Fungos micorrízicos arbusculares em um latossolo vermelho sob manejos e usos no cerrado

As modificações nas comunidades de fungos micorrízicos arbusculares (FMAs) induzidas por mudança de uso do solo e por diferentes usos agrícolas ainda são insuficientemente estudadas, particularmente no Cerrado. O presente estudo teve como objetivo avaliar como a interferência antrópica pelo manejo e mudança de uso do solo atua sobre a densidade de esporos e diversidade dos FMAs em um Latossolo Vermelho distroférrico de Cerrado. O estudo avaliou cinco áreas: Mata Ciliar (MC), Borda da Mata (BM), Pastagem (Past), Plantio Direto (PD) e Área Desmatada (AD). Foram retirados 20 pontos amostrais, em delineamento inteiramente casualizado, para avaliação da densidade de esporos e diversidade de FMAs. Cada ponto amostral representava uma área de 250 m² dentro de cada área. A área com o sistema de PD e a AD apresentaram menor densidade de esporos recuperados e baixa colonização micorrízica em relação às demais áreas devido à baixa quantidade de plantas vegetando nelas. As famílias de FMAs que apresentaram maior ocorrência nas áreas estudadas foram Acaulosporaceae, Glomeraceae e Gigasporaceae, sendo as duas primeiras dominantes nos ambientes menos antropizados de MC e BM. As espécies de FMAs de maior ocorrência foram Acaulospora scrobiculata, Glomus macrocarpum e Acaulospora tuberculata; as duas primeiras apareceram em todas as áreas, e a terceira apenas não ocorreu na área de PD. Essas espécies mostraram grande capacidade de adaptação aos ambientes alterados. As espécies Acaulospora rehmii, Acaulospora sp.3, Glomus etunicatum, Glomus tortuosum, Glomus sp.1, Gigaspora sp.2 e Scutellospora heterogama apresentaram baixa ocorrência, sendo recuperadas somente em uma das áreas estudadas. A área com maior densidade e ocorrência de espécies foi a Past, com 414 esporos (indivíduos) e 11 espécies. As áreas extremas quanto à diversidade de Shannon (H') foram a Past e a BM, com maior e menor índices, respectivamente. A análise de componentes principais indicou a formação de três grupos, sendo o primeiro formado pela MC e BM; o segundo, por AD e PD; e o terceiro, somente por Past. Conclui-se que a mudança no uso do solo promove alterações na comunidade de FMAs, podendo a densidade e diversidade de esporos ser ampliadas, no caso da pastagem, ou reduzidas, no caso de desmatamento.

Morphological, anatomical and biochemical studies on the foliar galls of Alstonia scholaris (Apocynaceae)

Morphological, anatomical and biochemical alterations in foliar galls of Alstonia scholaris R. Br. induced by the insect Pauropsylla tuberculata (Psyllidae) are described and quantified. Galls occur isolated or agglomerated on the abaxial surface of the leaf. The insect along with the egg deposits some physiologic fluid which act as a stimulant for the induction of the gall. This stimulus brings about hypertrophy followed by hyperplasia of cells next to the location of the deposited eggs. The psyllid presents three nymphal instars, from eclosion of the egg to the adult. Hyperplasia in the palisade cells is very distinctly noticed. Hypertrophy followed by hyperplasia takes place and brings about elevation of hypodermal and palisade parenchyma which undergoes repeated anticlinal divisions. Neoformation of phloematic bundles were distinctly noticed close to the site of infection. With an increase in the growth of the gall, chlorophyll content in the gall tissue decreases. A steady increase of sugar content is noticed. The immature galled tissue showed almost two fold increases in the protein content. The mature galled tissue showed a very high increase in the proline content compared to the immature galled tissue indicating a stressed condition of the galled tissue.

