Bacterial diversity in rhizosphere soil from Antarctic vascular plants of Admiralty Bay, maritime Antarctica

The Antarctic is a pristine environment that contributes to the maintenance of the global climate equilibrium. The harsh conditions of this habitat are fundamental to selecting those organisms able to survive in such an extreme habitat and able to support the relatively simple ecosystems. The DNA of the microbial community associated with the rhizospheres of Deschampsia antarctica Desv (Poaceae) and Colobanthus quitensis (Kunth) BartI (Caryophyllaceae), the only two native vascular plants that are found in Antarctic ecosystems, was evaluated using a 16S rRNA multiplex 454 pyrosequencing approach. This analysis revealed similar patterns of bacterial diversity between the two plant species from different locations, arguing against the hypothesis that there would be differences between the rhizosphere communities of different plants. Furthermore, the phylum distribution presented a peculiar pattern, with a bacterial community structure different from those reported of many other soils. Firmicutes was the most abundant phylum in almost all the analyzed samples, and there were high levels of anaerobic representatives. Also, some phyla that are dominant in most temperate and tropical soils, such as Acidobacteria, were rarely found in the analyzed samples. Analyzing all the sample libraries together, the predominant genera found were Bifidobacterium (phylum Actinobacteria), Arcobacter (phylum Proteobacteria) and Faecalibacterium (phylum Firmicutes). To the best of our knowledge, this is the first major bacterial sequencing effort of this kind of soil, and it revealed more than expected diversity within these rhizospheres of both maritime Antarctica vascular plants in Admiralty Bay, King George Island, which is part of the South Shetlands archipelago. The ISME Journal (2010) 4, 989-1001; doi:10.1038/ismej.2010.35; published online 1 April 2010

COMPARISON OF DIFFERENT PROTOCOLS FOR THE EXTRACTION OF MICROBIAL DNA FROM REEF CORALS

This study aimed to test different protocols for the extraction of microbial DNA from the coral Mussismilia harttii. Four different commercial kits were tested, three of them based on methods for DNA extraction from soil (FastDNA SPIN Kit for soil, MP Bio, PowerSoil DNA Isolation Kit, MoBio, and ZR Soil Microbe DNA Kit, Zymo Research) and one kit for DNA extraction from plants (UltraClean Plant DNA Isolation Kit, MoBio). Five polyps of the same colony of M. harttii were macerated and aliquots were submitted to DNA extraction by the different kits. After extraction, the DNA was quantified and PCR-DGGE was used to study the molecular fingerprint of Bacteria and Eukarya. Among the four kits tested, the ZR Soil Microbe DNA Kit was the most efficient with respect to the amount of DNA extracted, yielding about three times more DNA than the other kits. Also, we observed a higher number and intensities of DGGE bands for both Bacteria and Eukarya with the same kit. Considering these results, we suggested that the ZR Soil Microbe DNA Kit is the best adapted for the study of the microbial communities of corals.

Comparison of different protocols for the extraction of microbial DNA from reef corals

This study aimed to test different protocols for the extraction of microbial DNA from the coral Mussismilia harttii. Four different commercial kits were tested, three of them based on methods for DNA extraction from soil (FastDNA SPIN Kit for soil, MP Bio, PowerSoil DNA Isolation Kit, MoBio, and ZR Soil Microbe DNA Kit, Zymo Research) and one kit for DNA extraction from plants (UltraClean Plant DNA Isolation Kit, MoBio). Five polyps of the same colony of M. harttii were macerated and aliquots were submitted to DNA extraction by the different kits. After extraction, the DNA was quantified and PCR-DGGE was used to study the molecular fingerprint of Bacteria and Eukarya. Among the four kits tested, the ZR Soil Microbe DNA Kit was the most efficient with respect to the amount of DNA extracted, yielding about three times more DNA than the other kits. Also, we observed a higher number and intensities of DGGE bands for both Bacteria and Eukarya with the same kit. Considering these results, we suggested that the ZR Soil Microbe DNA Kit is the best adapted for the study of the microbial communities of corals.

