Um lugar (in)existente: o "país" de Mossoró" nas tramas da consciência histórica

This work aims to analyze, on the one hand, how the academy has created the spatial term the country of Mossoró and, on the other hand, is to discover, by the teachers testimony, how the History teaching works with this spatiality. The academic production in Mossoró-RN, particularly during the last two decades of the century XX, focuses on the practices that built a historic memory based on political interests of the Rosado family. Therefore, this work is divided in three chapters. In the first one, we identify how the academic production has created a group of meanings related to the country of Mossoró , because it is a way to realize how this place is seeing and understand. In the second one, there is an explanation about the ideology concepts, that structure meanings created by the academic production, as well as the historic conscience that is used to think about the dynamic of teaching History. In the third, we analyze how teachers, expressing their historic conscience, figure meaning to this country of Mossoró

Memória Cultural e Educação Escolar: um exame a partir da teoria do Círculo de Bakhtin, Volochínov e Medvedev

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)

Antigüedades mexicanas : Memoria e intertextualidad en la poesía de José Emilio Pacheco

En este trabajo se analizan las diversas formas en que el poemario "Antigüedades mexicanas" de José Emilio Pacheco interroga el pasado y propone la construcción de una memoria a partir de distintos momentos de la historia de México, abordados desde una perspectiva irónico-crítica. Dichas antigüedades mexicanas son también modos de reescribir el archivo americano, gesto que funda la relación con la palabra poética. Construyen así una poética que entrelaza tiempo, memoria y literatura como clave de lectura para el presente.

Antigüedades mexicanas : Memoria e intertextualidad en la poesía de José Emilio Pacheco

En este trabajo se analizan las diversas formas en que el poemario "Antigüedades mexicanas" de José Emilio Pacheco interroga el pasado y propone la construcción de una memoria a partir de distintos momentos de la historia de México, abordados desde una perspectiva irónico-crítica. Dichas antigüedades mexicanas son también modos de reescribir el archivo americano, gesto que funda la relación con la palabra poética. Construyen así una poética que entrelaza tiempo, memoria y literatura como clave de lectura para el presente.

Antigüedades mexicanas : Memoria e intertextualidad en la poesía de José Emilio Pacheco

En este trabajo se analizan las diversas formas en que el poemario "Antigüedades mexicanas" de José Emilio Pacheco interroga el pasado y propone la construcción de una memoria a partir de distintos momentos de la historia de México, abordados desde una perspectiva irónico-crítica. Dichas antigüedades mexicanas son también modos de reescribir el archivo americano, gesto que funda la relación con la palabra poética. Construyen así una poética que entrelaza tiempo, memoria y literatura como clave de lectura para el presente.

Arquitectura cognitiva basada en el gradiente sensorial y su aplicación a la robótica móvil

