965 resultados para Mn-Zn ferrite
Resumo:
The low solubility of iron (Fe) depresses plant growth in calcareous soils. In order to improve Fe availability, calcareous soils are treated with synthetic ligands, such as ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) and ethylenediimi-nobis(2-hydroxyphenyl)acetic acid (EDDHA). However, high expenses may hinder their use (EDDHA), and the recalcitrance of EDTA against biodegra-dation may increase the potential of cadmium (Cd) and lead (Pb) leaching. This study evaluated the ability of biodegradable ligands, i.e. different stereo-isomers of ethylenediaminedisuccinic acid (EDDS), to provide Fe for lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.) and ryegrass (Lolium perenne cv. Prego), their effects on uptake of other elements and solubility in soils and their subsequent effects on the activity of oxygen-scavenging enzymes in lettuce. Both EDTA and EDDHA were used as reference ligands. In unlimed and limed quartz sand both FeEDDS(S,S) and a mixture of stereo-isomers of FeEDDS (25% [S,S]-EDDS, 25% [R,R]-EDDS and 50% [S,R]/[R,S]-EDDS), FeEDDS(mix), were as efficient as FeEDTA and FeEDDHA in providing lettuce with Fe. However, in calcareous soils only FeEDDS(mix) was comparable to FeEDDHA when Fe was applied twice a week to mimic drip irrigation. The Fe deficiency increased the manganese (Mn) concentration in lettuce in both acidic and alkaline growth media, whereas Fe chelates depressed it. The same was observed with zinc (Zn) and copper (Cu) in acidic growth media. EDDHA probably affected the hormonal status of lettuce as well and thus depressed the uptake of Zn and Mn even more. The nutrient concentrations of ryegrass were only slightly affected by the Fe availability. After Fe chelate splitting in calcareous soils, EDDS and EDTA increased the solubility of Zn and Cu most, but only the Zn concentration was increased in lettuce. The availability of Fe increased the activity of oxygen-scavenging enzymes (ascorbate peroxidase, guaiacol peroxidase, catalase). The activity of Cu/ZnSOD (Cu/Zn superoxide dismutase) and MnSOD in lettuce leaves followed the concentrations of Zn and Mn. In acidic quartz sand low avail-ability of Fe increased the cobalt (Co) and nickel (Ni) concentrations in let-tuce, but Fe chelates decreased them. EDTA increased the solubility of Cd and Pb in calcareous soils, but not their uptake. The biodegradation of EDDS was not affected by the complexed element, and [S,S]-EDDS was biodegraded within 28 days in calcareous soils. EDDS(mix) was more recalcitrant, and after 56 days of incubation water-soluble elements (Fe, Mn, Zn, Cu, Co, Ni, Cd and Pb) corresponded to 10% of the added EDDS(mix) concentration.
Resumo:
Measurements a/the Gibbs' energy enthalpy and entrupy vffarmation oj chromites, vanadites and alumlnat.:s 0/ F", Ni. Co'. Mn, Zn Mg and Cd, using solid oxide galvanic cells over a ternperature range extending approximately lOOO°C, have shown that the '~'Ilir"!,,, J'JrIl/iJ~ tion 0/ cubic 2-3 oxide spinel phases (MX!O,), from component oxide (MO) with rock-salt and X.Os whir c(1f'l/!ldwn st!'llt'lw,·. call b,' represented by a semi-empirical correlalion, ~S~ = --LiS + L'i,SM +~S~:"d(±O.3) cal.deg-1 mol-1 where /',.SM Is the entropy 0/calian mixing oillhe tetrahedral alld octahedral sites o/the spinel and Sr:~ is tlie enfropy associaf,'d Wifh Ih,' randomization a/the lahn-Telier distortions. A review a/the methods/or evaluating the cation distriblltion lfl spille!s suggeJ{j' l/r,l! Ihe most promising scheme is based Oil octahedral site preference energies from the crystal field theory for the Iral1silioll IIIl'f"! IlIIL';. For I/""-Irallsifioll melal cal ions site preference energies are derived relative /0 thol'lt fLI, [ransilion metal ions from measured high tClllP('ftJi ure Cal iUlI disll iiJuriol1 in spine! phases thar contail! one IransilioJl metal and another non-transition metal carion. For 2-3 srinds compulatiorrs b,IS"J Oil i.!c[J;' Temkin mixing on each catioll subialtice predici JistributionJ that are In fair agreement with X-ray and 1I1'IIIrOll ditTraction, /IIdg""!ic dll.! electrical propcrries, and spectroscopic measurements. In 2-4 spineis mixing vI ions do not foliow strictly ideal slllIistli:al Jaws, Th,' OIl/up) associated with the randomizalion 0/the Jllhn-Teller dislOriioll" appear to be significant, only ill spinels witll 3d'. 