Microbial community, biomarker concentrations and their isotopic signature in sediment of Gullfaks and Tommeliten methane seeps in the Northern North Sea

Gullfaks is one of the four major Norwegian oil and gas fields, located in the northeastern edge of the North Sea Plateau. Tommeliten lies in the greater Ekofisk area in the central North Sea. During the cruises HE 208 and AL 267 several seep locations of the North Sea were visited. At the Heincke seep at Gullfaks, sediments were sampled in May 2004 (HE 208) using a video-guided multiple corer system (MUC; Octopus, Kiel). The samples were recovered from an area densely covered with bacterial mats where gas ebullition was observed. The coarse sands limited MUC penetration depth to maximal 30 centimeters and the highly permeable sands did not allow for a high-resolution, vertical subsampling because of pore water loss. The gas flare mapping and videographic observation at Tommeliten indicated an area of gas emission with a few small patches of bacterial mats with diameters <50 cm from most of which a single stream of gas bubbles emerged. The patches were spaced apart by 10-100 m. Sampling of sediments covered by bacterial mats was only possible with 3 small push cores (3.8 cm diameter) mounted to ROV Cherokee. These cores were sampled in 3 cm intervals. Lipid biomarker extraction from 10 -17 g wet sediment was carried out as described in detail elsewhere (Elvert et al., 2003; doi:10.1080/01490450303894). Briefly, defined concentrations of cholestane, nonadecanol and nonadecanolic acid with known delta 13C-values were added to the sediments prior to extraction as internal standards for the hydrocarbon, alcohol and fatty acid fraction, respectively. Total lipid extracts were obtained from the sediment by ultrasonification with organic solvents of decreasing polarity. Esterified fatty acids (FAs) were cleaved from the glycerol head group by saponification with methanolic KOH solution. From this mixture, the neutral fraction was extracted with hexane. After subsequent acidification, FAs were extracted with hexane. For analysis, FAs were methylated using BF3 in methanol yielding fatty acid methyl esters (FAMES). The fixation for total cell counts and CARD-FISH were performed on-board directly after sampling. For both methods, sediments were fixed in formaldehyde solution. After two hours, aliquots for CARD-FISH staining were washed with 1* PBS (10mmol/l sodium phosphate solution, 130mmol/l NaCl, adjusted to a pH of 7.2) and finally stored in a 1:1 PBS:ethanol solution at -20°C until further processing. Samples for total cell counts were stored in formalin at 4°C until analysis. For sandy samples, the total cell count/CARD-FISH protocol was optimized to separate sand particles from the cells. Cells were dislodged from sediment grains and brought into solution with the supernatant by sonicating each sample onice for 2 minutes at 50W. This procedure was repeated four times and supernatants were combined. The sediment samples were brought to a final dilution of 1:2000 to 1:4000 and filtered onto 0.2µm GTTP filters (Millipore, Eschbonn, Germany).

A comparison of bacterial community diversity between Tahsis Inlet and the open ocean

Senior thesis written for Oceanography 445

Molecular investigation of the microbial populations of the pink sugarcane mealybug, Saccharicoccus sacchari

In an attempt to better understand the microbial diversity and endosymbiotic microbiota of the pink sugarcane mealybug (PSMB) Saccharicoccus sacchari Cockerell (Homoptera: Pseudococcidae), culture-independent approaches, namely PCR, a 16S rDNA clone library, and temperature gradient gel electrophoresis (TGGE) were used. Previous work has indicated that the acetic acid bacteria Gluconacetobacter sacchari, Gluconacetobacter diazotrophicus, and Gluconacetobacter liquefaciens represent only a small proportion of the microbial community of the PSMB. These findings were supported in this study by TGGE, where no bands representing G. sacchari, G. diazotrophicus, and G. liquefaciens on the acrylamide gel could be observed following electrophoresis, and by a 16S rDNA clone library study, where no clones with the sequence of an acetic acid bacterium were found. Instead, TGGE revealed that the mealybug microbial community was dominated by beta- and gamma-Proteobacteria. The dominant band in TGGE gels found in a majority of the mealybug samples was most similar, according to BLAST analysis, to the beta-symbiont of the craw mealybug Antonina crawii and to Candidatus Tremblaya princeps, an endosymbiont from the mealybug Paracoccus nothofagicola. The sequences of other dominant bands were identified as gamma-Proteobacteria, and were most closely related to uncultured bacterial clones obtained from soil samples. Mealybugs collected from different areas in Queensland, Australia, were found to produce similar TGGE profiles, although there were a few exceptions. A 16S rDNA clone library based on DNA extracted from a mealybug collected from sugarcane in the Burdekin region in Queensland, Australia, indicated very low levels of diversity among mealybug microbial populations. All sequenced clones were most closely related to the same members of the gamma-Proteobacteria, according to BLAST analysis.

Microbial community composition of sandy intertidal sediments of Sylt-Rømø Basin, Wadden Sea

Molecular biological methods were used to investigate the microbial diversity and community structure in intertidal sandy sediments near the island of Sylt (Wadden Sea) at a site which was characterized for transport and mineralization rates in de Beer et al., (2005, hdl:10013/epic.21375). The sampling was performed during low tide in the middle of the flat, approximately 40 m in the offshore direction from the high water line on October 6, 1999, March 7, 2000, and July 5, 2000. Two parallel cores were collected from each season for molecular analyses. Within 2 h after sampling the sediment cores were sub-sampled and fixed in formaldehyde for FISH analysis. The cells were hybridized, stained with 4',6'-diamidino-2-phenylindole (DAPI) and microscopically counted as described previously [55]. Details of probes and formamide concentrations which were used are shown in further details. Counts are reported as means calculated from 10-15 randomly chosen microscopic fields corresponding to 700-1000 DAPI-stained cells. Values were corrected for the signals counted with the probe NON338. Fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH)with group-specific rRNA-targeted oligonucleotide probes were used to characterize the microbial community structure over depth (0-12 cm) and seasons (March, July, October). We found high abundances of bacteria with total cell numbers up to 3×109 cells ml-1 and a clear seasonal variation, with higher values in July and October versus March. The microbial community was dominated by members of the Planctomycetes, the Cytophaga/Flavobacterium group, Gammaproteobacteria, and bacteria of the Desulfosarcina/Desulfococcus group. The high abundance (1.5×10**7 - 1.8×10**8 cells/ml accounting for 3-19% of all cells) of presumably aerobic heterotrophic polymer-degrading planctomycetes is in line with the high permeability, deep oxygen penetration, and the high rates of aerobic mineralization of algal biomass measured in the sandy sediments by de Beer et al., (2005, hdl:10013/epic.21375). The high and stable abundance of members of the Desulfosarcina/Desulfococcus group, both over depth and season, suggests that these bacteria may play a more important role than previously assumed based on low sulfate reduction rates in parallel cores de Beer et al., (2005).

Prevalence and genetic diversity of Blastocystis in family units living in the United States

The human gut is host to a diversity of microorganisms including the single-celled microbial eukaryote Blastocystis. Although Blastocystis has a global distribution, there is dearth of information relating to its prevalence and diversity in many human populations. The mode of Blastocystis transmission to humans is also insufficiently characterised, however, it is speculated to vary between different populations. Here we investigated the incidence and genetic diversity of Blastocystis in a US population and also the possibility of Blastocystis human-human transmission between healthy individuals using family units (N = 50) living in Boulder, Colorado as our sample-set. Ten of the 139 (~ 7%) individuals in our dataset were positive for Blastocystis, nine of whom were adults and one individual belonging to the children/adolescents group. All positive cases were present in different family units. A number of different Blastocystis subtypes (species) were detected with no evidence of mixed infections. The prevalence of Blastocystis in this subset of the US population is comparatively low relative to other industrialised populations investigated to date; however, subtype diversity was largely consistent with that previously reported in studies of European populations. The distribution of Blastocystis within family units indicates that human-human transmission is unlikely to have occurred within families that participated in this study. It is not unexpected that given the world-wide variation in human living conditions and lifestyles between different populations, both the prevalence of Blastocystis and its mode of transmission to humans may vary considerably.