Phylogenetic relationships and infrageneric classification of Epidendrum subgenus Amphiglottium (Laeliinae, Orchidaceae)

Epidendrum L. is the largest genus of Orchidaceae in the Neotropical region; it has an impressive morphological diversification, which imposes difficulties in delimitation of both infrageneric and interspecific boundaries. In this study, we review infrageneric boundaries within the subgenus Amphiglottium and try to contribute to the understanding of morphological diversification and taxa delimitation within this group. We tested the monophyly of the subgenus Amphiglottium sect. Amphiglottium, expanding previous phylogenetic investigations and reevaluated previous infrageneric classifications proposed. Sequence data from the trnL-trnF region were analyzed with both parsimony and maximum likelihood criteria. AFLP markers were also obtained and analyzed with phylogenetic and principal coordinate analyses. Additionally, we obtained chromosome numbers for representative species within the group. The results strengthen the monophyly of the subgenus Amphiglottium but do not support the current classification system proposed by previous authors. Only section Tuberculata comprises a well-supported monophyletic group, with sections Carinata and Integra not supported. Instead of morphology, biogeographical and ecological patterns are reflected in the phylogenetic signal in this group. This study also confirms the large variability of chromosome numbers for the subgenus Amphiglottium (numbers ranging from 2n = 24 to 2n = 240), suggesting that polyploidy and hybridization are probably important mechanisms of speciation within the group.

Phylogeny of snake trypanosomes inferred by SSU rDNA sequences, their possible transmission by phlebotomines, and taxonomic appraisal by molecular, cross-infection and morphological analysis

Blood examination by microhaematocrit and haemoculture of 459 snakes belonging to 37 species revealed 24% trypanosome prevalence in species of Viperidae (Crotalus durissus and Bothrops jararaca) and Colubridae (Pseudoboa nigra). Trypanosome cultures from C. durissus and P. nigra were behaviourally and morphologically indistinguishable. In addition, the growth and morphological features of a trypanosome from the sand fly Viannaniyia tuberculata were similar to those of snake isolates. Cross-infection experiments revealed a lack of host restriction, as snakes of 3 species were infected with the trypanosome from C. durissus. Phylogeny based on ribosomal sequences revealed that snake trypanosomes clustered together with the sand fly trypanosome, forming a new phylogenetic lineage within Trypanosoma closest to a clade of lizard trypanosomes transmitted by sand flies dagger. The clade of trypanosomes from snakes and lizards suggests an association between the evolutionary histories of these trypanosomes and their squamate hosts. Moreover, data strongly indicated that these trypanosomes are transmitted by sand flies. The flaws of the current taxonomy of snake trypanosomes are discussed, and the need for molecular parameters to be adopted is emphasized. To our knowledge, this is the first molecular phylogenetic study of snake trypanosomes.

Minor sesquiterpenes from the volatile oil from leaves of Guarea guidonia Sleumer (Meliaceae)

The essential oil from leaves of Guarea guidonia was subjected to chromatographic separation procedures to afford nine sesquiterpenes; two of them are new eudesmane derivatives. The chemical structures of the obtained compounds were characterised by spectrometric analysis, mainly mass spectrometry and NMR.

Avaliação da qualidade da água do Rio Piranhas-Açu/RN utilizando a comunidade de macroinvertebrados bentônicos

The biomonitoring technique for water quality in water bodies has been incorporated increasingly in management of the natural resources, using mainly indices of its aquatic community characteristics. In Brazil the first efforts to use this technique was restricted to the South and the Midwest region of this country. Located in the northeast region, this study was conducted at Rio Grande do Norte state and had as main objective the assessment of water quality in the Piranhas-Açu river using benthic macroinvertebrates community as biological indicators. Thus, were applied two biotic indices, the BMWP (Biological Monitoring Working Party score system) and the IBF (Family Biotic Index). According the requirements of these indices, two periods of sampling were determined as basic methodology, in dry seasons of 2006 and 2007. The sampling sites were around the municipalities of Açu, Ipanguaçu, Alto do Rodrigues and Pendências. Physical-chemical measurements; a protocol of rapid assessment of diversity of habitats, and determination of the degree of tolerance of each taxon to organic pollution were also performed. The most abundant organisms found in the river were tolerant with the prevalence of Chironomidae (Diptera) and Melanoides tuberculata. This results, together with those ones got in indices application, showed a considerable organic pollution in the four sample places and the reaches were classified as modified to impacted. According to the used indices, this study suggest that this river have significant alteration in the biotic community and water quality on the organic pollution, and this fact, occurs in the reach of the river further downstream, where were expected a good water quality. Considering these results, measures aiming the conservation of this water body are needed regarding as it is inserted into a fragile ecosystem with dry season phenomenon, and the water of this river has extremely importance for the local economy