3d', 3d' (ifld~UI' iOtls in tetrahedral and 3d' and 3d9 ions in octahedral positions. Application 0/this structural model for predicting the thermodynamic proputies ofspinel solid .,olutiofl5 or,' illustrated. F,lr complex systems additional contributions arising from strain fields, redox equilibria and off-center ions have to be qllalllififti. The entropy correlation for spinels provides a method for evaluating structure tran:.jormafiofl entropies in silllple o.\id.-s, ["founlllion on the relative stabilities ofoxides in different crystallCtructures is USe/III for computer ea/culaliof! a/phase dfugrullls ofIlIrer,',,1 III (N.lll1ie5 by method, similar to thost: used by Kaufman and Bernstein for refractory alloy systems. Examples oftechnoiogical appliCation tnclude the predictioll ofdeoxidation equilibria in Fe-Mn-AI-O s),slelll at 1600°C duj ,'Ulllpltfalion 0/phase relutions in Fe-Ni-Cr-S system,
Resumo:
The otoliths (N = 12) of freshwater invasive species tilapia (Tilapia mossambicus) collected from two water bodies located at Kolkata and Bangalore, India, were analyzed for stable isotopes (delta 18O, delta 14C) and major and trace elements in order to assess the suitability of using otoliths as a tracer of aquatic environmental changes. The stable isotope analysis was done using the dual inlet system of a Finnigan-MAT 253 isotope ratio mass spectrometer (Thermo-Fisher, Bremen, Germany). Concentrations of major and trace elements were determined using a Thermo X-Series II quadrupole mass spectrometer. The stable isotope composition in tilapia otolith samples from Bangalore and Kolkata water bodies are quite good agreeing with that of the respective lake/pond and rain water. Elemental composition revealed in a pattern of Ca > Fe > Na > Sr > K > Ba > Cr > Mg > As > Mn > Zn > Co > Cu > Cd > Pb. The otoliths from Kolkata pond water are more enriched in Ba, Zn, Pb, Mn, Se, Cu, Zn, Cd, and Ni whereas Cr and As were found to be higher in otolith samples from Bangalore lake. The enrichment factor (EF) values of Cr were higher for both the sampling location in comparison with other metals, although all the studied metals exhibited EF values >1. The PCA shows clustering of metals in the otolith which are related either with the metabolic and physiological attributes or waterborne source. The study demonstrated the potential of stable isotope techniques to distinguish otolith specimens from varied climatic zone, while elemental composition recorded the quality of water at both the locations. The role of climate driving the quality of water can be understood by detailed and continuous monitoring of otolith specimens in the future. Future method allows reconstruction of climate and water quality from old specimens from field exposures or museum collection.
Resumo:
Nanocrystalline Mn1-xZnxFe2O4 (x = 0, 0.1, 0.3, 0.5, 0.7, 0.9, 1.0) were prepared via solution combustion method. Structural and morphology of Mn-Zn ferrites were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD) and Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM). Magnetic properties were carried out using vibrating sample magnetometer (VSM) at room temperature (RT) up to maximum field of 1.5 T. The room temperature real and imaginary part of permeability(mu' and mu'') has been measured in the frequency range of 1MHz to 1GHz. The room temperature XRD patterns exhibits the spinel cubic (Fm-3m) structure and broad XRD patterns shows the presence of nanoparticles. The imaginary part of the permeability (mu'') gradually increased with the frequency and took a broad maximum at a certain frequency, where the real permeability (mu') rapidly decreases, which is known as natural resonance. The coercive filed values are low, hence probability of domain rotation is also lower and the magnetization decreased with zinc substitution. The values of mu' and mu'' increases sharply, attained a maximum and then decreases with zinc content.