El objetivo de esta tesis es el desarrollo de un sistema completo de navegación, aprendizaje y planificación para un robot móvil. Dentro de los innumerables problemas que este gran objetivo plantea, hemos dedicado especial atención al problema del conocimiento autónomo del mundo. Nuestra mayor preocupación ha sido la de establecer mecanismos que permitan, a partir de información sensorial cruda, el desarrollo incremental de un modelo topológico del entorno en el que se mueve el robot. Estos mecanismos se apoyan invariablemente en un nuevo concepto propuesto en esta tesis: el gradiente sensorial. El gradiente sensorial es un dispositivo matemático que funciona como un detector de sucesos interesantes para el sistema. Una vez detectado uno de estos sucesos, el robot puede identificar su situación en un mapa topológico y actuar en consecuencia. Hemos denominado a estas situaciones especiales lugares sensorialmente relevantes, ya que (a) captan la atención del sistema y (b) pueden ser identificadas utilizando la información sensorial. Para explotar convenientemente los modelos construidos, hemos desarrollado un algoritmo capaz de elaborar planes internalizados, estableciendo una red de sugerencias en los lugares sensorialmente relevantes, de modo que el robot encuentra en estos puntos una dirección recomendada de navegación. Finalmente, hemos implementado un sistema de navegación robusto con habilidades para interpretar y adecuar los planes internalizados a las circunstancias concretas del momento. Nuestro sistema de navegación está basado en la teoría de campos de potencial artificial, a la que hemos incorporado la posibilidad de añadir cargas ficticias como ayuda a la evitación de mínimos locales. Como aportación adicional de esta tesis al campo genérico de la ciencia cognitiva, todos estos elementos se integran en una arquitectura centrada en la memoria, lo que pretende resaltar la importancia de ésta en los procesos cognitivos de los seres vivos y aporta un giro conceptual al punto de vista tradicional, centrado en los procesos. The general objective of this thesis is the development of a global navigation system endowed with planning and learning features for a mobile robot. Within this general objective we have devoted a special effort to the autonomous learning problem. Our main concern has been to establish the necessary mechanisms for the incremental development of a topological model of the robot’s environment using the sensory information. These mechanisms are based on a new concept proposed in the thesis: the sensory gradient. The sensory gradient is a mathematical device which works like a detector of “interesting” environment’s events. Once a particular event has been detected the robot can identify its situation in the topological map and to react accordingly. We have called these special situations relevant sensory places because (a) they capture the system’s attention and (b) they can be identified using the sensory information. To conveniently exploit the built-in models we have developed an algorithm able to make internalized plans, establishing a suggestion network in the sensory relevant places in such way that the robot can find at those places a recommended navigation direction. It has been also developed a robust navigation system able to navigate by means of interpreting and adapting the internalized plans to the concrete circumstances at each instant, i.e. a reactive navigation system. This reactive system is based on the artificial potential field approach with the additional feature introduced in the thesis of what we call fictitious charges as an aid to avoid local minima. As a general contribution of the thesis to the cognitive science field all the above described elements are integrated in a memory-based architecture, emphasizing the important role played by the memory in the cognitive processes of living beings and giving a conceptual turn in the usual process-based approach.