Feeding habits of the blue shark (Prionace glauca) off the coast of Brazil

Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq)

Amphibians and reptiles from a highly diverse area of the Caatinga domain: composition and conservation implications

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

Répteis do Estado de São Paulo: conhecimento atual e perspectivas

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

Palinologia do grupo Itararé em Salto, Estado de São Paulo (Bacia do Paraná, carbonífero superior)

Pós-graduação em Geologia Regional - IGCE

Diversity and Localization of Bacterial Endosymbionts from Whitefly Species Collected in Brazil

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)

Kryoelektronenmikroskopie von Proteinen: 3D-Struktur (12 A) des Hämocyanins der Schnecke Haliotis

Zusammenfassung:Die Quartärstruktur des respiratorischen Proteins Hämocyanin (Isoform HtH1) aus der marinen Schnecke Haliotis tuberculata wurde vermittels Kryoelektronen-mikroskopie und 3D-Rekonstruktion untersucht. Das Molekül ist zylinderförmig, hat einen Durchmesser von ca. 35 nm und besteht aus einer Zylinderwand und einem internen Kragenkomplex. Dieser wiederum besteht aus einem Collar und einem Arc.Die kryoelektronenmikroskopischen Aufnahmen von in glasartigem Eis fixierten HtH1-Molekülen brachte eine enorme Verbesserung der Anzahl der zur Verfügung stehenden Ansichtswinkel gegenüber den negativkontrastierten Molekülen, die auf Karbonfilm präpariert waren.Die 3D-Rekonstruktion des HtH1 mittels Aufnahmen bei drei verschiedenen Defo-kuswerten verbesserte die Auflösung noch einmal deutlich gegenüber den Rekon-struktionen, die aus Aufnahmen bei einem festen Defokuswert gemacht wurden, und zwar auf 12 Å. Das Molekül besitzt eine D5-Symmetrie.Aus dieser bisher genausten Rekonstruktion eines Molluskenhämocyanins aus EM-Bildern ließen sich folgende neue Strukturdetails ableiten:· Ein Untereinheitendimer konnte als Repeating Unit im Dekamer des HtH1 beschrieben werden.· Das Untereinheitendimer konnte aus der 3D-Dichtekarte isoliert werden. Es be-steht eindeutig aus 16 Massen, die funktionellen Domänen entsprechen. Zwei dieser Massen bilden den Collar, zwei den Arc und 12 das Wandsegment.· Die gegenläufige Anordnung der beiden Untereinheiten innerhalb dieses Unte-reinheitendimers konnten bestätigt und auf zwei Möglichkeiten eingeschränkt werden.· Die Zahl der alternativen Anordnungen der 16 funktionellen Domänen (HtH1-a bis HtH1-h) im Untereinheitendimer konnten von 80 auf 2 eingeengt werden.· Es konnte über molekulares Modellieren mithilfe einer publizierten Kristallstruk-tur eine 3D-Struktur fastatomarer Auflösung der funktionellen Domäne HtH1-g berechnet werden.· Die funktionelle Domäne HtH1-g konnte als Domänenpaar plausibel in die 3D?Dichtekarte des Untereinheitendimers eingepasst werden, und zwar in die beiden Massen des Arc.Aus der elektronenmikroskopisch gewonnenen Dichtekarte wurde mit Hilfe des