Resumo:
El presente trabajo se realizó en el Centro Experimental laCompañía, ubicado en el municipio de San Marcos, Carazo, Nicaragua. El objetivo fue evaluar diferentes prácticas de manejo de suelos en el crecimiento, desarrollo y el rendimiento del maíz (Zea mays l.). y la concentración y extracción de nutrientes por el cultivo y las malezas. El estudio consistió en un experimento de campo, realizado en la época de primera; En suelos franco arenosos, con buen drenaje, pH 6.5. los sistemas de labranza estudiados fueron: labranza cero, labranza cero más subsoleo, labranza convencional, labranza convencional mas subsoleo, labranza con bueyes y labranza con bueyes más rastrojos. la fertilización consistió en una sola aplicación, a razón de 100 kg/ha de nitrógeno (urea 46 porciento), al momento de la siembra. El diseno utilizado fue bloques completos al azar (BCA), las poblaciones manejadas fue de 35 757 plantas por hectárea. En la cosecha, las muestras de plantas fueron separadas en raíz, tallo, paja, tuza. olote y grano a las cuales se les realizó análisis de N, P, K, Ca, Mg, S, Mn, Zn, B, Fe, Cu y C. la mayor eficiencia obtenida en rendimiento, altura, diámetro del tallo y extracción de N, P, K, S, Ca, Zn y B en la labranza cero, en comparación con el r&sto de labranza fue aparentemente a que esta labranza garantiza un mayor contenido de humedad, la labranza con bueyes, más rastrojos ejerció un efecto positivo en la absorción de Fe, la labranza con bueyes mas rastrojos en Mn y labranza convencional más subsoleo en Cu. los diferentes sistemas de labranza no ejercieron efectos significativos en la concentración de nutrientes de las malezas, así como en su peso seco, sin embargo, se observó que en el sistema convencional fueron estas favorecidas, la menor extracción de los nuitrientes por las malezas en la labranza con bueyes
Resumo:
Telhados verdes são uma alternativa interessante para mitigar o risco de enchentes dada a enorme área de telhados não utilizada das superfícies impermeáveis nas áreas urbanas. Graças a sua capacidade de armazenagem de água, os telhados verdes podem reduzir significativamente o pico de escoamento dos eventos de maior pluviosidade. Investigações sobre a composição de substratos baseados em materiais locais e projetos adequados para regiões climáticas tropicais são menos frequentes. Vegetação e substrato são elementos de um telhado verde que precisam ser adaptados para cada microclima e não universalizados. O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar o desempenho de diferentes composições de substratos baseados em solo local, biomassa de coco, condicionador de solo e componentes comerciais, com a finalidade de maximizar a capacidade de retenção da água de chuva e diminuir necessidades de manutenção. Um pré-ensaio de colunas avaliou a capacidade de retenção hídrica e a relação peso seco x peso úmido de 15 composições de substrato. As composições com melhores resultados constituíram os substratos S1(15% solo + 55% coco + 30%componentes comerciais), S2 (30% solo + 40% coco + 30%componentes comerciais) e S3 (60% solo + 10% coco + 30%componentes comerciais). A caracterização físico-química dos substratos, solo e fibra de coco foi realizada. Em seguida um teste de colunas avaliou a capacidade de retenção hídrica dos substratos sob duas condições de precipitação: uma leve (8,77 mm/h); e outra mais forte (42,0 mm/h). Os resultados apontaram que os substratos S2 e S3 apresentaram melhores resultados de retenção para ambas as intensidades de precipitação. Observou-se que S1, que apresentou melhor capacidade de retenção no pré-ensaio, teve desempenho inferior aos demais o que pode ser atribuído à maior concentração de fibra de coco na sua composição e o consequente surgimento de caminhos preferenciais ao longo do perfil da coluna, por onde a água escoou mais rapidamente. Em eventos de precipitação mais leve, os substratos reteram de 60 a 100% do total aplicado. Quando se aplicou uma intensidade de precipitação mais forte, a faixa de retenção ficou entre 40% e 59%. No entanto, as variáveis analisadas para avaliar a qualidade da água de escoamento dos substratos (pH, CE, P, NO3, NH4, Ca, Mg, Cu, Fe, Mn, Zn, Cr, Co, Ni) ficaram acima dos valores comumente encontrados na literatura, indicando que as composições aqui adotadas para os substratos podem implicar em uma fonte de poluição hídrica. Os substratos para uso em telhados verdes apresentados neste estudo atenderam seu objetivo quanto à retenção hídrica, mas a qualidade da água percolada torna seu uso inviável até o momento. Verificou-se a necessidade de estudar mais profundamente a qualidade da água lixiviada por cada componente dos substratos, individualmente, a fim de identificar as fontes dos elementos que presentes em concentrações elevadas tornam-se poluentes. Pode ser considerada a remoção de algum (s) dos componentes presentes na composição para se atingir um nível satisfatório de qualidade da água de escoamento.
