was more extensive during the mid-Holocene than today, with a gradual and continuous lagoon-sea disconnection until the present. We add to the debate regarding relative sea-level (RSL) variations for the Brazilian coast during the Holocene and discuss the importance of sedimentary dynamics for interpreting changes in coastal ecosystems. The multi-proxy analysis suggests that changes in coastal ecosystems could be directly related to local sedimentary processes, which are not necessarily linked to RSL fluctuations and/or to climatic variations. Copyright (c) 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

A general framework for multi-compartmental analysis of drug chemotherapy dynamics in human immunodeficiency virus type-1 infected individuals

An optimal control strategy for the highly active antiretroviral therapy associated to the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome should be designed regarding a comprehensive analysis of the drug chemotherapy behavior in the host tissues, from major viral replication sites to viral sanctuary compartments. Such approach is critical in order to efficiently explore synergistic, competitive and prohibitive relationships among drugs and, hence, therapy costs and side-effect minimization. In this paper, a novel mathematical model for HIV-1 drug chemotherapy dynamics in distinct host anatomic compartments is proposed and theoretically evaluated on fifteen conventional anti-retroviral drugs. Rather than interdependence between drug type and its concentration profile in a host tissue, simulated results suggest that such profile is importantly correlated with the host tissue under consideration. Furthermore, the drug accumulative dynamics are drastically affected by low patient compliance with pharmacotherapy, even when a single dose lacks. (C) 2012 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

A three-pronged approach to social business: a Brazilian multi-case analysis

Social businesses present a new paradigm to capitalism, in which private companies, non-profit organizations and civil society create a new type of business with the main objective of solving social problems with financial sustainability and efficiency through market mechanisms. As any new phenomenon, different authors conceptualize social businesses with distinct views. This article aims to present and characterize three different perspectives of social business definitions: the European, the American and that of the emerging countries. Each one of these views was illustrated by a different Brazilian case. We conclude with the idea that all the cases have similar characteristics, but also relevant differences that are more than merely geographical. The perspectives analyzed in this paper provide an analytical framework for understanding the field of social businesses. Moreover, the cases demonstrate that in the Brazilian context the field of social business is under construction and that as such it draws on different conceptual influences to deal with a complex and challenging reality.

Evaluation of a multi variated analysis for the selection of t-tbar multijet events in the current CMS implemented environment at LHC

In the present study we are using multi variate analysis techniques to discriminate signal from background in the fully hadronic decay channel of ttbar events. We give a brief introduction to the role of the Top quark in the standard model and a general description of the CMS Experiment at LHC. We have used the CMS experiment computing and software infrastructure to generate and prepare the data samples used in this analysis. We tested the performance of three different classifiers applied to our data samples and used the selection obtained with the Multi Layer Perceptron classifier to give an estimation of the statistical and systematical uncertainty on the cross section measurement.

Tecnologie appropriate per la gestione delle georisorse nei paesi in via di sviluppo e nei paesi dell'America Latina. Creazione di una metodologia multi criteria per la valutazione dei progetti di sviluppo umano