Movimiento de paredes de dominio magnético en nanohilos con defectos controlados

La investigación realizada en este trabajo de tesis se ha centrado en el estudio de la generación, anclaje y desenganche de paredes de dominio magnético en nanohilos de permalloy con defectos controlados. Las últimas tecnologías de nanofabricación han abierto importantes líneas de investigación centradas en el estudio del movimiento de paredes de dominio magnético, gracias a su potencial aplicación en memorias magnéticas del futuro. En el 2004, Stuart Parkin de IBM introdujo un concepto innovador, el dispositivo “Racetrack”, basado en un nanohilo ferromagnético donde los dominios de imanación representan los "bits" de información. La frontera entre dominios, ie pared magnética, se moverían en una situación ideal por medio de transferencia de espín de una corriente polarizada. Se anclan en determinadas posiciones gracias a pequeños defectos o constricciones de tamaño nanométrico fabricados por litografía electrónica. El éxito de esta idea se basa en la generación, anclaje y desenganche de las paredes de dominio de forma controlada y repetitiva, tanto para la lectura como para la escritura de los bits de información. Slonczewski en 1994 muestra que la corriente polarizada de espín puede transferir momento magnético a la imanación local y así mover paredes por transferencia de espín y no por el campo creado por la corriente. Desde entonces muchos grupos de investigación de todo el mundo trabajan en optimizar las condiciones de transferencia de espín para mover paredes de dominio. La fracción de electrones polarizados que viaja en un hilo ferromagnético es considerablemente pequeña, así hoy por hoy la corriente necesaria para mover una pared magnética por transferencia de espín es superior a 1 107 A/cm2. Una densidad de corriente tan elevada no sólo tiene como consecuencia una importante degradación del dispositivo sino también se observan importantes efectos relacionados con el calentamiento por efecto Joule inducido por la corriente. Otro de los problemas científico - tecnológicos a resolver es la diversidad de paredes de dominio magnético ancladas en el defecto. Los diferentes tipos de pared anclados en el defecto, su quiralidad o el campo o corriente necesarios para desenganchar la pared pueden variar dependiendo si el defecto posee dimensiones ligeramente diferentes o si la pared se ancla con un método distinto. Además, existe una componente estocástica presente tanto en la nucleación como en el proceso de anclaje y desenganche que por un lado puede ser debido a la naturaleza de la pared que viaja por el hilo a una determinada temperatura distinta de cero, así como a defectos inevitables en el proceso de fabricación. Esto constituye un gran inconveniente dado que según el tipo de pared es necesario aplicar distintos valores de corriente y/o campo para desenganchar la pared del defecto. Como se menciona anteriormente, para realizar de forma eficaz la lectura y escritura de los bits de información, es necesaria la inyección, anclaje y desenganche forma controlada y repetitiva. Esto implica generar, anclar y desenganchar las paredes de dominio siempre en las mismas condiciones, ie siempre a la misma corriente o campo aplicado. Por ello, en el primer capítulo de resultados de esta tesis estudiamos el anclaje y desenganche de paredes de dominio en defectos de seis formas distintas, cada uno, de dos profundidades diferentes. Hemos realizado un análisis estadístico en diferentes hilos, donde hemos estudiado la probabilidad de anclaje cada tipo de defecto y la dispersión en el valor de campo magnético aplicado necesario para desenganchar la pared. Luego, continuamos con el estudio de la nucleación de las paredes de dominio magnético con pulsos de corriente a través una linea adyacente al nanohilo. Estudiamos defectos de tres formas distintas e identificamos, en función del valor de campo magnético aplicado, los distintos tipos de paredes de dominio anclados en cada uno de ellos. Además, con la ayuda de este método de inyección que es rápido y eficaz, hemos sido capaces de generar y anclar un único tipo de pared minimizando el comportamiento estocástico de la pared mencionado anteriormente. En estas condiciones óptimas, hemos estudiado el desenganche de las paredes de dominio por medio de corriente polarizada en espín, donde hemos conseguido desenganchar la pared de forma controlada y repetitiva siempre para los mismos valores de corriente y campo magnético aplicados. Además, aplicando pulsos de corriente en distintas direcciones, estudiamos en base a su diferencia, la contribución térmica debido al efecto Joule. Los resultados obtenidos representan un importante avance hacia la explotación práctica de este tipo de dispositivos. ABSTRACT The research activity of this thesis was focused on the nucleation, pinning and depinning of magnetic domain walls (DWs) in notched permalloy nanowires. The access to nanofabrication techniques has boosted the number of applications based on magnetic domain walls (DWs) like memory devices. In 2004, Stuart Parkin at IBM, conceived an innovative concept, the “racetrack memory” based on a ferromagnetic nanowire were the magnetic domains constitute the “bits” of information. The frontier between those magnetic domains, ie magnetic domain wall, will move ideally assisted by a spin polarized current. DWs will pin at certain positions due to artificially created pinning sites or “notches” fabricated with ebeam lithography. The success of this idea relies on the careful and predictable control on DW nucleation and a defined pinning-depinning process in order to read and write the bits of information. Sloncsewski in 1994 shows that a spin polarized current can transfer magnetic moment to the local magnetization to move the DWs instead of the magnetic field created by the current. Since then many research groups worldwide have been working on optimizing the conditions for the current induced DW motion due to the spin transfer effect. The fraction of spin polarized electrons traveling through a ferromagnetic nanowire is considerably small, so nowadays the current density required to move a DW by STT exceeds 1 107 A/cm2. A high current density not only can produce a significant degradation of the device but also important effects related to Joule heating were also observed . There are other scientific and technological issues to solve regarding the diversity of DWs states pinned at the notch. The types of DWs pinned, their chirality or their characteristic depinning current or field, may change if the notch has slightly different dimensions, the stripe has different thickness or even if the DW is pinned by a different procedure. Additionally, there is a stochastic component in both the injection of the DW and in its pinning-depinning process, which may be partly intrinsic to the nature of the travelling DW at a non-zero temperature and partly due to the unavoidable defects introduced during the nano-fabrication process. This constitutes an important inconvenient because depending on the DW type different values of current of magnetic field need to be applied in order to depin a DW from the notch. As mentioned earlier, in order to write and read the bits of information accurately, a controlled reproducible and predictable pinning- depinning process is required. This implies to nucleate, pin and depin always at the same applied magnetic field or current. Therefore, in the first chapter of this thesis we studied the pinning and depinning of DW in six different notch shapes and two depths. An statistical analysis was conducted in order to determine which notch type performed best in terms of pinning probability and the dispersion measured in the magnetic field necessary to depin the magnetic DWs. Then, we continued studying the nucleation of DWs with nanosecond current pulses by an adjacent conductive stripe. We studied the conditions for DW injection that allow a selective pinning of the different types of DWs in Permalloy nanostripes with 3 different notch shapes. Furthermore, with this injection method, which has proven to be fast and reliable, we manage to nucleate only one type of DW avoiding its stochastic behavior mentioned earlier. Having achieved this optimized conditions we studied current induced depinning where we also achieved a controlled and reproducible depinning process at always the same applied current and magnetic field. Additionally, changing the pulse polarity we studied the joule heating contribution in a current induced depinning process. The results obtained represent an important step towards the practical exploitation of these devices.

