An intervention mapping approach: Identification of human trafficking victims by health professionals

Background. Today modern day slavery is known as human trafficking and is a growing pandemic that is a grave human rights violation. Estimates suggest that 12.3 million people are working under conditions of force, fraud or coercion. Working toward eradication is a worthy effort; it would free millions of humans from slavery, mostly women and children, as well as uphold basic human rights. One tactic to eradicating human trafficking is to increase identification of victims among those likely to encounter victims of human trafficking.^ Purpose. This study aims to develop an intervention that improves certain stakeholders' ability, in the health clinic setting, to appropriately identify and report victims of human trafficking to the National Human Trafficking Resource Center.^ Methods. The Intervention Mapping (IM) process was used by program planners to develop an intervention for health professionals. This methodology is a six step process that guides program planners to develop an intervention. Each step builds on the others through the execution of a needs assessment, and the development of matrices based on performance objectives and determinants of the targeted health behavior. The end product results in an ecological, theoretical, and evidence based intervention.^ Discussion. The IM process served as a useful protocol for program planners to take an ecological approach as well as incorporate theory and evidence into the intervention. Consultation with key informants, the planning group, adopters, implementers, and individuals responsible for institutionalization also contributed to the practicality and feasibility of the intervention. Program planners believe that this intervention fully meets recommendations set forth in the literature.^ Conclusions. The intervention mapping methodology enabled program planners to develop an intervention that is appropriate and acceptable to the implementer and the recipients.^

Development and Characterization of an in vitro Four-species Anaerobic Dental Biofilm Model

Dental caries is the most common chronic disease worldwide. It is characterized by the demineralization of tooth enamel caused by acid produced by cariogenic dental bacteria growing on tooth surfaces, termed bacterial biofilms. Cariogenesis is a complex biological process that is influence by multiple factors and is not attributed to a sole causative agent. Instead, caries is associated with multispecies microbial biofilm communities composed of some bacterial species that directly influence the development of a caries lesion and other species that are seemingly benign but must contribute to the community in an uncharacterized way. Clinical analysis of dental caries and its microbial populations is challenging due to many factors including low sensitivity of clinical measurement tools, variability in saliva chemistry, and variation in the microbiota. Our laboratory has developed an in vitro anaerobic biofilm model for dental carries to facilitate both clinical and basic research-based analyses of the multispecies dynamics and individual factors that contribute to cariogenicity. The rational for development of this system was to improve upon the current models that lack key elements. This model places an emphasis on physiological relevance and ease of maintenance and reproducibility. The uniqueness of the model is based on integrating four critical elements: 1) a biofilm community composed of four distinct and representative species typically associated with dental caries, 2) a semi-defined synthetic growth medium designed to mimic saliva, 3) physiologically relevant biofilm growth substrates, and 4) a novel biofilm reactor device designed to facilitate the maintenance and analysis. Specifically, human tooth sections or hydroxyapatite discs embedded into poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) discs are incubated for an initial 24 hr in a static inverted removable substrate (SIRS) biofilm reactor at 37°C under anaerobic conditions in artificial saliva (CAMM) without sucrose in the presence of 1 X 106 cells/ml of each Actinomyces odontolyticus, Fusobacterium nucleatum, Streptococcus mutans, and Veillonella dispar. During days 2 and 3 the samples are maintained continually in CAMM with various exposures to 0.2% sucrose; all of the discs are transferred into fresh medium every 24 hr. To validate that this model is an appropriate in vitro representation of a caries-associated multispecies biofilm, research aims were designed to test the following overarching hypothesis: an in vitro anaerobic biofilm composed of four species (S. mutans, V. dispar, A. odontolyticus, and F. nucleatum) will form a stable biofilm with a community profile that changes in response to environmental conditions and exhibits a cariogenic potential. For these experiments the biofilms as described above were exposed on days 2 and 3 to either CAMM lacking sucrose (no sucrose), CAMM with 0.2% sucrose (constant sucrose), or were transferred twice a day for 1 hr each time into 0.2% sucrose (intermittent sucrose). Four types of analysis were performed: 1) fluorescence microscopy of biofilms stained with Syto 9 and hexidium idodine to determine the biofilm architecture, 2) quantitative PCR (qPCR) to determine the cell number of each species per cm2, 3) vertical scanning interferometry (VSI) to determine the cariogenic potential of the biofilms, and 4) tomographic pH imaging using radiometric fluorescence microscopy after exposure to pH sensitive nanoparticles to measure the micro-environmental pH. The qualitative and quantitative results reveal the expected dynamics of the community profile when exposed to different sucrose conditions and the cariogenic potential of this in vitro four-species anaerobic biofilm model, thus confirming its usefulness for future analysis of primary and secondary dental caries.

