Estudo sobre a participação de rodedores na cadeia de transmissão de Leishmania infantum (Protozoa: Trypanosomatidae) no Rio Grande do Norte

American visceral leishmaniasis is a zoonosis caused by Leishmania infantum and transmitted by the bite of the sand flies Lutzomia longipalpis.The main domestic reservoir is the dog, while foxes and opposums are the known wild reservoirs. However, identification of natural infections with L. infantum in rodents appears for need of investigating the participation of these rodents how source of infection of the parasite. In the present work the Leishmania infantum infection was investigated in rodents captured in Rio Grande do Norte, aiming at to offer subsidies to the understanding of the epidemic chains of LVA in the State. Thirteen Galea spixii were distributed in four groups, being G1 the group control with four animals and the others, G2, G3 and G4, with three animals each. Those animals were intraperitoneally inoculated with 107 promastigotas of L. infantum and accompanied for, respectively, 30, 90 and 180 days. Weekly the animals were monitored as for the corporal weight and rectal temperature. At the end of each stipulated period the animals were killed. Blood were used for determination of the parameters biochemical and haematological, PCR, ELISA, microscopic examination and cultivation in NNN medium. Liver, spleen and lymph node were used in Giemsa-stained impression and cultivation in NNN medium. Liver and spleen fragments were still used in PCR and histopathological, respectively. At the same time 79 rodents of the species Rattus rattus, Bolomys lasiurus, Oligoryzomys nigripis, Oryzomys subflavus and Trichomys apereoides were captured in the Municipal districts of Brejinho, Campo Grande, Coronel Ezequiel, Passa e Fica and Vázea for identification of natural infection with L. infantum. Evidence of infection was checked by direct examination of Giemsa-stained impression of liver, spleen and blood and culture of these tissues in NNN medium. Antibodies were researched by ELISA. They were not found differences among the weigh corporal final, rectal temperature and biochemical and haematological parameters of the Galea spixii controls and infected. The rectal temperature of the animals varied from 36OC to 40OC. For the first time values of the haematocrit (33,6% to 42,8%), hemoglobin (10,2 to 14,5g/dl), erythrocyts number (4,67x106 to 6,90x106/mm3), total leukocytes (0,9x103 to 9,2x103/mm3), platelets (49x103 to 509x103/mm3) total proteins (1,56 to 6,06 g/dl), albumin (1,34 to 3,05 g/dl) and globulins (0,20 to 3,01 g/dl) of the Galea spixii were determined. The lymphocytes were the most abundant leucocytes. Infection for L. infantum was diagnosed in two animals euthanasied 180 days after the infection. In one of the animals was also identified antibodies anti-Leishmania. The parasite was not found in none of the five other species of rodents captured. Galea spixii are resistant to the infection for L. infantum and they are not good models for the study for visceral leishmaniose, although they can act as infection sources. More studies are necessary to determine the paper of the rodents in the epidemic chain of transmission of the visceral leishmaniose in the State of Rio Grande do Norte

Preferência alimentar e identificação das principais fontes de repasto sanguíneo de fêmeas Lutzomyia (Diptera: Psychodidae) em áreas endêmicas para leishmaniose visceral na grande Natal

