Phyllodes tumors of the breast: Correlation of nucleolar organizer regions with histopathological malignancy grading, flow cytometric DNA analysis and clinical outcome

To examine whether nucleolar organizer regions detected by argyrophilia (Ag-NOR counts) can be used as a prognostic indicator in phyllodes tumors of the breast, and to compare its usefulness with that of DNA flow cytometric analysis, 28 cases of breast phyllodes tumors (including 15 benign, two borderline and 11 malignant tumors) were subjected to Ag-NOR staining and counting as well as DNA flow cytometric analysis. S-phase fraction and DNA ploidy analysis showed useful trends for improving outcome predictions in malignant phyllodes tumors. However, high Ag-NOR counts were significant in predicting survival status (P = 0.013) and reached near statistical significance in predicting survival times (P = 0.07). In predicting survival status, results for Ag-NOR counts were significantly better than those for ploidy analysis (P = 0.02) and S-phase fraction (P < 0.01). Only S-phase fraction was significantly predictive of survival times (P = 0.025). It is concluded that Ag-NOR counts and DNA flow cytometric analysis, easily performed using paraffin sections, give information that can improve predictions made by histopathological classification. Ag-NOR counts are significant in predicting survival in the presence of histopathological features of malignancy.

Analysis of the mouse transcriptome for genes involved in the function of the nervous system

We analyzed the mouse Representative Transcript and Protein Set for molecules involved in brain function. We found full-length cDNAs of many known brain genes and discovered new members of known brain gene families, including Family 3 G-protein coupled receptors, voltage-gated channels, and connexins. We also identified previously unknown candidates for secreted neuroactive molecules. The existence of a large number of unique brain ESTs suggests an additional molecular complexity that remains to be explored. A list of genes containing CAG stretches in the coding region represents a first step in the potential identification of candidates for hereditary neurological disorders.

Desnutrição e aproveitamento escolar: estudo entre escolares da primeira série do primeiro grau da zona urbana periférica de Londrina, PR, Brasil

Estudaram-se 450 escolares da periferia de Londrina, PR, Brasil, com o objetivo de demonstrar uma possível associação entre desnutrição e aproveitamento escolar. Destes 450 escolares, 227 eram do sexo masculino e 223 do feminino. A incidência de desnutrição foi de 34,89%. Das crianças desnutridas, apenas 56,69% obtiveram rendimento satisfatório, em comparação aos 73,88% das crianças eutróficas, demonstrando uma relação significativa entre desnuirição e aproveitamento escolar. As crianças desnutridas provinham de famílias com baixa renda mensal bruta per capita em maior proporção que as eutróficas. O aproveitamento escolar mostrou estar mais relacionado ao gasto mensal per capita em alimentação do que a renda mensal bruta per capita.

Fatores prognósticos da doença meningocócica: estudo relativo a 254 casos

Analisa-se, em relação a 254 casos de doença meningocócica, a variação da letalidade sob a influência dos seguintes fatores que, segundo a literatura, agravam-lhe o prognóstico: grupos de idade extrema, tempo curto de história antes da admissão, presença de púrpuras e/ou petéquias na admissão, ocorrência de choque ou de coma, número de leucócitos normal ou diminuído no sangue periférico na admissão, líquido cefalorraquidiano normal na admissão, número de leucócitos normal ou diminuído no sangue periférico na admissão, número de leucócitos menor que 100/mm³, proteinorraquia maior que 300 mg/dl, ou glicorraquia menor que 10 mg/dl, no líquido cefalorraquidiano colhido na admissão. Dentre esses fatores, aqueles para os quais se demonstrou influência estatisticamente significativa sobre a letalidade foram: 1) idades extremas: maior letalidade em crianças com menos de um ano de idade e em adultos com mais de 40 anos; 2) tempo de história, antes da admissão hospitalar, menor que 48 horas; 3) presença de coma ou 4) choque na admissão; 5) número de leucócitos, no sangue periférico colhido na admissão, igual ou menor que 10.000/mm³. A combinação desses fatores evidenciou que, quanto maior o número deles associados, mais alto o índice de letalidade.