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本文对北京怀柔汤河口、北京云蒙山、西山以及河北省石家庄地区元氏县的荆条灌丛的群落学特征及其生物量进行了较为详细的研究,并着重研究了汤河口、云蒙山、西山三个亲地的荆条群落的地球化学特征和元素循环特征,对西山的荆条群落中荆条叶片枯落物的分解过程进行了详细的比较研究,最后,对汤河口和西山的两个荆条灌丛的相对稳定性进行了探讨,并和昭田真的演替度进行了比较,期望对荆条灌丛的现况有个较全面和深入的了解,为合理的改造利用广阔的华北落叶灌丛提供理论依据。 本研究设置了四个样地。样地1在北京市怀柔县汤河口乡,样地2在汤河口以南40公里的云蒙山林场,下设两个小样地2a和2b,分别经过8年和3年的封山保护。样地3在北京海淀区的西山上,样地4位于河北省元氏县。四个样地的地理位置,地形、立地条件及所受的人为干扰的程度各不相同。DCA分析对样地的排序图中从左到右样地的顺序为样地2b,2a,样地3,样地1,样地4。 6个样地的荆条滋丛中计有高等植物49种,分属24科47属。其中样地1 8科14种,样地2a 15科24种,样地2b 13科18种,样地3 9科14种,样地4a 11科18种,样地4b 7科11种。以禾本科植物最多(8种),菊科植物6种次之,蔷薇科植物4种,居第三。6个样地中常见植物种(存在度60%以上)有11个,较1965年调查时的常见种数(16种)显著减少。 生活型谱分析表明样地1和2a的生活型谱介于热带和温带类型之间。样地2b的生活型谱是较典型的温带类型,样地3则较偏向荒漠类型;样地4a和4b的生活型谱则较偏向热带和荒漠的类型。 植物区系分析表明,样地2b带有最明显的中生性,而样地4a因含有最多的热带和亚热带分布种而最为干燥。样地依干燥度增加的顺序为2b,2a3,1,4b,4a。这个顺序恰好和DCA对样地的排序结果完全吻合,同时,它还是温度升高的梯度。 荆条灌丛中荆条地上部生物量,以样地2a和2b为最高,分别为3571,9和3285.8公斤/公顷,其次为样地3,达2445.7公斤/公顷,余下的顺序为样地1,样地4a和4b。这个顺序和DCA与样地的排序结果一致,即荆条地上部生物量随着样地干燥程度的增加和温度的增加而减少。相关分析表明,热量(年日照时数)是控制荆条生长的最主要因素,且荆条的生长受土壤中砾石的很大的制约。 荆条灌丛中荆条之外的其它植物种类,作为一个组分,其地上部生物量除样地1外,和荆条地上部生物量的大小顺序一致,这些植物地上部生物量随人为干扰程度的增强而极显著的减少,且随海拔高度的增加而极显著的增加,说明这些植物较适于生长在海拔较高的地区,且它们随人为干扰的能力很弱。 荆条灌丛群落地上部总生物量,作为上述两个组分的综合,较多的受灌丛中其它植物地上部生物量的影响,而且与海拔高度呈现显著的相关性。群落地上部总生物量与年蒸发量、无霜期、人为干扰程度均表现极显著的负相关,与≥10'C的年积温也显著的负相关。这些特点,都表明荆条灌丛一个总趋势,即较低的温低更适合该群落的生长。 荆条地下部生物量在样地l达9641.8公斤,公顷顾(1986) 和l0996.6公斤/公顷(1987),其中各有51.1%和28.90%是根球的生物量,在样地3则1988年为2306.1公斤/公顷,l989年增至5442.2公斤/公顷,两个样地中,地下部生物量为枝条生物量的6.29和5.44倍(样地1),以及2.10和1.23倍《样地3),根枝比的分析表明样地1年龄大于样地3,且样地1比样地3.干燥,荆条的根枝比大于其它灌术种类的根枝比,这是荆条对砍伐的适应.就象灌丛栎(根枝比6.23)对火灾的适应一样。 样地1荆条灌丛的总生物量,1986年为13.44吨/公顷,87年为l6.4吨/公顷,增加了22.2%,群落年净第一性生产量为3.96吨/公顷•年。在群落总生物量中,荆条的生物量占绝大部分,分别达90.4%和86.3%,而在群落年净第一性生产量中,荆条的贡献达3.00吨/公顷•年,占75.8%。 样地3的总生物量88年为9.90砘/公顷.89年猛增至21.17砘/公顷,增加了113.9%,群落年净第一性生产量为12.62砘/公顷•年,是样地1的3.19倍。群落总生物量中,荆条所占的比例在1988年为48.0%,89年增大为58.5%,和样地1的变化趋势相反,表明两个样地的荆条灌丛处于不同的发育阶段。在群落的年净第一性生产量中,荆条的贡献和样地1相似,达71.1%。 和不同类型的灌丛地上部生物量比较的结果表明荆条灌丛小于同地区的落叶灌丛(绒毛绣线菊、荆条、蚂蚱腿子灌丛),更小于同地区的乔木树种的萌生灌丛如辽东栎萌生丛.以及其他地区的矮针叶树栎灌丛,群落总生物量的比较结果也表明荆条灌丛的生物量还有很大的发展潜力。 荆条灌丛地上部生产量已经超过一些成熟乔木种类的林地的生产量,且荆条灌丛中生长最快的群落(样地3)的地上部生产量已接近一些乔木种类的幼龄林地的生产量说明荆条灌丛有较高的生长速度。 生物量累积比作为植物或群落衰老程度的指标,说明荆条灌丛较之其它原生灌丛还是较”年轻”的,样地1的生物量累积比较大,是该群落遭受频繁砍伐的反映。 由荆条灌丛立地的潜在生产量的分析可知样地1的荆条灌丛离其”成熟类型”的生产量还差距很大,而样地3的生产量正接近其”成熟类型”。结合前面的分析,可以推测在人类活动频繁和强度的干扰下,样地l的荆条灌丛没有继续向其成熟类型发育,而在中途衰退了。 西山荆条灌丛中,在代谢活动较旺盛的部位,N和K的含量较高,Hg,P和Zn也表现相似的倾向,A1和Fe则表现了相反的趋势,即代谢活动较强的部位,含量较低。