Ureaplasma speioces are associated with chorioamnionitiis in late preterm placentas

Background: Preterm birth is a major cause of neonatal morbidity and mortality, with 75% of preterm births occurring late preterm. Previous studies have investigated the microbial diversity within placentas delivered early preterm but there has been no investigation of the prevalence of bacteria, particularly Ureaplasma spp. in late preterm placentas. Method: Women giving birth late preterm (320 – 366 weeks of gestation) in Cincinnati were recruited for this study. Samples of chorioamnion were collected aseptically at the time of delivery, shipped to QUT and tested for Ureaplasma spp. and other bacteria by culture and/or PCR assays. The presence of bacteria was correlated with adverse pregnancy outcomes, including histological chorioamnionitis (tissue sections read by US pathologists). Results: To date, Ureaplasma spp. have been detected in 15/270 (5.5%) of placentas by culture and 19/270 (7%) by PCR. Ureaplasma presence correlated with histological chorioamnionitis (12/19%; 63%). However, the presence of other bacteria was not associated with chorioamnionitis (5%). Chorioamnionitis was unevenly distributed in ethnic groups, with a higher incidence in African-Americans’ (6/7; 86%), compared to Caucasians’ (6/12; 50%) who were colonised with ureaplasmas. Conclusion: This study is the first to report the prevalence of ureaplasmas in women (7%) who deliver late preterm. Ureaplasma spp. were associated with a higher incidence of chorioamnionitis (63% compared to 15% for non-infected women). This data strongly suggests that ureaplasmas are a cause of late preterm deliveries and African-American women are at greater risk of chorioamnionitis.

Äidinmaito - terveysjuomaa ja normaalibakteereita

The chemical composition of breast milk has been studied in detail in the past decades. Hundreds of new antibacterial and antiviral components have been found. Several molecules have been found to promote the proper function of neonatal intestine. However, microbiological studies of breast milk have been, until recently, focused mainly on detecting harmful and pathogenic bacteria and viruses. Natural microbial diversity of human milk has not been widely studied before the work reported in this thesis. This is mainly because breast milk has traditionally been thought to be sterile - even if a certain amount of commensal bacteria have usually been detected in milk samples. The first part of this licentiate thesis contains a short literature review about the anatomy and physiology of breast feeding, human milk chemical and microbiological composition, mastitis, intestinal flora and bacteriocins. The second part reports on the experiments of the licentiate work, concentrating on the microbial diversity in the milk of healthy breast-feeding mothers, and the ability of these bacteria to produce antibacterial substances against pathogenic bacteria. The results indicate that human milk is a source of commensal bacteria for infant intestine. 509 random isolates from 40 breast milk samples were isolated and identified by 16S rRNA sequencing. Median bacterial count was about 600 colony forming units per milliliter. Over half of the isolates were staphylococci, and almost one third streptococci. The most common species were skin bacteria Staphylococcus epidermidis and oral bacteria Streptococcus salivarius and Streptococcus mitis. Lactic acid bacteria, identified as members of Lactobacillus-, Lactococcus- and Leuconostoc -genera, were found in five milk samples. Enterococci were found in three samples. A novel finding in this study is the capability of these commensal bacteria to inhibit the growth of pathogens. In 90 precent of the milk samples commensal bacteria inhibiting the growth of Staphylococcus aureus were found. In 40 precent of samples the colonies could block the growth completely. One fifth of the isolated Staph. epidermidis strains, half of Str. salivarius strains, and all lactic acid bacteria and enterococci could inhibit or block the growth of Staph. aureus. In further study also Listeria innocua- and Micrococcus luteus active isolates were found in 33 and 11 precent of milk samples (out of 140). Furthermore, two Lactococcus lactis isolates from the breast milk were shown to produce bacteriocin nisin, which is an antimicrobial molecule used as a food preservative. The importance of these human milk commensal bacteria in the development of newborn intestinal flora and immune system, as well as in preventing maternal breast infections, should be further explored.