Leishmaniasis are endemic diseases wild spread in the New and Old World, caused by the flagelated protozoan Leishmania. In the New World, the distribution of different forms of leishmaniasis is mostly in tropical regions. In the State of Rio Grande do Norte, Northeast Brazil, 85% of the captured sand flies fauna is Lutzomyia longipalpis. The distribution of the sand fly vector in the state overlaps with the disease distribution, where the presence of sand flies is associated with presence of animals shelters. The aim of this study was to analyse the blood meal preference of sand flies vector from the genus Lutzomyia spp. in laboratory conditions, to verify the vector life cicle at different temperatures sets and to identify the main blood meal source in endemic areas for visceral leishmaniasis (VL) at peri-urban regions of Natal. Sand flies samples were collected from the municipalities of São Gonçalo do Amarante and Nísia Floresta where female sand flies were grouped for the colony maintenance in the laboratory and for the analysis of the preferred source of sand fly blood meal in natural environment. The prevalence of blood meal preference and oviposition for the females sand flies was 97% for Cavia porcellus with oviposition of 19 eggs/female; 97% for Eqqus caballus with 19 eggs/female; 98% for human blood with 14 eggs/female; 71.3% for Didelphis albiventris with 8.4 eggs/female; 73% for Gallus gallus with 14 eggs/female; 86% for Canis familiaris with 10.3 eggs/female; 81.4% for Galea spixii with 26 eggs/female; 36% for Callithrix jachus with 15 eggs/female; 42.8% for Monodelphis domestica with 0% of oviposition. Female sand flies did not take a blood meal from Felis catus. Sand flies life cycle ranged from 32-40 days, with 21-50 oviposition rates approximately. This study also showed that at 32°C the life cycle had 31 days, at 28° C it had 50 days and at 22°C it increased to 79 days. Adjusting the temperature to 35°C the eggs did not hatch, thus blocking the life cycle. A total of 1540 sand flies were captured, among them, 1.310 were male and 230 were female. Whereas 86% of the sand flies captured were Lu. longipalpis as compared to 10.5% for Lu. evandroi and, 3.2% for L. lenti and 0.3% for Lu whitmani. The ratio between female and male sandfly was approximately 6 males to 1 female. In Nísia Floresta, 50.7% of the collected females took their blood meal from armadillo, 12.8% from human. Among the female sand flies captured in São Gonçalo do Amarante, 80 of them were tested for the Leishmania KDNA infectivity where 5% of them were infected with Leishmania chagasi. Female Lutzomyia spp. showed to have an opportunistic blood meal characteristic. The behavioral parameters seem to have a higher influence in the oviposition when compared to the level of total proteins detected in the host s bloodstream. A higher Lu. longipalpis life cycle viability was observed at 28°C. The increase of temperature dropped the life cycle time, which means that the life cycle is modified by temperature range, source of blood meal and humidity. Lu longipalpis was the most specie found in the inner and peridomiciliar environment. In Nísia Floresta, armadillos were the main source of blood meal for Lutzomyia spp. At São Gonçalo do Amarante, humans were the main source of blood meal due to CDC nets placed inside their houses

Natural history of the coral snake Micrurus Pyrrhocryptus Cope 1862 (Elapidae) from semideciduous forests of western Brazil.

Coral snakes in the genus Micrurus are widely distributed in the Neotropics, with more than 50 species already described in this region. They are primarily ground or leaf litter dwellers, feed on snakes or other elongate vertebrates, and tend to reproduce during the rainy season. We present data on the biology of Micrurus pyrrhocryptus from two semideciduous forests of Mato Grosso do Sul state, western Brazil. Two snake species were consumed: the dipsadid Sibynomorphus lavillai and the typhlopid Typhlops brongersmianus. Sexual dimorphism is marked in M. pyrrhocryptus. with males attaining larger sizes and having longer tails. Activity was concentrated in the wet season, when reproduction occurs. The defensive behavior in this species is similar to that displayed by other Micron's, although less pronounced.

Squamata, Elapidae, Micrurus surinamensis (Cuvier, 1817): new records and distribution map in the state of Mato Grosso, Brazil, with notes on diet and activity period.

We report six new records of M. surinamensis and present the map of distribution with known records for this species of semiaquatic coral snake in the state of Mato Grosso, Brazil.

Predation on the lizard Ameiva ameiva (Sauria: Teiidae) by a coral snake Micrurus frontalis (Serpentes: Elapidae) in Brazil.

We report a case of elapid predation on a lizard in Brazilian Savannah. A subterranean coral snake (Micrurus frontalis) was found preying a green lizard (Ameiva ameiva) in Southeastern Brazil.

Comparative analysis of microsatellite variability in five macaw species (Psittaciformes, Psittacidae): application for conservation

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

A LINE2 repetitive DNA sequence from the cichlid fish, Oreochromis niloticus: sequence analysis and chromosomal distribution