Mn,Ca和Ha则是介于中问的一种类型。比较各组分中元素的含量值,Mg是较均匀的类型,其余元素在不同组分间含量的差异都较悬殊。西山荆条灌丛中,Mn,Mn, Mg,Ca,AI五个元素都以土壤中的含量为最高,N的含量则以上壤为最低,而植物组分中 K的含量一直保持较高的水平。 多数元素在荆条根球中的含量最低,包括Fe,Hn,Zn,(Ca,P和AI。随着年龄的增大,各组分中K的含量有增加的趋势(其增加量大于其它元素的增加量),在西山荆条灌从中,植物组分以及及土壤里各元素除p外,其含量均与两个以上元素的含量呈显著相关性(图11).而P的含量只与N的含量具极显著相关性,,在植物组分中,灰分含量与Fe,Mn,Ca,P,AI的含量均具极显著的相关性。荆条内部各组分的元寨岔登之间全部晕缀显著相关,而绝大部分植物组分中元素含量与土壤中相应元素的含量值无相关性。 植物组分中,其它植物地上部,其它植物地下部和羽叶是元素积累量最大的三个组分。荆枝中的Ca和Ha,荆根球和荆根中的Zn和Mg以及荆根中的Al,它们的含量与其积累量之间具有较明显的补偿现象,即它们的积累量并不随生物量的增减而发生显著的变化。 西山荆条灌丛中荆条和其它植物对10种元素的吸收总量基本相等。在荆条的总吸收量中,K,N,Ca的吸收量占88.5%,其余7种元素的吸收量只占11.5%。在其它植物中,则以Ca,N和Al的吸收量占多数,达73.9%。在荆条和其它植物中,K和Al的吸收可能存在着拮抗关系。 西山荆条灌丛中荆条对K的吸收量最大,但对Mn的利用系数最大。10种元素中最大和最小吸收量之间在荆条中相差339倍(K和Zn之间),但荆条对各元素的利用系数却相差不多,平均为0.775±0.09。其它植物对10种元素的利用系数较荆条稍高,平均为0.826±0.07,整个西山荆条灌丛群落对元素的利用系数以Mn为最高,Na为最低。 若以土壤中元素的垒量的贮量计算,荆条对N的吸收系数最大,Al最小。若以土壤中元素的有效含量(可溶性或可代换性量)汁,则荆条的吸收系数以Al最大,Ca最小 (表21)。土壤元素(全量)的周转时间,Al最长,达2603.2年,多数元素在450-600年 之间,只有N,P,K三个元素的周转时间最短,分别只有35.4,151.9,和109.l年。 西山荆条灌丛中荆条以凋落物形式归还土壤的元素量在其吸收量中所占的比例(归 还率),Zn (26.5%),Mg (36.1%),Ca (36.1%),P(21.3%)和N(25.0%)属较高的类型, Al (13.5%),Na(14.6%)和K(13.1%)居中,Mn (8.5%)和Fe(8.0%)最低。灌丛群落中 元素的归还率除Mn最小(12.1%)外,其余在21.3%-37.9%之间。 西山荆条灌丛中,荆条和其它植物所吸收的元素量在群落总吸收量中所占的比例, 各元素之间显著不同,均匀的类型有N,Zn,Mg和Na,即荆条和其它植物的吸收量相当。 K是唯一以荆条的吸收量占优势的元素,荆条吸收的K占群落总吸收量的80.7%。其余 元素,Mn,P,Al,Fe和Ca均是其它植物的吸收量显著大于荆条的吸收量(表22,图45)。 荆条所吸收的无素量,在其内部各组分中的分配(存留)格局,普遍规律是将绝大 部分用于其叶片的生长(或存留于叶片)中.Mn是唯一例外的元素,荆条将其吸收量的 最大部分存留于其枝条中。其余9个元素.荆条对其叶片存留后剩下的那部分元素量的 分配方式可以区分出三种类型:将剩余部分中的多数存留于其枝条的元素有AI,Fe,Zn, Mg;将剩余部分中的多数存留于其地下部的元素有P,Na, 和Ca;而K和N则属于中间 的类型,即用于叶片后的剩余的K和N在荆枝和荆条地下部(根球和艉)中较均匀的分配 (表22,图46). 西山荆条灌丛中元素循环的强度和速度都显著大于汤河口荆条灌丛,两个样地的元 素循环特征的最显著差异是汤河口荆条灌丛中荆条将其吸收的元素量中的最大部分存留 于其地下部,和西山样地完全相反,这可能是两个样地荆条灌丛元素循环特征的最本质 的区别。其原因,可能是汤河口样地中荆条对其地上部遭受频繁砍伐的一种适应方式, 也可能是汤河口荆条滋丛衰老的反映。 西山灌丛中荆条落叶分解过程中其失重率曲线呈双S形,其失重率最大增长速度出现在第166-299天之间。经过539天的分解作用,荆条枯落叶损失了其于重的53.3%,其中分解期(千重损失50%所用时间)为514.1天。 与干重失重率相对应,荆条枯落叶的平均腐解率的最高值出现在299和364天,而区 间腐解率的最大值则出现在第66—227天和第227 - 299天之间,比平均腐解率的最高值 出现的早,这与其总失重率曲线是非常吻合的,因为第166 - 227天及第227 - 299天之间 的高腐解率导致了其后高失重率的出现。 平均腐解率与平均气温之间具显著相关性(P<0.0S),而与平均降水量只在90%置信区间内有相关性,区间腐解率也只在90%置信区内与平均气温有相关性。 以平均腐解率计算,荆条枯落叶干重的95%被分解所需的时间为6.37年,比同一地区的侧柏、元宝槭、黄栌、山杏、刺槐,油讼和栓皮栎短,说明荆条叶片枯落物的分解速率是较快的。 荆条枯落叶分解过程中的失重主要由于有机物被分解引起的,且有机C,可溶性糖 和粗纤维的分解决定了失重率变化的总趋势。 各有机物含量程分解过程中的变化各不相同。就浓度而言,以可溶性糖的浓度降低 速度最快,丹宁的浓度也显著的下降,粗脂肪和有机C浓度属于平缓下降的类型,而木 质素和粗纤维属另一极端的类型,其浓度持续升高。