Análise da diversidade microbiana em infecções endodônticas persistentes

O presente trabalho teve por objetivo investigar a microbiota de canais radiculares relacionadas ao insucesso do tratamento endodôntico, buscando a identificação e a quantificação destes micro-organismos. Foram selecionados 36 dentes com infecção endodôntica persistente. O material obturador foi removido do canal radicular e amostras microbiológicas foram coletadas dos canais com o auxílio de limas tipo Hedströen e cones de papel absorvente estéril. A técnica do Checkerboard DNA-DNA hybridization foi utilizada para detecção de até 79 espécies bacterianas em cada amostra, utilizando sondas de DNA específicas. Os dados microbiológicos foram expressos em percentagem média (prevalência), proporção e nível médio de cada espécie em cada amostra. Os testes t independente e de correlação de Pearson foram usados para correlacionar a contagem das bactérias testadas com os dados clínicos (p≤ 0,05). Foi encontrada uma média de 11 espécies por amostra. E. faecium (36%), S. epidermidis (36%), E. saburreum (28%), P. micra (28%), S. sanguis (28%), C. sputigena (28%), L. buccalis (28%), E. faecalis (28%) e S. warneri (28%) foram as espécies mais prevalentes, e as espécies encontradas em níveis médios mais altos foram E. faecium, D. pneumosintes, S. epidermidis, H. pylori e C. sputigena. T. socranskii (3%), F. periodonticum (3%), C. gingivalis (3%), S. ixodetis (3%) apresentaram prevalências mais baixas. E. faecium e S. epidermidis apresentaram os maiores valores de prevalência, níveis médios e proporção. Não houve correlação entre a microbiota detectada nas amostras com os sinais e sintomas clínicos apresentados pelos pacientes, porém nas lesões periapicais de maior área foi detectada contagem significativamente maior de bacilos e espécies Gram-negativas (p<0,05). Baseado nos resultados obtidos é possível concluir que a microbiota presente em dentes com periodontite apical persistente possui perfil misto e complexo, e que uma maior área de lesão perirradicular pode estar associada a contagem elevada de bacilos e de espécies Gram-negativas.