We report the cloning and characterization of a long interspersed nucleotide element (LINE) fi-om a cichlid fish, Oreochromis niloticus, and show the distribution of this element, called CiLINE2 for cichlid LINE2, in the chromosomes of this species. The identification of an open reading frame in CiLINE2 with amino acid sequence similarity to reverse transcriptases encoded by LINE-like elements in Caenorhabditis elegans, Platemys spixii, Schistosoma mansoni, Gallus gallus (CRI), Drosophila melanogaster (I factor), and Homo sapiens (LINE2), as well as the structure of the element, suggest it is a member of this family of non-long terminal repeat-containing retrotransposons. Search of a DNA sequence database identified sequences similar to CiLINE2 in four other fish species (Haplotaxodon microlepis, Oreochromis mossambicus, Pseudotropheus zebra, and Fugu rubripes). Southern blot hybridization experiments revealed the presence of sequences similar to CiLINE2 in all Tilapiini species analyzed from the genera Oreochromis, Tilapia, and Sarotherodon, and gave an estimated copy number of about 5500 for the haploid genome of O. niloticus. Fluorescent in situ hybridization showed that CiLINE2 sequences were organized in small clusters dispersed over all chromosomes of O. niloticus, with a higher concentration near chromosome ends. Furthermore the long arm of chromosome 1 was strikingly enriched with this sequence. The distribution of LINE2-related elements might underlie the difference in chromosome banding patterns observed between cold-blooded vertebrates and mammals.

Development of the inverted visceral yolk sac in three species of caviids (rodentia, caviomorpha, caviidae)

Guinea pig related rodents possess numerous derived placental characters. We attempt to identify diversity within the visceral yolk sac and its association with the chorioallantoic placenta in three species of caviids, two of them possessing a capsule formed by the decidua that covers the chorioallantoic placenta. The results verify that in early pregnancy all three species have in inverted yolk sac placenta. In advanced pregnancy the species differ: Galea spixii, as representative without a capsule, bear a yolk sac in apposition to the chorioallantoic placenta with signs of exchange activity until term. Galea is similar to other caviomorphs in this respect. In Dasyprocta leporina and Cuniculus paca, the representatives possessing a capsule, the yolk sac endoderm lacks signs of substance exchange. Evidently, the presence of a capsule prevents such ail interaction. The variations established here must be considered if animal models for human placentation are required which have restricted access to the chorioallantoic placenta from the outside. (C) 2008 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

A influência do ambiente e do espaço em comunidades de peixes estuarinos da Zona Costeira Amazônica

Um dos objetivos do estudo da ecologia de comunidades de peixes é identificar e prever padrões de estruturação dessas assembleias em função das interações bióticas e abióticas que ocorrem dentro de um ecossistema. Especificamente na Zona Costeira Amazônica, há um crescente número de estudos sendo realizados sobre a influência de fatores abióticos e da localização espaço-sazonal na estruturação de assembleias de peixes estuarinos, no entanto estas influências têm sido avaliadas separadamente tornando restrito o entendimento da dinâmica das assembleias de peixes desses ambientes. Com isso, o objetivo deste estudo é identificar o padrão de estruturação espaço-sazonal da ictiofauna na Baía de Salinas relacionando descritores de assembleias de peixes com parâmetros ambientais e espaciais. As coletas foram sazonais (chuva e estiagem de 2011) dentro da Baía de Salinópolis utilizando métodos tradicionais (malhadeiras) de coleta de peixes. Foi coletado um total de 1.293 exemplares, distribuídos em 67 espécies e 27 famílias. As espécies Cathorops spixii (n = 121) e Cathorops agassizii (n = 201) foram as mais abundantes durante a chuva e durante a estiagem, as espécies Cathorops agassizii (n = 118) e Genyatremus luteus (n = 72) foram as mais abundantes. Os resultados mostraram as assembleias de peixes entre o período de chuva e estiagem se mostraram semelhantes em termos de abundância e composição de espécies. O ambiente e a localização geográfica não influenciam a estruturação das assembleias de peixes estuarinos neotropicais, sugerindo que a estruturação da assembleia se dê de forma aleatória, seguindo o padrão de modelos nulos de distribuição.

Morfologia hemipeniana de 11 espécies do gênero Micrurus Wagler, 1824 na Amazônia Brasileira, com redescrição de Micrurus filiformis (Günther, 1859) e Micrurus paraensis Cunha & Nascimento, 1973 (Serpentes, Elapidae)