各有机物在枯落叶中的总量以不同 的速率减少。经过539天的分解作用,各有机物的损失率大小的顺序为可溶性糖(97.90%)>丹宁(95. 92%)>粗脂肪(70.83%)>有机C(61.59%)>粗纤维(37.36%)>木质素( 31,97%)。此外,不同的有机物的含量以不同的规律变化,其中可溶性糖和木质素在第105天内即被大量的分解而损失(分别损失63.66%和19.67%)。丹宁和有机C的损失率的变化是较际准的S形曲线,粗纤维的损失率变化曲线为右抛物线的上半部,而粗脂肪类似S形曲线,但最不规则. 荆条枯落叶分解过程中矿质元素浓度和含董的变化很不规则。灰分含量作为大部分矿质元素含量的总和,其浓度在分解过程中稳定升高,而其总量则持续下降,所研究的10种矿质元素的浓度和总量的变化很不一致,在浓度变化方面,K是星下降趋势的唯一元素,其余元素(包括N,Ca,Na,Mg,P,Fe,Zn,Mn和Al)的浓度均随分解过程呈升高的趋势。从元素的总量方面可以区别出两种类型:即N,Ca,Na,K,P5个元素属于减少的类型,而Fe,Mn,Zn,Mg和Al的总量则有所增加。 西山和汤河口两个样地的荆条灌丛都是渐近稳定的,且离其稳定态尚有一定距离,相对稳定性指数没有显示两个样地的稳定性具有显著的差异。 西山荆条灌丛的演替度大于汤河口灌丛,这和它们所受的人为干扰的强度的差异有紧密联系。
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渤海湾沿岸人口密集,工农、航运发达,渤海自身净化能力非常有限。因此,渤海湾 环境污染的压力越来越大,主要污染物包括重金属和持久性有机污染物的。四角蛤蜊广泛 分布于渤海湾海域,是一种重要的经济贝类,对污染物具有较强的富集能力。为了研究不 同站点渤海湾四角蛤蜊软体部重金属含量,选择大港油田、高沙岭码头、涧河村三个断面 进行研究,对不同站点四角蛤蜊软体部重金属含量进行了分析和讨论,最后对水生动物的 POPs 毒理调控通道进行了探索性研究,得到以下结果: 1. 通过比较渤海不同站点四角蛤蜊软体部重金属含量分布特征和方差分析,发现四 角蛤蜊软体部必需重金属元素含量较高,而非必需重金属元素含量较低,这是由于必需重 金属元素具有重要的生理功能作用。侧重比较A、B 两个断面各站位间四角蛤蜊软体部重 金属含量,发现虽然各站位间分布规律不明显,但各站位间差异显著。 2. 利用简单相关回归分析金属元素间及其与生物学性状间的关系,发现Mn 与Zn 之 间,Cu 与Zn 间均存在显著正相关,Se 与As、Cd 间存在显著正相关。另外,A 断面,BL 与Cd 含量显著负相关其回归方程为:Y(Cd)=-1395.97+88.34(BL);R=0.633;在B 断面,利用BW 和BH 分别与Cd 和As 显著负相关和显著正相关,其回归方程分别为:BW 和Cd 的回归方程为:Y(Cd)=-1968.80+220.72(BW);R=0.656。BH 和As 的回归方 程为:Y(As)=1496.86+227.82(BH);R=0.656。 3. 利用PLS(偏最小二乘分析)方法分析,发现五个生物学性状都与Co、As 呈正相 关,而与Cr、Pb、Se 呈负相关,而与必须重金属元素相关不明显。进一步分析表明表明 渤海湾海域中Co、As 含量低于四角蛤蜊正常生长发育的需要,而Cr、Pb、Se 的含量超过 四角蛤蜊正常生长发育所需的量。最后,通过PLS-DA 分析方法,发现C 站点样品能与A、 B 两个断面的站点区分开,而A、B 间未能区分开,反映了渤海湾三个断面的实际污染状 况。 4. 四角蛤蜊软体部重金属含量进行风险评价,首先,利用单因子污染指数法比较分析, 发现从1997 年-2008 年,渤海湾四角蛤蜊软体部Cd 的污染水平在不断降低,现在其含量 已低于《海洋生物质量标准》(第二类)标准。而Cr、As 有污染的趋势,需要引起重视。 然后,利用金属污染指数法进行比较研究,发现B 断面>A 断面>C 断面。最后,利用《人 体消费卫生标准》进行比较分析,发现Cd、Ni 存在轻度污染,因此需要加强其污染源的 控制。 5. 渤海湾污染物除了重金属外,还存在一些典型持久性有机污染物。为进一步揭示 二者间协同毒理机制,利用分子系统学方法,对芳香烃受体通道进行了探索性研究,发现 水生动物AhR通道基因在进化过程中发生了适应性进化,对进一步研究重金属和POPs对双 壳贝类的毒理机制具有参考价值。
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This work focuses on four marine sites in the Mediterranean Sea around the Nile Delta, Egypt. Surface water samples were collected seasonally during 2003. The concentrations of some heavy metals in dissolved form (Fe, Mn, Zn, Cu, Ni and Pb) are evaluated. The levels of heavy metals in the coastal waters were 11.92-30.4512µglˉ¹ for Fe; 5.79-17.36 µglˉ¹ for Zn; 0.30-0.83µglˉ¹ for Cu; 0.51-2.90µglˉ¹ for Ni and 0.53-10.31µglˉ¹ for Pb. These are compared, with sites in the estuaries and outlets of the Nile Delta. Fe (19.72-60.33µglˉ¹); Mn (12.63-35.60µglˉ¹); Zn (2.67-22.00); Cu (0.56-1.67µglˉ¹); Ni (1.43-3.73µglˉ¹); Pb (1.72-59.7µglˉ¹). The results showed a remarkable decrease in the concentrations of different heavy metals with increased salinity. Comparing the present data with the minimal risk concentration reported by WQC, the distribution of heavy metals was significantly lower in coastal sea water of the Mediterranean Sea off Egypt. The study indicated also that the average contents of Ni and Pb are slightly high in the area of water exchange than those reported by WQC.
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用原子吸收光谱法测定了刺五加根、茎、叶中Ca、Cu、Mg、Fe、Zn、K、Mn、Na等8种矿物质元素的含量,并对其结果进行了分析比较,以此研究了这8种金属元素在刺五加体内的分布.结果显示:各元素在实验范围内,线性关系良好,加标回收率在99%-109.6%之间,相对标准偏差为0.2%-1.8%.刺五加中不同部位的这8种元素间存在显著差异,根中Ca>Mg>K>Fe>Na>Mn>Zn>Cu,其叶中的含量以K为高,而且各部位均有较高的Ca、Cu、Mg、Fe、Zn、K、Mn、Na.从微量元素的角度分析,刺五加的根、茎、叶均有一定的应用价值.
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The water and bottom sediments of Lake Victoria (Kenya) were analysed for A1, Fe, Mn, Zn, Pb, Cu, Cr and Cd. The total metal concentrations were determined and their mean variations and distributions discussed. The bottom lake waters showed higher concentration levels than the surface waters. The range of values (in mg/l) in the bottom and surface lake waters were as follows: Surface Waters: A1(0.08 - 3.98), Fe(0.09 - 4.01), Mn(0.02 - 0.10). Zn(0.01 -0.07), Pb(0.001- 0.007), Cu(not detected - 0.006), Cr(not detected - 0.004). Bottom Waters: A1(0.1 0 - 6.59), Fe(0.23 - 9.64), Mn(0.04 - 0.39), Zn(0.01- 0.08), Pb(0.002 - 0.009), Cu(not detected - 0.03). Cr(not detected -0.002). River mouths and shallow areas in the lake showed higher total metal concentrations than offshore deeper areas. Apart from natural metal levels, varied urban activities and wastes greatly contribute to the lake metal pollution as shown by high Pb and Zn levels in sediments, around Kisumu and Homa Bay areas. Other comparatively high values and variations could be attributed to the varied geological characteristics of the lake and its sediments. Compared to the established W.H.O (1984) drinking water standards manganese, aluminium and iron levels were above these limits whereas zinc, lead, chromium, copper and cadmium were below.