Benessere delle popolazioni, gestione sostenibile delle risorse, povertà e degrado ambientale sono dei concetti fortemente connessi in un mondo in cui il 20% della popolazione mondiale consuma più del 75% delle risorse naturali. Sin dal 1992 al Summit della Terra a Rio de Janeiro si è affermato il forte legame tra tutela dell’ambiente e riduzione della povertà, ed è anche stata riconosciuta l’importanza di un ecosistema sano per condurre una vita dignitosa, specialmente nelle zone rurali povere dell’Africa, dell’Asia e dell’America Latina. La natura infatti, soprattutto per le popolazioni rurali, rappresenta un bene quotidiano e prezioso, una forma essenziale per la sussistenza ed una fonte primaria di reddito. Accanto a questa constatazione vi è anche la consapevolezza che negli ultimi decenni gli ecosistemi naturali si stanno degradando ad un ritmo impressionate, senza precedenti nella storia della specie umana: consumiamo le risorse più velocemente di quanto la Terra sia capace di rigenerarle e di “metabolizzare” i nostri scarti. Allo stesso modo aumenta la povertà: attualmente ci sono 1,2 miliardi di persone che vivono con meno di un dollaro al giorno, mentre circa metà della popolazione mondiale sopravvive con meno di due dollari al giorno (UN). La connessione tra povertà ed ambiente non dipende solamente dalla scarsità di risorse che rende più difficili le condizioni di vita, ma anche dalla gestione delle stesse risorse naturali. Infatti in molti paesi o luoghi dove le risorse non sono carenti la popolazione più povera non vi ha accesso per motivi politici, economici e sociali. Inoltre se si paragona l’impronta ecologica con una misura riconosciuta dello “sviluppo umano”, l’Indice dello Sviluppo Umano (HDI) delle Nazioni Unite (Cfr. Cap 2), il rapporto dimostra chiaramente che ciò che noi accettiamo generalmente come “alto sviluppo” è molto lontano dal concetto di sviluppo sostenibile accettato universalmente, in quanto i paesi cosiddetti “sviluppati” sono quelli con una maggior impronta ecologica. Se allora lo “sviluppo” mette sotto pressione gli ecosistemi, dal cui benessere dipende direttamente il benessere dell’uomo, allora vuol dire che il concetto di “sviluppo” deve essere rivisitato, perché ha come conseguenza non il benessere del pianeta e delle popolazioni, ma il degrado ambientale e l’accrescimento delle disuguaglianze sociali. Quindi da una parte vi è la “società occidentale”, che promuove l’avanzamento della tecnologia e dell’industrializzazione per la crescita economica, spremendo un ecosistema sempre più stanco ed esausto al fine di ottenere dei benefici solo per una ristretta fetta della popolazione mondiale che segue un modello di vita consumistico degradando l’ambiente e sommergendolo di rifiuti; dall’altra parte ci sono le famiglie di contadini rurali, i “moradores” delle favelas o delle periferie delle grandi metropoli del Sud del Mondo, i senza terra, gli immigrati delle baraccopoli, i “waste pickers” delle periferie di Bombay che sopravvivono raccattando rifiuti, i profughi di guerre fatte per il controllo delle risorse, gli sfollati ambientali, gli eco-rifugiati, che vivono sotto la soglia di povertà, senza accesso alle risorse primarie per la sopravvivenza. La gestione sostenibile dell’ambiente, il produrre reddito dalla valorizzazione diretta dell’ecosistema e l’accesso alle risorse naturali sono tra gli strumenti più efficaci per migliorare le condizioni di vita degli individui, strumenti che possono anche garantire la distribuzione della ricchezza costruendo una società più equa, in quanto le merci ed i servizi dell’ecosistema fungono da beni per le comunità. La corretta gestione dell’ambiente e delle risorse quindi è di estrema importanza per la lotta alla povertà ed in questo caso il ruolo e la responsabilità dei tecnici ambientali è cruciale. Il lavoro di ricerca qui presentato, partendo dall’analisi del problema della gestione delle risorse naturali e dal suo stretto legame con la povertà, rivisitando il concetto tradizionale di “sviluppo” secondo i nuovi filoni di pensiero, vuole suggerire soluzioni e tecnologie per la gestione sostenibile delle risorse naturali che abbiano come obiettivo il benessere delle popolazioni più povere e degli ecosistemi, proponendo inoltre un metodo valutativo per la scelta delle alternative, soluzioni o tecnologie più adeguate al contesto di intervento. Dopo l’analisi dello “stato del Pianeta” (Capitolo 1) e delle risorse, sia a livello globale che a livello regionale, il secondo Capitolo prende in esame il concetto di povertà, di Paese in Via di Sviluppo (PVS), il concetto di “sviluppo sostenibile” e i nuovi filoni di pensiero: dalla teoria della Decrescita, al concetto di Sviluppo Umano. Dalla presa di coscienza dei reali fabbisogni umani, dall’analisi dello stato dell’ambiente, della povertà e delle sue diverse facce nei vari paesi, e dalla presa di coscienza del