Diseño, desarrollo y evaluación de sistemas de traducción automática para reducir las barreras de comunicación de las personas sordas

La principal aportación de esta tesis doctoral ha sido la propuesta y evaluación de un sistema de traducción automática que permite la comunicación entre personas oyentes y sordas. Este sistema está formado a su vez por dos sistemas: un traductor de habla en español a Lengua de Signos Española (LSE) escrita y que posteriormente se representa mediante un agente animado; y un generador de habla en español a partir de una secuencia de signos escritos mediante glosas. El primero de ellos consta de un reconocedor de habla, un módulo de traducción entre lenguas y un agente animado que representa los signos en LSE. El segundo sistema está formado por una interfaz gráfica donde se puede especificar una secuencia de signos mediante glosas (palabras en mayúscula que representan los signos), un módulo de traducción entre lenguas y un conversor texto-habla. Para el desarrollo del sistema de traducción, en primer lugar se ha generado un corpus paralelo de 7696 frases en español con sus correspondientes traducciones a LSE. Estas frases pertenecen a cuatro dominios de aplicación distintos: la renovación del Documento Nacional de Identidad, la renovación del permiso de conducir, un servicio de información de autobuses urbanos y la recepción de un hotel. Además, se ha generado una base de datos con más de 1000 signos almacenados en cuatro sistemas distintos de signo-escritura. En segundo lugar, se ha desarrollado un módulo de traducción automática que integra dos técnicas de traducción con una estructura jerárquica: la primera basada en memoria y la segunda estadística. Además, se ha implementado un módulo de pre-procesamiento de las frases en español que, mediante su incorporación al módulo de traducción estadística, permite mejorar significativamente la tasa de traducción. En esta tesis también se ha mejorado la versión de la interfaz de traducción de LSE a habla. Por un lado, se han incorporado nuevas características que mejoran su usabilidad y, por otro, se ha integrado un traductor de lenguaje SMS (Short Message Service – Servicio de Mensajes Cortos) a español, que permite especificar la secuencia a traducir en lenguaje SMS, además de mediante una secuencia de glosas. El sistema de traducción propuesto se ha evaluado con usuarios reales en dos dominios de aplicación: un servicio de información de autobuses de la Empresa Municipal de Transportes de Madrid y la recepción del Hotel Intur Palacio San Martín de Madrid. En la evaluación estuvieron implicadas personas sordas y empleados de los dos servicios. Se extrajeron medidas objetivas (obtenidas por el sistema automáticamente) y subjetivas (mediante cuestionarios a los usuarios). Los resultados fueron muy positivos gracias a la opinión de los usuarios de la evaluación, que validaron el funcionamiento del sistema de traducción y dieron información valiosa para futuras líneas de trabajo. Por otro lado, tras la integración de cada uno de los módulos de los dos sistemas de traducción (habla-LSE y LSE-habla), los resultados de la evaluación y la experiencia adquirida en todo el proceso, una aportación importante de esta tesis doctoral es la propuesta de metodología de desarrollo de sistemas de traducción de habla a lengua de signos en los dos sentidos de la comunicación. En esta metodología se detallan los pasos a seguir para desarrollar el sistema de traducción para un nuevo dominio de aplicación. Además, la metodología describe cómo diseñar cada uno de los módulos del sistema para mejorar su flexibilidad, de manera que resulte más sencillo adaptar el sistema desarrollado a un nuevo dominio de aplicación. Finalmente, en esta tesis se analizan algunas técnicas para seleccionar las frases de un corpus paralelo fuera de dominio para entrenar el modelo de traducción cuando se quieren traducir frases de un nuevo dominio de aplicación; así como técnicas para seleccionar qué frases del nuevo dominio resultan más interesantes que traduzcan los expertos en LSE para entrenar el modelo de traducción. El objetivo es conseguir una buena tasa de traducción con la menor cantidad posible de frases. ABSTRACT The main contribution of this thesis has been the proposal and evaluation of an automatic translation system for improving the communication between hearing and deaf people. This system is made up of two systems: a Spanish into Spanish Sign Language (LSE – Lengua de Signos Española) translator and a Spanish generator from LSE sign sequences. The first one consists of a speech recognizer, a language translation module and an avatar that represents the sign sequence. The second one is made up an interface for specifying the sign sequence, a language translation module and a text-to-speech conversor. For the translation system development, firstly, a parallel corpus has been generated with 7,696 Spanish sentences and their LSE translations. These sentences are related to four different application domains: the renewal of the Identity Document, the renewal of the driver license, a bus information service and a hotel reception. Moreover, a sign database has been generated with more than 1,000 signs described in four different signwriting systems. Secondly, it has been developed an automatic translation module that integrates two translation techniques in a hierarchical structure: the first one is a memory-based technique and the second one is statistical. Furthermore, a pre processing module for the Spanish sentences has been implemented. By incorporating this pre processing module into the statistical translation module, the accuracy of the translation module improves significantly. In this thesis, the LSE into speech translation interface has been improved. On the one hand, new characteristics that improve its usability have been incorporated and, on the other hand, a SMS language into Spanish translator has been integrated, that lets specifying in SMS language the sequence to translate, besides by specifying a sign sequence. The proposed translation system has been evaluated in two application domains: a bus information service of the Empresa Municipal de Transportes of Madrid and the Hotel Intur Palacio San Martín reception. This evaluation has involved both deaf people and services employees. Objective measurements (given automatically by the system) and subjective measurements (given by user questionnaires) were extracted during the evaluation. Results have been very positive, thanks to the user opinions during the evaluation that validated the system performance and gave important information for future work. Finally, after the integration of each module of the two translation systems (speech- LSE and LSE-speech), obtaining the evaluation results and considering the experience throughout the process, a methodology for developing speech into sign language (and vice versa) into a new domain has been proposed in this thesis. This methodology includes the steps to follow for developing the translation system in a new application domain. Moreover, this methodology proposes the way to improve the flexibility of each system module, so that the adaptation of the system to a new application domain can be easier. On the other hand, some techniques are analyzed for selecting the out-of-domain parallel corpus sentences in order to train the translation module in a new domain; as well as techniques for selecting which in-domain sentences are more interesting for translating them (by LSE experts) in order to train the translation model.