Nagele: un nuevo asentamiento en un paisaje artificial

Nagele es un asentamiento urbano situado en el Noordoostpolder, territorio neerlandés ganado al mar. Fue diseñado por arquitectos de los grupos De 8 en Opbouw entre los que destacaron Rietveld, Van Eesteren, Van Eyck, Bakema, Stam y Ruys. El proyecto se desarrolló entre 1947 y 1956, un periodo de tiempo con formas de proyectar muy ricas en interpretaciones. Los arquitectos pusieron en crisis los planteamientos historicistas de las nuevas poblaciones de los pólderes. Propusieron un nuevo prototipo, una morfología compacta y concéntrica que transmitiría igualdad a una comunidad agrícola, entendida como una sociedad urbana del siglo XX. La administración apoyó la propuesta que convertiría el proyecto en un arriesgado reto por su falta de antecedentes. La vigencia de las formulaciones permanece hoy en día en la ciudad construida, aunque con alteraciones. En los dibujos del proceso se encuentran los principales enunciados teóricos que este trabajo pretende descubrir. El trabajo aborda aspectos no suficientemente explorados, como su relación con el pólder, la evolución de las estrategias proyectivas, la ordenación paisajista y los elementos urbanos. El Noordoostpolder es la culminación de una serie de experiencias multidisciplinares en el reclamo de tierras a gran escala. Se estudia su estructura urbana policéntrica, la parcelación agrícola que origina el proyecto urbano y la vinculación de la vegetación con la infraestructura, proporcionando orientación, protección climática y escala humana, conceptos que impregnan las estrategias del proyecto urbano. La primera fase de la ordenación configuró áreas monofuncionales que respondían a cada una de las cuatro necesidades básicas del método científico de la ciudad higienista. El acontecimiento que marcó el final de la primera fase fue su presentación en el séptimo CIAM de 1949, cuyo título fue Aplicación de la Carta de Atenas. El programa residencial se dividió en clusters organizados en torno a una pradera vecinal central, vinculándose el orden vecinal, urbano y territorial. La segunda fase fue un catalizador de nuevos planteamientos. El proyecto se transformó en un In-between Realm, un escenario teórico donde coexisten fenómenos tradicionalmente antagónicos que Van Eyck denominó Twin Phenomena, convirtiéndose la ciudad en una réplica formal de la ambivalencia de la mente humana. La indefinición espacial no programada en la propuesta anterior se transformó en un conjunto de espacios urbanos, con límites y dimensiones adaptados a la escala humana. El proyecto es anterior a la obra escrita de Van Eyck por lo que estimuló sus enunciados teóricos. Unas ideas también reconocidas en los tres CIAM posteriores en los que también se expuso el proyecto. El diseño paisajista se integra en el proyecto urbano desde sus orígenes. El límite se compone de una barrera boscosa que protege climáticamente, proporciona escala humana y control visual frente a las llanuras infinitas del pólder. Van Eyck sintetizó el proyecto como una habitación verde sin techo, afirmación que dilucida su equivalencia con el de un interior doméstico. Exteriormente la ciudad se convierte en una unidad autónoma del territorio. Interiormente, un sistema jerarquizado de vegetación vinculado a la arquitectura y la infraestructura constituye espacios urbanos de diferentes escalas. La propuesta fue transformada por Boer y Ruys en un nuevo espacio urbano único, no asimilando los conceptos anteriores. El proyecto y construcción de los primeros elementos urbanos consistió en un reparto de tareas a De 8 en Opbouw, hecho que estimula estudiar su relación con el proyecto urbano. La estructura policéntrica organiza las aulas de las escuelas de Van Eyck, las diferentes áreas confesionales del cementerio de Ruys y las unidades residenciales, diseñadas por Stam, Rietveld y Stam-Besse. Los Twin Phenomena alcanzan un acuerdo en el corredor comercial, diseñado por Bakema y Van der Broek. La generación de espacios dentro de otros aparece también en el cementerio, a