fallimento dell’economia della crescita (oggi visibile più che mai) si può comprendere che la soluzione per sconfiggere la povertà, il degrado dell’ambiente, e raggiungere lo sviluppo umano, non è il consumismo, la produzione, e nemmeno il trasferimento della tecnologia e l’industrializzazione; ma il “piccolo e bello” (F. Schumacher, 1982), ovvero gli stili di vita semplici, la tutela degli ecosistemi, e a livello tecnologico le “tecnologie appropriate”. Ed è proprio alle Tecnologie Appropriate a cui sono dedicati i Capitoli successivi (Capitolo 4 e Capitolo 5). Queste sono tecnologie semplici, a basso impatto ambientale, a basso costo, facilmente gestibili dalle comunità, tecnologie che permettono alle popolazioni più povere di avere accesso alle risorse naturali. Sono le tecnologie che meglio permettono, grazie alle loro caratteristiche, la tutela dei beni comuni naturali, quindi delle risorse e dell’ambiente, favorendo ed incentivando la partecipazione delle comunità locali e valorizzando i saperi tradizionali, grazie al coinvolgimento di tutti gli attori, al basso costo, alla sostenibilità ambientale, contribuendo all’affermazione dei diritti umani e alla salvaguardia dell’ambiente. Le Tecnologie Appropriate prese in esame sono quelle relative all’approvvigionamento idrico e alla depurazione dell’acqua tra cui: - la raccolta della nebbia, - metodi semplici per la perforazione di pozzi, - pompe a pedali e pompe manuali per l’approvvigionamento idrico, - la raccolta dell’acqua piovana, - il recupero delle sorgenti, - semplici metodi per la depurazione dell’acqua al punto d’uso (filtro in ceramica, filtro a sabbia, filtro in tessuto, disinfezione e distillazione solare). Il quinto Capitolo espone invece le Tecnolocie Appropriate per la gestione dei rifiuti nei PVS, in cui sono descritte: - soluzioni per la raccolta dei rifiuti nei PVS, - soluzioni per lo smaltimento dei rifiuti nei PVS, - semplici tecnologie per il riciclaggio dei rifiuti solidi. Il sesto Capitolo tratta tematiche riguardanti la Cooperazione Internazionale, la Cooperazione Decentrata e i progetti di Sviluppo Umano. Per progetti di sviluppo si intende, nell’ambito della Cooperazione, quei progetti che hanno come obiettivi la lotta alla povertà e il miglioramento delle condizioni di vita delle comunità beneficiarie dei PVS coinvolte nel progetto. All’interno dei progetti di cooperazione e di sviluppo umano gli interventi di tipo ambientale giocano un ruolo importante, visto che, come già detto, la povertà e il benessere delle popolazioni dipende dal benessere degli ecosistemi in cui vivono: favorire la tutela dell’ambiente, garantire l’accesso all’acqua potabile, la corretta gestione dei rifiuti e dei reflui nonché l’approvvigionamento energetico pulito sono aspetti necessari per permettere ad ogni individuo, soprattutto se vive in condizioni di “sviluppo”, di condurre una vita sana e produttiva. È importante quindi, negli interventi di sviluppo umano di carattere tecnico ed ambientale, scegliere soluzioni decentrate che prevedano l’adozione di Tecnologie Appropriate per contribuire a valorizzare l’ambiente e a tutelare la salute della comunità. I Capitoli 7 ed 8 prendono in esame i metodi per la valutazione degli interventi di sviluppo umano. Un altro aspetto fondamentale che rientra nel ruolo dei tecnici infatti è l’utilizzo di un corretto metodo valutativo per la scelta dei progetti possibili che tenga presente tutti gli aspetti, ovvero gli impatti sociali, ambientali, economici e che si cali bene alle realtà svantaggiate come quelle prese in considerazione in questo lavoro; un metodo cioè che consenta una valutazione specifica per i progetti di sviluppo umano e che possa permettere l’individuazione del progetto/intervento tecnologico e ambientale più appropriato ad ogni contesto specifico. Dall’analisi dei vari strumenti valutativi si è scelto di sviluppare un modello per la valutazione degli interventi di carattere ambientale nei progetti di Cooperazione Decentrata basato sull’Analisi Multi Criteria e sulla Analisi Gerarchica. L’oggetto di questa ricerca è stato quindi lo sviluppo di una metodologia, che tramite il supporto matematico e metodologico dell’Analisi Multi Criteria, permetta di valutare l’appropriatezza, la sostenibilità degli interventi di Sviluppo Umano di carattere ambientale, sviluppati all’interno di progetti di Cooperazione Internazionale e di Cooperazione Decentrata attraverso l’utilizzo di Tecnologie Appropriate. Nel Capitolo 9 viene proposta la metodologia, il modello di calcolo e i criteri su cui si basa la valutazione. I successivi capitoli (Capitolo 10 e Capitolo 11) sono invece dedicati alla sperimentazione della metodologia ai diversi casi studio: - “Progetto ambientale sulla gestione dei rifiuti presso i campi Profughi Saharawi”, Algeria, - “Programa 1 milhão de Cisternas, P1MC” e - “Programa Uma Terra e Duas Águas, P1+2”, Semi Arido brasiliano.