Genetic influences on cognitive processes associated with distraction: An event-related potential study of the slow wave

The efficiency of inhibitory control processes has been proposed as a mechanism constraining working-memory capacity. In order to investigate genetic influences on processes that may reflect interference control, event-related potential (ER-P) activity recorded at frontal sites, during distracting and nondistracting conditions of a working-memory task, in a sample of 509 twin pairs was examined. The ERP component of interest was the slow wave (SW). Considerable overlap in source of genetic influence was found, with a common genetic factor accounting for 37 - 45% of SW variance irrespective of condition. However, 3 - 8 % of SW variance in the distracting condition was influenced by an independent genetic source. These results suggest that neural responses to irrelevant and distracting information, that may disrupt working-memory performance, differ in a fundamental way from perceptual and memory-based processing in a working-memory task. Furthermore, the results are consistent with the view that cognition is a complex genetic trait influenced by numerous genes of small influence.

Objective and behavioural assessment of the emergence from post-traumatic amnesia (PTA)

Primary objective: To determine the profile of resolution of typical PTA behaviours and describe new learning and improvements in self-care during PTA. Research design: Prospective longitudinal study monitoring PTA status, functional learning and behaviours on a daily basis. Methods and procedures: Participants were 69 inpatients with traumatic brain injury who were in PTA. PTA was assessed using the Westmead or Oxford PTA assessments. Functional learning capability was assessed using a routine set of daily tasks and behaviour was assessed using an observational checklist. Data was analysed using descriptive statistics. Main outcomes and results: Challenging behaviours that are typically associated with PTA, such as agitation, aggression and wandering resolved in the early stages of PTA and incidence rates of these behaviours were less than 20%. Independence in self-care and bowel and bladder continence emerged later during resolution of PTA. New learning in functional situations was demonstrated by patients in PTA. Conclusions: It is feasible to begin active rehabilitation focused on functional skills-based learning with patients in the later stages of PTA. Formal assessment of typically observed behaviours during PTA may complement memory-based PTA assessments in determining emergence from PTA.