内蒙古多伦草原土壤微生物多样性对全球变化的响应

气候变暖和氮沉降是全球变化现象中最为重要和广为关注的两个方面，它们给陆地生态系统带来了深刻的影响。目前，已有众多研究就二者对地上植被的影响展开了大量工作;而作为陆地生态系统的另一重要生命组分，土壤微生物群落对二者的响应与适应机制还不明了，还需要相关工作的不断补充和完善。本文正是在温带典型草原通过设置增温、施氮等模拟控制实验，探讨增温、施氮及其交互效应对草原生态系统土壤微生物群落多样性和功能多样性的影响，使我们对该地区土壤微生物群落的响应与适应有了一个初步的了解，有助于全面分析和评估气候变化对温带典型草原生态系统的影响。 目前，全球变暖表现出时间上的不均衡性，即夜间增温的幅度要大于白天增温的幅度，而且这种现象在欧亚大陆尤为普遍。这种气候变暖的不均衡性是否会给草原生态系统土壤微生物群落带来显著的影响是我们所关注的问题之一。在第二章中，于多伦典型草原设置了对照、白天增温、夜间增温和全天增温处理，处理时间起始于2006 年5 月，并通过磷脂脂肪酸和BIOLOG 分析方法分别对土壤微生物的群落多样性和碳源利用能力（即功能多样性）进行分析。结果表明，不同增温处理对土壤微生物群落组成的影响均不显著，而夜间增温对土壤细菌群落的碳源利用能力具有显著的促进作用。这说明土壤微生物群落结构对短期增温处理的响应要滞后于功能的响应，而功能上的响应又首先出现在细菌群落，并且这种响应表现为白天增温和夜间增温的非加和效应。 气候变暖往往与降雨的变化相伴而生，而水分又是半干旱典型草原重要限制因子，因此探讨降雨的变化对土壤微生物的影响有助于更深入的了解土壤微生物对气候变暖的响应。在第三章中，分别设置了对照、增温、夏季增雨及增温×夏季增雨处理，处理时间起始于2005 年4 月，并同样分析了土壤微生物的群落组成和功能多样性。结果表明，增温和夏季增雨对土壤微生物群落结构和功能的影响具有明显的一致性，二者均降低了革兰氏阴性菌的相对含量，并且促进了细菌群落的碳源利用能力。增温和增雨在影响细菌群落结构（即，革兰氏阴性菌与阳性菌之比）上具有一定程度的交互效应。 陆地生态系统生产力普遍受到土壤氮素的限制，由于人类活动的干扰，尤其是农业生产和化石燃料燃烧，使土壤氮素含量增加，改变土壤理化环境和地上植物群落，这将直接或间接地影响土壤微生物群落结构和功能。就已有的研究结果来看施氮究竟如何影响土壤微生物群落尚无定论。第四章主要是针对相关研究结果上的分歧，在2003 年设置的0-64 g N m-2 yr-1 的指数施氮梯度实验上进行土壤理化因子、微生物量、净氮矿化和微生物碳源利用能力的分析。结果表明，土壤微生物群落对施氮的响应存在一个介于16 和32 g N m-2y-1 最优施氮量，即低于最优施氮量施氮处理表现为对土壤微生物的促进作用，而过高的施氮量则表现为抑制作用。这一结果说明施氮量是影响土壤微生物对施氮处理做出响应的重要方面之一，有助于解释目前相关研究中出现的结果分歧。 第五章的研究则是考虑了地形和火烧这两个草原生态系统普遍存在的干扰因素，比较分析二者与施氮处理对土壤微生物群落结构的影响。实验设置在多伦典型草原一个坡度为15﹪的南向阳坡，坡上坡下分别设置对照、施氮和火烧处理，处理的起始时间为2005 年4 月。结果表明，土壤微生物群落结构存在地形上的显著差异，表现为坡下以细菌类群占优势，而坡上真菌类群的相对优势较大;火烧对土壤微生物群落结构的影响显著，并表现出明显的地形上的差异，即坡下微生物对火烧的响应敏感性要高于坡上;而短期的施氮处理对土壤微生物群落结构的影响不显著。第六章的研究主要是针对增温、施氮和增温×施氮处理对土壤微生物群落结构和功能的影响，处理时间起始于2006 年5 月。结果表明，土壤微生物群落结构和功能年际变化显著;增温和施氮对土壤微生物的影响均不显著，但增温复合施氮处理中的土壤微生物群落结构表现出一定的响应趋势。