Potencial sinantrópico de mosquitos Kerteszia e Culex (Diptera: Culicidae) no Sudeste do Brasil

OBJETIVO: Observar a potencialidade sinantrópica de Anopheles bellator e de An. cruzii em vilarejo rodeado por ambiente natural. MÉTODOS: As observações foram levadas a efeito na localidade de Pedrinhas, no Sudeste do Estado de São Paulo, Brasil, de outubro de 1996 a janeiro de 2000. A sinantropia, ou domiciliação, foi estimada pelo índice de Nuorteva (s) acrescido do fator intradomiciliar de Mihályi (d) e adaptado para culicídeos hematófagos. RESULTADOS: Utilizando procedimento baseado na atração pela isca humana, as duas espécies de Kerteszia mostraram freqüência conjunta positiva correspondente a s=35,7. Isso parece indicar a existência de certo grau de sinantropia por parte desses mosquitos. Assim também, a população de Cx. sacchettae, correspondente à razão de sinantropia sr=12,8, obtida pelo cálculo da relação entre os dados conseguidos na armadilha de Shannon. Quanto ao método de procura ativa pela aspiração ambiental, os resultados obtidos consistiram em valores negativos de s. Assim, corresponderam a -43,1 para An. bellator, -48,2 para An. cruzii e -3,0 para Cx. sacchettae. Tais cifras foram relacionadas ao valor positivo de s=+93,8 apresentado por Cx. quinquefasciatus e considerado como equivalente a +100,00. CONCLUSÕES: O observado em relação a domicílios isolados rurais repetiu-se em conjunto de casas formando vila, também de caráter rural, e circundada por ambiente primitivo. Ou seja, esses mosquitos adultos tendem a procurar o ambiente antrópico na busca de repasto sangüíneo. Uma vez tendo-o conseguido, voltam para o ambiente de onde saíram. Todavia, revelou-se alguma tendência adaptativa revelada pelo encontro de formas imaturas de An. bellator em recipientes artificiais. Quanto a Cx. sacchettae, a população local parece mostrar tendência para adaptação ao meio antrópico.

Megaíleo chagásico: Descrição de um caso

É apresentado um caso de megaíleo de natureza chagásica. O paciente, portador da Doença de Chagas, branco com 41 anos, apresentava história de 3 anos de episódios de eólicas abdominais, distensão e diarréia, que foram se tornando mais intensas e mais freqüentes. Fora das crises, apresentava-se assintomático. O diagnóstico de megaíleo foi estabelecido por meio do estudo radiológico contrastado do intestino delgado. O estudo histológico realizado em fragmento obtido à intervenção cirúrgica mostrou diminuição do número de células ganglionares dos plexos mientéricos.

Neurocisticercose com quadro clínico inicial de meningite aguda

São apresentados 27 casos de neurocisticercose, com quadro clínico inicial de meningite aguda, atendidos no Hospital Universitário Regional do Norte do Paraná (HURNP - Universidade Estadual de Londrina). Vinte (74,1%) pacientes eram do sexo masculino; a idade variou de 4 a 52 anos (23,6 ± 11,7 anos); 11 tinham menos de 20 anos, 10 tinham entre 21 e 30 anos e 6, mais de 30 anos. O diagnóstico etiológico foi estabelecido pela reatividade no líquido cefalorraquidiano (LCR) do teste de fixação do complemento (Weinberg) em 17 pacientes e pelo imunoenzimático (ELISA) para cisticercose em 10. Em 6 pacientes foi realizada tomografia computadorizada de crânio, todas com alterações sugestivas de neurocisticercose. No LCR colhido na admissão, em 21 (77,78%) pacientes havia predomínio de linfócitos/monócitos e em 6 (22,2%), predomínio de neutrófilos. A presença de eosinófilos, possibilitando a suspeita de neurocisticercose, só ocorreu na primeira amostra de LCR em 7 casos; desses, 4 casos a pleocitose era linfomonocitária e 3 era neutrofilica. Hiperproteinorraquia e hipoglicorraquia no LCR colhido na admissão foram observadas em 18 (66,6%) e 6 (22,2%) pacientes, respectivamente. Nos doentes em que não havia eosinófilos no LCR colhido na admissão, o diagnóstico inicial foi de meningite linfomonocitária de etiología presumivelmente viral ou de meningite purulenta. O tratamento da meningite aguda por neurocisticercose foi realizado com dexametasona e houve desaparecimento dos sintomas e sinais. Não houve óbito em nenhum caso. Os autores ressaltam a importância de incluir a neurocisticercose no diagnóstico diferencial das meningites agudas, em áreas endêmicas para essa doença, assim como realizar rotineiramente em todas as amostras de LCR colhidas de pacientes atendidos o teste ELISA para cisticercose.