través de una nueva barrera boscosa y en el sistema de pliegues del muro que configura la iglesia de Bakema y Van der Broek. El proyecto se vincula a un planteamiento holístico, mediante el que el diseño de cada uno de sus elementos tiene en cuenta las estrategias proyectivas del todo del cual forma parte, convirtiéndose, al igual que las obras de De Stijl, en parte de una composición infinita que acerca arte y diseño en la vida cotidiana de la sociedad. La diversidad generacional e ideológica de estos arquitectos convirtió el proyecto en un tablero de juego sobre el que se aplicaron diferentes formas de proyectar la ciudad, ubicando a Nagele en un punto de inflexión del Movimiento Moderno. ABSTRACT The research focuses on the Nagele project, a Dutch urban settlement located in the Noordoostpolder, a territory which was entirely reclaimed from the IJsselmeer lake. It was designed by a group of architects from the De 8 and Opbouw teams, the leading protagonists being Rietveld, Van Eesteren, Van Eyck, Bakema, Stam y Ruys. It was designed from 1947 to 1956, a fruitful period in urban planning. These architects questioned the traditionalist urban design applied to the new populations in the IJsselmeer polders. Facing their principles, the work group proposed a new prototype; a compact and concentric urban pattern to foster equality in a new community of farm labourers, which was recognized by the architects as a twentieth century urban society. The government supported their new proposals. The lack of implementation of the innovatory conceptual statements subjected the project into a high-risk challenge. However, in spite of these difficulties, the basic concepts remain though partially transformed, in the actual city. The project drawings reflect the principle concepts that this work aims to discover. Some approaches that have not been sufficiently studied are tackled in this thesis. Firstly, the project´s relationship with the polder. Secondly, the evolution of projective strategies during the period of urban planning, the landscape design and the design of urban elements. The Noordoostpolder is the culmination of a series of multi-disciplinary experiences in large scale land reclamation, whose polycentric urban structure and agricultural subdivision provide the framework of Nagele. Linking the vegetation to infrastructure fostered orientation, climate protection and human scale; strategies which were repeated, though on a smaller scale, in the actual city. The first phase of the project was composed of mono-functional urban areas which responded to each of the four basic human needs indicated by the scientific method of the functional city. The presentation of the project at the seventh CIAM in 1949 was the event which marked the end of the first phase of the planning. This congress was entitled Implementation of the Athens Charter. The residential program was divided into housing clusters surrounding a central prairie, a pattern which was related to its urban and territorial whole. The second phase of the plan was subjected to a new theoretical approach. The urban planning became an In-between Realm, a theoretical scenario where traditionally antagonistic concepts coexist. Van Eyck named these concepts Twin Phenomena. The city thus conceived of as a counterform of the ambivalence of the human mind where spatial indefinition in the previous proposals was transformed into a Bunch of Places with defined boundaries and dimensions, all of which reflecting human scale. The landscape design was integrated into the urban project from its inception. The limits consist of a green wind-barrier which not only provides climate protection but also provides human scale and visual control towards the unlimited plains of the polder. Van Eyck summarised the project as a green room without a roof. This statement elucidates its equivalence to a domestic interior. Outwardly, the city becomes an autonomous unit on the territory. Inwardly a hierarchical vegetation system is linked to architecture and infrastructure. