1000 resultados para Midle Ages commerce
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Background: Physiological reflexes modulated primarily by the vagus nerve allow the heart to decelerate and accelerate rapidly after a deep inspiration followed by rapid movement of the limbs. This is the physiological and pharmacologically validated basis for the 4-s exercise test (4sET) used to assess the vagal modulation of cardiac chronotropism. Objective: To present reference data for 4sET in healthy adults. Methods: After applying strict clinical inclusion/exclusion criteria, 1,605 healthy adults (61% men) aged between 18 and 81 years subjected to 4sET were evaluated between 1994 and 2014. Using 4sET, the cardiac vagal index (CVI) was obtained by calculating the ratio between the duration of two RR intervals in the electrocardiogram: 1) after a 4-s rapid and deep breath and immediately before pedaling and 2) at the end of a rapid and resistance-free 4-s pedaling exercise. Results: CVI varied inversely with age (r = -0.33, p < 0.01), and the intercepts and slopes of the linear regressions between CVI and age were similar for men and women (p > 0.05). Considering the heteroscedasticity and the asymmetry of the distribution of the CVI values according to age, we chose to express the reference values in percentiles for eight age groups (years): 18–30, 31–40, 41–45, 46–50, 51–55, 56–60, 61–65, and 66+, obtaining progressively lower median CVI values ranging from 1.63 to 1.24. Conclusion: The availability of CVI percentiles for different age groups should promote the clinical use of 4sET, which is a simple and safe procedure for the evaluation of vagal modulation of cardiac chronotropism.
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On an apple grove situated at Buri, State of São Paulo, fruits were collected from trees 1-2; 3-4; 4-5, and 6 - 7 years old. The fruits were analysed for N, P, K, Ca, Mg, S, B, Cu, Fe, Mn and Zn. The authors concluded: a) the concentrations of the nutrients in the fruits differ according to the variety, age of the tree and age of the fruit; b) the concentrations of nutrients decrease with aging of the fruits; c) the concentrations of the macronutrients obey the following order: N>K>P>Ca>S> Mg; d) for the micronutrients, the following order was ob -served: Fe > B > Mn > Cu > Zn.
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Obgleich der Boom der New Economy Schwung verloren hat, nehmen der elektronische Handel zwischen Unternehmen (B2B) und der elektronische Verkauf an private Endkunden (B2C) weiterhin deutlich zu. Dieser Prozess wird von den Industrieländern angeführt, setzt sich aber mit Zeitverzögerung auch in Entwicklungsländern durch. Dies hat weitreichende Folgen für die Rolle von Unternehmen im Produktionssystem – sowohl in Industrie - als auch in Entwicklungsländern. Das Internet ermöglicht neue Marketingkonzepte und neue Koordinationsformen in der Wertschöpfungskette, vor allem aber erhöht es die Markttransparenz und den Wettbewerbsdruck. Der Begriff Electronic Commerce (E-Commerce) zu Deutsch elektronische Handeln, ist nicht neu. Seit Jahrzehnten tauschen Unternehmen Geschäftsdaten über eine Vielzahl von Netzwerken aus. Die drastische Entwicklung des Internets hat einen großen Teil dazu beigetragen, dass sich der elektronische Handel enorm ausgedehnt hat. Angefangen mit einer reinen Vermittlung von Daten zwischen Unternehmen über geschlossene Computernetzwerke, erfuhr er eine Wandlung zu einem ausgedehnten Netzwerk von kommerziellen Aktivitäten, die sowohl privaten als auch kommerziellen Teilnehmern vollkommen neue Möglichkeiten eröffnen [Laga, 1998]. Das Internet ist zum Synonym für eine neue Welt und für die New Economy geworden. Jedes Unternehmen, welches im E-Business eine aktive Rolle spielen möchte, durchläuft einen Entwicklungsprozess vom einfachen Verkauf im Internet zur Umsetzung der Prinzipien des E-Business. E-Commerce und E-Business werden oft synonym verwendet, jedoch unterscheiden sie sich voneinander im Bezug auf Ausprägung und Reichweite [Internet-Manual.de].
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The oviposition behaviour of Gryon gallardoi (Brèthes, 1914) on eggs of Spartocera dentiventris Mendonça Jr. (Berg, 1884) of different ages (2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8 and 12 days) was investigated. Groups of 12 eggs of each age were exposed to single females of G. gallardoi, and the oviposition behaviour was recorded under a stereomicroscope for two hours. Ten replicates were used for each age. In order to identify the moment the parasitoid egg was released inside the host, 1-day old eggs of S. dentiventris were exposed to G. gallardoi females, and the oviposition was interrupted at intervals of 20, 40, 60, 80, 100, 120, 140 and 160s after ovipositor insertion had initiated. Five behavioural steps were recorded: drumming, ovipositor insertion, marking, walking and resting. The average drumming and ovipositor insertion times increased with the host age (P<0.01). Ovipositor insertion usually occurred next to the longitudinal extremities of the host eggs. Marking took on average 19.5 ± 0.7s, and as walking and resting, was not affected by host age. Self-parasitism behaviour was observed in only 13.8 ± 2.3% of the eggs, being more evident with increasing patch depletion (reduction in non-parasitized eggs in the egg group, P<0.01), again with no variation due to changes in host egg age. For all ages tested, self-parasitized host eggs were less frequently contacted and accepted than non-parasitized ones (P<0.01). The parasitoid egg was released 137.0 ± 3.7s after ovipositor insertion. Spartocera dentiventris egg condition can lead to parasitoid behavioural changes, especially during the process of host choice and discrimination.
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v.81 (1983)
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v.91 (1993)
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v.74 (1976)
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v.71 (1973)
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v.69 (1971)