Tratamento das osteomielites crônicas

Entre 1986 e 1990, sessenta pacientes com osteomielite crônica foram tratados cirúrgica e quimioterapicamente sendo reavaliados, tanto no aspecto clínico como radiológico, num espaço de tempo de doze a sessenta meses. O tratamento cirúrgico foi associado à quimioterapia por sulfametoxazol e trimetoprim, por via oral, durante seis meses. O resultado foi considerado bom quando houve desaparecimento dos sinais e sintomas do processo infeccioso. Isto ocorreu em 50 (83,33%) pacientes submetidos a uma única intervenção cirúrgica e em 9 (15%) submetidos amais de uma cirurgia. Em um (1,67%) caso a osteomielite não foi debelada.

Prevalence of intestinal nematodes in alcoholic patients

We report the results of a retrospective study on the frequency of intestinal nematodes among 198 alcoholic and 440 nonalcoholic patients at the University Hospital Cassiano Antonio Moraes in Vitória, ES, Brazil. The control sample included 194 nonalcoholic patients matched according to age, sex and neighborhood and a random sample of 296 adults admitted at the same hospital. Stool examination by sedimentation method (three samples) was performed in all patients. There was a significantly higher frequency of intestinal nematodes in alcoholics than in controls (35.3% and 19.2%, respectively), due to a higher frequency of Strongyloides stercoralis (21.7% and 4.1%, respectively). Disregarding this parasite, the frequency of the other nematodes was similar in both groups. The higher frequency of S. stercoralis infection in alcoholics could be explained by immune modulation and/or by some alteration in corticosteroid metabolism induced by chronic ethanol ingestion. Corticosteroid metabolites would mimic the worm ecdisteroids, that would in turn increase the fecundity of females in duodenum and survival of larvae. Consequently, the higher frequency of Strongyloides larvae in stool of alcoholics does not necessarily reflect an increased frequency of infection rate, but only an increased chance to present a positive stool examination using sedimentation methods.

The effects of glutamine-supplemented diet on the intestinal mucosa of the malnourished growing rat

Glutamine is the most abundant amino acid in the blood and plays a key role in the response of the small intestine to systemic injuries. Mucosal atrophy is an important phenomenon that occurs in some types of clinical injury, such as states of severe undernutrition. Glutamine has been shown to exert powerful trophic effects on the gastrointestinal mucosa after small bowel resection or transplant, radiation injury, surgical trauma, ischemic injury and administration of cytotoxic drugs. Since no study has been performed on the malnourished animal, we examined whether glutamine exerts a trophic effect on the intestinal mucosa of the malnourished growing rat. Thirty-five growing female rats (aged 21 days) were divided into 4 groups: control - chow diet; malnutrition diet; malnutrition+chow diet; and malnutrition+glutamine-enriched chow diet (2%). For the first 15 days of the experiment, animals in the test groups received a malnutrition diet, which was a lactose-enriched diet designed to induce diarrhea and malnutrition. For the next 15 days, these animals received either the lactose-enriched diet, a regular chow diet or a glutamine-enriched chow diet. After 30 days, the animals were weighed, sacrificed, and a section of the jejunum was taken and prepared for histological examination. All the animals had similar weights on day 1 of experiment, and feeding with the lactose-enriched diet promoted a significant decrease in body weight in comparison to the control group. Feeding with both experimental chow-based diets promoted significant body weight gains, although the glutamine-enriched diet was more effective. RESULTS: The morphological and morphometric analyses demonstrated that small intestinal villous height was significantly decreased in the malnourished group, and this change was partially corrected by the two types of chow-based diet. Crypt depth was significantly increased by malnutrition, and this parameter was partially corrected by the two types of chow-based diet. The glutamine-enriched diet resulted in the greatest reduction of crypt depth, and this reduction was also statistically significant when compared with control animals. CONCLUSIONS: Enteral glutamine has some positive effects on body weight gain and trophism of the jejunal mucosa in the malnourished growing rat.