南海北部区域表层水微生物多样性及其分布特点研究

海洋中的微生物多样性是十分丰富的。南海北部区域表层水的微生物群落结构及物种多样性情况仍不十分清楚。本研究，采用构建基因克隆文库的方法，对该区域内表层水中的微生物多样性及分布特点进行研究。获得了8000多个细菌16S rDNA基因、真核微生物ITS 区基因及光合微型生物 psbA 基因单克隆。本研究结果表明：在南海北部区域表层水中存在两种不同微生物类群，即近海岸带海洋微生物类群和开阔海域海洋微生物类群。 16S rDNA基因克隆文库中，确定了507个OTUs。93.7% 的16S rDNA 序列定义在同一种水平上，1.4 %的16S rDNA序列定义在同一属的水平上，2.7%的16S rDNA序列定义在同一纲的水平上，1.2%的16S rDNA序列定义在同一门的水平上。值得一提的是有0.7%的南海表层水样品的16S rDNA 序列，属于目前数据库中的未知序列。系统育树分析表明这类序列可归属于4个不同的分枝群。与Venter’s Sorcerer II 海洋科考（马尾岛海域）的结果不同，南海北部区域表层水中，并没有发现SAR11分支细菌、丝状杆菌（Fibrobacter）和Rheinheimera细菌序列，但南海北部区域却发现了马尾岛海域未检测到的物种，如酸杆菌门、恐球菌-栖热菌门、厚壁菌门，硝化螺旋菌门，浮霉菌门以及疣微菌类细菌。除疣微菌外，其他5种细菌都是海洋环境样品中较为常见的细菌。变形菌门、蓝细菌及厚壁菌门细菌序列是南海北部表层样品16S rDNA基因克隆文库中的主要类群。 真核生物如浮游植物和海洋真菌是海洋表面生物质的主要组成部分之一。现有的研究多集中在环境样品的原核微生物的群落结构研究上，很少关注海洋微型真核生物的多样性及群落结构分布。本研究通过构建ITS基因克隆文库的方法，得到了3044条ITS序列，最终定义了1288个OTUs。其中，329个OTUs序列定义在同一种水平上，310个OTUs序列定义在同一属或纲的水平上，123个OTUs序列定义在同一门的水平上。值得注意的是有339个OTUs的序列，属于目前数据库中的未知序列。系统发育树分析表明它们分别归属于4个不同的分枝群。这表明以往对海洋真核微型生物的多样性仍知之甚少。盘菌亚门、体腔动物门和担子菌纲是南海北部表层样品ITS基因克隆文库中的主要类群。此外，在南海北部区域还发现了少数归属于绿藻、链形植物、定鞭金藻类、放射虫类、Stramenopiles、Typhlocoela、壶菌类、多孢囊霉目、子囊菌门、地位未定的物种、 酵母、领鞭毛虫门、不可培养的后生动物和海绵动物的ITS序列。 海洋初级生产力主要是依靠光合微型浮游生物进行光合作用完成的。利用新设计的psbA通用引物，对南海北部33个表层水样滤膜进行基因克隆文库建库分析，最终获得了南海北部区域表层水微生物多样性及其分布特点研究3062条部分psbA基因序列，并将其划分为957个 OTUs。其中蓝细菌和未培养的病毒序列在psbA基因库中的数量最多。本研究还发现了南海北部区域存在11个独立分支的新型psbA类群。研究证实psbA基因可以作为一种研究海洋光合微型浮游生物群落结构的指示基因。 克隆文库相似性分析发现，在所有的16S rDNA克隆文库中没有任意两个站点的克隆文库相似性超过50%。虽然N401和N420站点的16S rDNA克隆文库相似性最大，但它们在地理位置上并不接近。一些地理位置接近的站点，其16S rDNA克隆文库之间相似性比较接近。比如，海南岛区域的克隆文库之间就比较相似，且在同一分支。大多数地理环境相似的站点的16S rDNA克隆文库都聚在同一大分支上。例如，来自于珠江口区域站点的克隆文库之间的相似性比较接近，而且分布在一个大分支中；开阔海洋区域的16S rDNA克隆文库，也大多聚类在同一分支中。但也有例外的情况：比如 N107 和N400 站点的16S rDNA克隆文库，就聚类到一起，分析发现这两个文库中所处的环境都是甲烷产生区，其中都含有相似的与甲烷代谢相关的菌群。不过从整体来看，整个南海北部的细菌群落，大致分为两大类：中国大陆近海岸微生物群落和开阔海域微生物群落。33个ITS克隆文库的相似性分析发现：相似性在10%以下的类群，可以分成两大分支，而且该分类，比细菌群落的分布情况更接近南海北部的地理环境特征。对psbA基因克隆文库的相似性分析也验证了在南海北部区域表层水中存在两种不同微生物生态系统。 此外，本研究针对分子生态专业软件DOTUR程序在处理大量克隆文库数据时所遇到的

水肥处理对黄瓜土壤养分、酶及微生物多样性的影响

以津优1号黄瓜为试材,设3个土壤相对含水量水平(50%～60%、70%～80%、90%～100%)和2个肥料追施量(600kgN·hm-2和420kgP2O5·hm-2,420kgN.hm-2和294kgP2O5·hm-2)处理,研究了不同水肥供应对日光温室黄瓜土壤养分、酶活性及微生物多样性的影响.结果表明:土壤中NH4+-N含量随施肥量的增加而提高,随土壤相对含水量的增加而降低;水肥供给的增加有利于提高土壤中速效磷含量和蔗糖酶活性;肥料增加使土壤中蛋白酶活性降低,而水分降低使土壤中脲酶活性提高.土壤中微生物多样性与土壤中养分含量无显著相关性,与土壤脲酶活性呈显著正相关,与蔗糖酶活性呈显著负相关.土壤相对含水量70%～80%、氮肥追施量600kgN·hm-2和420kgP2O5.hm-2处理的土壤养分含量、蔗糖酶、磷酸酶和脲酶活性较高,且土壤中微生物多样性和均匀度显著高于其他处理,土壤生产潜力最优.