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对滇池优势水生植物凤眼莲、旱生莲子草、红线草、聚草和茭草及其对应水环境中的K、Na、Ca、Mg、Fe、Mn、Zn、Cu、Pb、Cd进行了化学分析,初步揭示了滇池水-植物系统金属元素的分布特征和相关性。结果表明,滇池水域属K、Ca、Mg、Fe高背景生物地球化学区,植物体内金属元素的含量,既与植物种属特性有关,又明显地受环境因素的影响,植物对营养元素的吸收不一定与环境中相应元素的浓度呈简单的线性关系,而对污染元素的吸收其线性关系非常显著。
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本研究以潮棕壤一组进行了18年的长期定位试验(开始于1990年)为平台,以室内分析为主要手段,研究不同施肥制度下农田生态系统Fe、Mn、Zn、Cu、Pb5种微量元素的分布及转化情况。该长期定位试验涵盖了中国颇具代表性的八种施肥模式,此处选择其中的四种施肥模式:不施肥(CK)、单施循环猪圈肥(M)、施氮磷钾化肥(NPK)和氮磷钾化肥与循环猪圈肥配施(NPK+M)。结果表明: 施肥对土壤全量微量元素浓度没有显著影响,但对有效态的浓度影响显著,施肥导致土壤有效态微量元素浓度增加,具体表现为NPK+M处理微量元素有效态最高,NPK处理次之,M处理更低,CK处理最低。 不同施肥处理下不同作物中微量元素浓度变化各异,但多由作物产量的变化而引起,玉米籽实和秸秆及大豆籽实中Mn浓度随产量的升高而升高,大豆籽实中Fe浓度也随产量的升高而升高,玉米秸秆中Zn浓度和大豆秸秆中Cu浓度均随着产量的增加而降低。年际间作物体内Fe、Zn、Cu浓度相对稳定,Mn的浓度出现波动。大豆籽实中所测微量元素浓度均显著高于玉米籽实中对应元素浓度,较玉米具有更高的营养价值。 不同施肥处理间作物收获物中微量元素含量有极显著差异,表现为:NPK+M>NPK>M>CK。且作物收获物中微量元素的含量与作物籽实产量(或秸秆产量)间有极显著的相关关系。不同作物收获物中微量元素的分配也不相同,玉米收获物中微量元素主要分配在秸秆中,而大豆主要分配在籽实中。 有机肥和化肥均可向农田生态系统输入微量元素,其中以有机肥形式输入农田的微量元素远大于以化肥形式输入的量,且微量元素的输入量随有机肥用量的增加而增加。 不同元素在饲喂-堆腐过程中的循环率差异较大,Zn的循环率最低,但也能超过70%,而Fe、Mn、Cu、Pb的循环率均可超过80%,其中Fe、Mn、Pb的循环率均接近90%,且微量元素的循环率随着投料量的增加有增加的趋势。 各处理土壤微量元素收入均小于支出,不同处理间收支差额NPK+M<M<CK<NPK,单施化肥加剧土壤微量元素赤字化,养分循环利用可弥补土壤微量元素的损失,减小收支差额。
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了解下辽河平原地区不同施肥模式对于土壤微量元素含量及其变化的影响。利用下辽河平原18年的定位试验,对不同施肥处理下土壤中Fe、Mn、Zn、Cu、Pb的含量及其变化进行研究。下辽河地区所测微量元素含量均略低于全国平均水平,长期采用常规施肥方式不会对土壤造成污染;除了Fe以外,试验前后所测元素的变化量在施肥处理与CK间均有显著差异,而各元素的变化量在养分循环处理与化肥处理间无显著差异;长期试验过程中,对照处理除了Zn以外均表现出下降的趋势,施肥处理除Cu以外均表现为增加的趋势;重茬玉米地中Cu含量比豆茬玉米地高。下辽河平原地区不同施肥模式下微量元素含量均低于国家限定标准,不会对土壤造成污染;不同施肥模式下微量元素变化不同,但养分循环再利用能够增加农田中微量元素的输入,对于维持农田生态系统的可持续发展有重要意义。
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以下辽河平原一组18年的定位试验为平台,研究长期不同施肥处理作物收获物中Fe、Mn、Zn、Cu含量及其分布。结果表明:作物收获物中微量元素含量表现为Fe>Mn、Zn>Cu,且玉米收获物各元素含量远高于大豆;处理间微量元素含量差异显著,表现为NPK+M>NPK>M>CK;作物收获物中微量元素含量与作物籽实或秸秆产量间有显著相关性,玉米收获物中Fe、Mn、Zn、Cu含量与秸秆产量的线性回归关系中R2分别为0.99、0.94、0.92、0.87,大豆收获物中Fe、Mn含量与秸秆产量的线性回归关系中R2均为0.97,Zn、Cu与籽实产量的线性回归关系中R2分别为1.00和0.97。不同施肥处理间微量元素分配存在变异,但总体仍表现为玉米收获物中微量元素主要分配在秸秆中,而大豆籽实富集了大量的微量元素。采用秸秆还田等养分循环再利用措施,可实现农田微量元素可持续发展,因而应在农村加强秸秆还田等养分循环再利用措施的应用。