Ursodeoxycholic acid does not interfere with in vivo Helicobacter pylori colonization

A low frequency of Helicobacter pylori in the gastric mucosa of patients with alkaline gastritis has been reported. At the same time, it can be noted that the growth of bacteria can be inhibited by bile acids. We studied 40 patients with chronic gastritis related to Helicobacter pylori in order to determine the effect of ursodeoxycholic acid on this infection. Diagnoses of the infection and the inflammatory process were obtained by histologic study of gastric biopsies collected during endoscopy. Two groups were studied: group I received ursodeoxycholic acid - 300 mg/day, and group II received the placebo, twice a day, both for 28 days. The colonization by Helicobacter pylori and the intensity of the mononuclear and polymorphonuclear inflammatory infiltrate were determined before (time 1) and after (time 2) treatment. Ursodeoxycholic acid had no effect on the Helicobacter pylori infection. A significant reduction in the intensity of the mononuclear inflammatory infiltrate of the gastric antrum mucosa was observed in patients from group I, when we compared not only times 1 and 2 but also groups I and II. However, this was not the case with the body mucosa. We concluded that ursodeoxycholic acid had no action on the colonization by Helicobacter pylori or on the polymorphonuclear inflammatory infiltrate, but it caused a significant reduction in the intensity of the mononuclear inflammatory infiltrate of the gastric antrum.

Cholestasis in a murine experimental model: lesions include hepatocyte ischemic necrosis

OBJECTIVE: To establish a murine experimental model of bile duct obstruction that would enable controlled observations of the acute and subacute phases of cholestasis. METHODOLOGY: Adult male isogenic BALB/c mice underwent a bile duct ligation (22 animals) or a sham operation (10 animals). Fifteen days after surgery, or immediately after the animal's death, macroscopic findings were noted and histological study of the liver, biliary tree, and pancreas was performed (hematoxylin-eosin and Masson trichromic staining). RESULTS: Beginning 24 hours after surgery, all animals from the bile duct ligation group presented progressive generalized malaise. All animals presented jaundice in the parietal and visceral peritoneum, turgid and enlarged liver, and accentuated dilatation of gallbladder and common bile duct. Microscopic findings included marked dilatation and proliferation of bile ducts with accentuated collagen deposits, frequent areas of ischemic necrosis, hepatic microabscesses, and purulent cholangitis. Animals from the sham operation group presented no alterations. CONCLUSION: We established a murine experimental model of induced cholestasis, which made it possible to study acute and subacute tissue lesions. Our data suggests that in cholestasis, hepatic functional ischemia plays an important role in inducing hepatic lesions, and it also suggests that the infectious process is an important factor in morbidity and mortality.

Weight loss and morphometric study of intestinal mucosa in rats after massive intestinal resection: influence of a glutamine-enriched diet

Short-bowel syndrome is responsible for significant metabolic alterations that compromise nutritional status. Glutamine is considered an essential nutrient for enterocytes, so beneficial effects from supplementation of the diet with glutamine are hypothesized. PURPOSE: In this study, the effect of a diet enriched with glutamine was evaluated in rats undergoing extensive small bowel resection, with analysis of postoperative weight loss and intestinal morphometrics of villi height, crypt depth, and thickness of the duodenal and remnant jejunal mucosa. METHODS: Three groups of male Wistar rats were established receiving the following diets: with glutamine, without glutamine, and the standard diet of laboratory ration. All animals underwent an extensive small bowel resection, including the ileocecal valve, leaving a remnant jejunum of only 25 cm from the pylorus that was anastomosed lateral-laterally to the ascendant colon. The animals were weighed at the beginning and end of the experiment (20th postoperative day). Then they were killed and the remnant intestine was removed. Fragments of duodenal and jejunal mucosa were collected from the remnant intestine and submitted to histopathologic exam. The morphometric study of the intestinal mucosa was accomplished using a digital system (KS 300) connected to an optic microscope. Morphometrics included villi height, crypt depth, and the total thickness of intestinal mucosa. RESULTS: The weight loss comparison among the 3 groups showed no significant loss difference. The morphometric studies showed significantly taller duodenal villi in the glutamine group in comparison to the without glutamine group, but not different from the standard diet group. The measurements obtained comparing the 3 groups for villi height, crypt depth, and thickness of the remnant jejunum mucosa were greater in the glutamine-enriched diet group than for the without-glutamine diet group, though not significantly different from with standard-diet group. CONCLUSIONS: In rats with experimentally produced short-bowel syndrome, glutamine-enrichment of an isonitrogenous test diet was associated with an improved adaptation response by the intestinal mucosa but not reduced weight loss. However, the adaptation response in the group receiving the glutamine-enriched diet was not improved over that for the group fed regular chow.