Relationship between work performance and personality traits in Hong Kong organizational settings

Four hundred and thirty-seven employees from four Hong Kong organizations completed the Traditional Chinese versions of the Fifteen Factor Personality Questionnaire Plus (15FQ+) and the Cross-Cultural Personality Assessment Inventory (CPAI-2) (indigenous scales) and provided objective and memory-based recent performance appraisal scores. A number of significant bivariate correlations were found between personality and performance scores. Hierarchical multiple regression analyses revealed that a number of the scales from the 15FQ+ contributed to significantly predicting four of the performance competency dimensions, but that the CPAI-2 indigenous scales contributed no incremental validity in performance prediction over and above the 15FQ+. Results are discussed in the light of previous research and a call made for continued research to further develop and increase the reliability of the Chinese instruments used in the study and to enable generalization of the findings with confidence.

The n-tuple classifier: too good to ignore

The n-tuple pattern recognition method has been tested using a selection of 11 large data sets from the European Community StatLog project, so that the results could be compared with those reported for the 23 other algorithms the project tested. The results indicate that this ultra-fast memory-based method is a viable competitor with the others, which include optimisation-based neural network algorithms, even though the theory of memory-based neural computing is less highly developed in terms of statistical theory.

Shining in the center:central gaze cascade effect on product choice

Consumers' tendency to choose the option in the center of an array and the process underlying this effect is explored. Findings from two eye-tracking studies suggest that brands in the horizontal center receive more visual attention. They are more likely to be chosen. Investigation of the attention process revealed an initial central fixation bias, a tendency to look first at the central option, and a central gaze cascade effect, progressively increasing attention focused on the central option right prior to decision. Only the central gaze cascade effect was related to choice. An offline study with tangible products demonstrated that the centrally located item within a product category is chosen more often, even when it is not placed in the center of the visual field. Despite widespread use, memory-based attention measures were not correlated with eye-tracking measures. They did not capture visual attention and were not related to choice. © 2012 by JOURNAL OF CONSUMER RESEARCH, Inc.

General Regression Neuro–Fuzzy Network for Identification of Nonstationary Plants

General Regression Neuro-Fuzzy Network, which combines the properties of conventional General Regression Neural Network and Adaptive Network-based Fuzzy Inference System is proposed in this work. This network relates to so-called “memory-based networks”, which is adjusted by one-pass learning algorithm.

When is an image a health claim? A false-recollection method to detect implicit inferences about products' health benefits

Objective: Images on food and dietary supplement packaging might lead people to infer (appropriately or inappropriately) certain health benefits of those products. Research on this issue largely involves direct questions, which could (a) elicit inferences that would not be made unprompted, and (b) fail to capture inferences made implicitly. Using a novel memory-based method, in the present research, we explored whether packaging imagery elicits health inferences without prompting, and the extent to which these inferences are made implicitly. Method: In 3 experiments, participants saw fictional product packages accompanied by written claims. Some packages contained an image that implied a health-related function (e.g., a brain), and some contained no image. Participants studied these packages and claims, and subsequently their memory for seen and unseen claims were tested. Results: When a health image was featured on a package, participants often subsequently recognized health claims that—despite being implied by the image—were not truly presented. In Experiment 2, these recognition errors persisted despite an explicit warning against treating the images as informative. In Experiment 3, these findings were replicated in a large consumer sample from 5 European countries, and with a cued-recall test. Conclusion: These findings confirm that images can act as health claims, by leading people to infer health benefits without prompting. These inferences appear often to be implicit, and could therefore be highly pervasive. The data underscore the importance of regulating imagery on product packaging; memory-based methods represent innovative ways to measure how leading (or misleading) specific images can be. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2016 APA, all rights reserved)