Differentielle Expression und molekulare Evolution von Mollusken-Hämocyanin

Molekularbiologische und biochemische Untersuchungen an den zwei Gastropoden-Arten Haliotis tuberculata und Haliotis asinina zeigten, dass diese jeweils zwei unterscheidbare Hämocyanin-Isoformen (HtH1/HaH1 und HtH2/HaH2) besitzen, die in unterschiedlichen Mengen in der Hämolymphe vorkommen. In situ-Hybridisierungsversuche an H. asinina ergaben, dass die beiden Hämocyanin-Isoformen sowohl entwicklungsspezifisch als auch gewebsspezifisch exprimiert werden. Die Transkription der Hämocyanin-Gene setzt bereits 9 Stunden nach der Befruchtung ein und ist von diesem Zeitpunkt an in allen Stadien der Larvalentwicklung nachweisbar. Während dieser Entwicklungsphase sind die Expressionsmuster der beiden Isoformen weitgehend überlappend, wohingegen in adulten Tieren in verschiedenen Geweben isoformspezifische Expressionsmuster auftreten. Diese Ergebnisse deuten auf funktionelle Unterschiede der beiden Hämocyanin-Isoformen hin, und somit darauf, dass Hämocyanin neben dem Transport von Sauerstoff noch weitere Funktionen ausüben könnte (Streit et al., 2005). Weiterhin wurden Untersuchungen zur Primär- und Sekundärstruktur der Hämocyanine aus H. tuberculata und zwei weiteren Arten (Megathura crenulata und Aplysia californica) durchgeführt. Von den Vetigastropoden M. crenulata und H. tuberculata konnten die für die beiden Hämocyanin-Isoformen kodierenden cDNA-Sequenzen vervollständigt werden. Von HtH1 und HtH2 wurden zudem die Gensequenzen komplettiert. Die Sequenzen des KLH1-Gens wurden bis auf 24 bp der 5’UTR und die für das Signalpeptid 1 kodierenden 33 bp ermittelt. Erstmals ist es gelungen, Promotorsequenzen von Mollusken-Hämocyanin-Genen zu sequenzieren. Für HtH2 wurden 181 bp und für KLH2 906 bp des Promotors analysiert. Beide Gensequenzen weisen das konservierte Sequenzmotiv der TATA-Box auf. Wie bei H. tuberculata treten auch bei M. crenulata die beiden Isoformen in unterschiedlichen Mengenverhältnissen in der Hämolymphe auf. In den bisher analysierten Sequenzen dieser beiden Gastropoden konnten keine regulatorischen Elemente identifiziert werden, welche die differentielle Expression bedingen könnten. Die Genstruktur des Hämocyanins von A. californica konnte ebenfalls aufgeklärt werden. Die kodierenden Bereiche des AcH-Gens werden durch insgesamt 45 interne Introns fragmentiert. Im Gen liegen neun Insertionspositionen vor, in denen paraloge Introns inserieren. Zudem sind neun Introns ortholog zu internen Introns anderer Mollusken-Hämocyanin-Gene. Im Fall der paralogen und orthologen Introns handelt es sich um sehr ursprüngliche Introns, die bereits vor der Radiation der Mollusken inserierten. Damit widerlegen diese Ergebnisse die bisherige Annahme („Intron late”-Hypothese), der zufolge die Insertion interner Introns erst nach der Trennung der Gastropoden und Cephalopoden eingesetzt haben soll. Im Zuge dieser Sequenzanalysen ergaben sich zudem Hinweise auf die Existenz einer weiteren AcH-Isoform, da 13 Fragmente ermittelt wurden, die in den kodierenden Bereichen Sequenzunterschiede von bis zu 20% zu AcH 1 aufweisen. Die detaillierten Studien der Haliotis-Hämocyanine deckten einen weitreichenden phylogenetischen Informationsgehalt der Hämocyanin-Sequenzen auf. In weiterführenden Analysen wurden Teilsequenzen der Hämocyanin-Gene von 12 verschiedenen Haliotis-Arten amplifiziert. Der daraus rekonstruierte Stammbaum liefert entsprechend spezifischer Indels eine deutliche Auftrennung der Haliotidae in eine nordpazifische und eine europäischaustralasische Abstammungslinie. Anhand dieser Analyse lassen sich der phylogeographische Ursprung der Haliotiden aufzeigen (Streit et al., 2006) und deren Wanderungsbewegungen nachvollziehen. Hämocyanin-Daten wurden des Weiteren für phylogenetische Analysen auf höherem taxonomischem Niveau eingesetzt. Innerhalb der Klasse der Polyplacophoren wurden interfamiliäre Verwandtschaftsverhältnisse rekonstruiert. Für diese Analyse wurden Teilsequenzen der Hämocyanin-Gene 17 unterschiedlicher Arten ermittelt. Die phylogenetische Untersuchung zeigt, dass sich die Polyplacophoren eindeutig in die beiden Ordnungen der Lepidopleurida und Chitonida auftrennen, da die Chitonida eine spezifische „Deletion” aufweisen. Anhand dieses Merkmals kann auch Callochiton bouveti, der diese „Deletion” besitzt und dessen phylogenetische Einordnung bisweilen umstritten war, eindeutig den Chitonida zugeordnet werden. Innerhalb der Chitonida bilden sowohl die Chitonina als auch die Acanthochitonina monophyletische Gruppen.