O gênero Micrurus reúne serpentes de hábitos semi-fossoriais, terrestres e semiaquáticos, distribuídas desde o Sul dos Estados Unidos até o Sul da Argentina. Entre as cerca de 66 espécies atualmente válidas, 25 são registradas para a Amazônia brasileira. Com o objetivo de ampliar o conhecimento das serpentes do gênero Micrurus na Amazônia brasileira, foram levantados neste trabalho dados de lepidose, hemipênis e distribuição geográfica de 544 exemplares de 11 espécies. O presente trabalho compreende dois capítulos. O primeiro capítulo apresenta uma descrição comparativa dos hemipênis de 11 espécies de Micrurus. Baseado nos resultados obtidos nas análises dos exemplares foi elaborada diagnose, padrão de desenho e coloração, descrição e representação do hemipênis e mapa de distribuição geográfica para cada táxon. Neste capítulo são apresentadas descrições inéditas dos hemipênis de M. hemprichii ortoni e M. paraensis além de variações morfológicas até então não descritas da morfologia hemipeniana das espécies. O segundo capítulo apresenta uma descrição mais detalhada de duas espécies, M. filiformis e M. paraensis, com base na morfologia externa e do hemipênis.

Filogeografia de três espécies de Passeiriformes (Suboscines) na região do Baixo Tocantins - Ilha do Marajó - Pará

A região do Baixo Tocantins - ilha do Marajó é excelente local para se realizar um estudo de integração de dados geológicos e biológicos visando-se a compreensão dos processos de diversificação de espécies. Foram estimados parâmetros de genética populacional e realizadas análises filo genéticas das populações amostradas utilizando-se o gene ND2, relacionando-os com o cenário geológico proposto para a evolução da região. Foram utilizadas inferência bayesiana e máxima verossimilhança para reconstrução de filogenias intraespecíficas, redes de haplótipos e o teste de desvio de neutralidade R2, AMOVA, F _ST e Nm para as análises populacionais, para três espécies de aves Passeriformes: Xiphorhynchus spixii e Glyphorynchs spirurus (Dendrocolaptidae) e Willisornis poecilinotus (Thamnophilidae). As populações de X spixii não apresentaram estruturação geográfica, exibindo altos níveis de fluxo gênico entre elas. A árvore filogenética de G. spirurus apresentou um grupo de haplótipos únicos da ilha do Marajó (1M) e um grupo irmão contendo haplótipos pertencentes às áreas de endemismo Xingu (XI), Belém (BE) e 1M. Essa topologia indica um aparente contato secundário recente na 1M entre uma população isolada e endêmica da própria ilha com populações do continente (XI). A árvore obtida para W poecilinotus apresentou uma topologia semelhante àquela de G. spirurus, indicando que a formação da 1M provavelmente atuou de maneira similar em diferentes espécies, com similares capacidades de dispersão, gerando padrões filogeográficos concordantes. Comparando--se as três espécies, concluímos que X spixii possui maior capacidade de dispersão respondendo de maneira distinta ao mesmo efeito vicariante. Estimativas do relógio molecular para o nó que separa o grupo de haplótipos endêmicos da ilha do Marajó mostram que tanto as populações de G. spirurus, quanto às de W. poecilinotus são muito mais antigas que os eventos que levaram à separação total da 1M em relação ao continente (aproximadamente 10.000 anos AP), com uma idade estimada aproximadamente 747.000 anos AP para G. spirurus e 798.000 anos AP para W. poecilinotus, indicando que outros processos vicariantes anteriores à separação total da Ilha do Marajó poderiam ter separado essas populações endêmicas da ilha.

Endoparasites infecting the semiaquatic coral snake Micrurus surinamensis (Squamata: Elapidae) in the southern amazonian region, Mato Grosso state, Brazil

Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq)

Molecular identification of food sources in triatomines in the Brazilian northeast: roles of goats and rodents in Chagas disease epidemiology

Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq)

Evidence of contamination by oil and oil products in the Santos-São Vicente estuary, São Paulo, Brazil

Different components of the mixed function oxidase (MFO) system and the levels of fluorescent aromatic compounds in bile (FACs) were measured in Cathorops spixii in order to assess the impact of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). Fish were sampled in an estuary (Santos/Sao Vicente) with a history of contamination by PAHs, mainly due to the presence of the industrial complex of Cubatao city and of another of low anthropogenic influence (Cananeia) on the Brazilian coast. FACs were higher in fish from the polluted site, and the PAH 5 and 6-ring metabolites were the most frequent - with 14% and 15%, respectively. Levels of the different components of the MFO system showed the same variation profile as the FACs for both estuaries. Therefore, the values found for somatic indexes and biomarkers with data of bile PAH metabolites indicate the presence of organic contaminants, especially in the area subject to the influence of the industrial complex on the Santos/Sao Vicente estuary.