Response of subfossil Cladocera in Gerzensee (Swiss Plateau) to early Late Glacial environmental change

Sub-fossil Cladocera were studied in a core from Gerzensee (Swiss Plateau) for the late-glacial periods of Oldest Dryas, Bølling, and Allerød. Cladocera assemblages were dominated by cold-tolerant littoral taxa Chydorus sphaericus, Acroperus harpae, Alonella nana, Alona affinis, and Alonella excisa. The rapid warming at the beginning of the Bølling (GI-1e) ca. 14,650 yr before present (BP: before AD 1950) was indicated by an abrupt 2‰ shift in carbonate δ18O and a clear change in pollen assemblages. Cladocera assemblages, in contrast, changed more gradually. C. sphaericus and A. harpae are the most cold-tolerant, and their abundance was highest in the earliest part of the record. Only 150–200 years after the beginning of the Bølling warming we observed an increase in less cold-tolerant A. excisa and A. affinis. The establishment of Alona guttata, A. guttata var. tuberculata, and Pleuroxus unicatus was delayed by ca. 350, 770, and 800 years respectively after the onset of the Bølling. The development of the Cladocera assemblages suggests increasing water temperatures during the Bølling/Allerød, which agrees with the interpretation by von Grafenstein et al. (2013-this issue) that decreasing δ18O values in carbonates in this period reflect increasing summer water temperatures at the sediment–water interface. Other processes also affected the Cladocera community, including the development and diversification of aquatic vegetation favourable for Cladocera. The record is clearly dominated by Chydoridae, as expected for a littoral core. Yet, the planktonic Eubosmina-group occurred throughout the core, with the exception of a period at ca. 13,760–13,420 yr BP. Lake levels reconstructed for this period are relatively low, indicating that the littoral location might have become too shallow for Eubosmina in that period.

Late Pliocene and Early Pleistocene dinoflagellate cysts and sea surface temperture reconstruction for several IODP and DSDP sites in the North Atlantic

In an attempt to document the palaeoecological affinities of individual extant and extinct dinoflagellate cysts, Late Pliocene and Early Pleistocene dinoflagellate cyst assemblages have been compared with geochemical data from the same samples. Mg/Ca ratios of Globigerina bulloides were measured to estimate the spring-summer sea-surface temperatures from four North Atlantic IODP/DSDP sites. Currently, our Pliocene-Pleistocene database contains 204 dinoflagellate cyst samples calibrated to geochemical data. This palaeo-database is compared with modern North Atlantic and global datasets. The focus lies in the quantitative relationship between Mg/Ca-based (i.e. spring-summer) sea-surface temperature (SSTMg/Ca) and dinoflagellate cyst distributions. In general, extant species are shown to have comparable spring-summer SST ranges in the past and today, demonstrating that our new approach is valid for inferring spring-summer SST ranges for extinct species. For example, Habibacysta tectata represents SSTMg/Ca values between 10° and 15°C when it exceeds 30% of the assemblage, and Invertocysta lacrymosa exceeds 15% when SSTMg/Ca values are between 18.6° and 23.5°C. However, comparing Pliocene and Pleistocene SSTMg/Ca values with present day summer values for the extant Impagidinium pallidum suggests a greater tolerance of higher temperatures in the past. This species occupies more than 5% of the assemblage at SSTMg/Ca values of 11.6-17.9°C in the Pliocene and Pleistocene, whereas present day summer SSTs are around -1.7 to 6.9°C. This observation questions the value of Impagidinium pallidum as reliable indicator of cold waters in older deposits, and may explain its bipolar distribution.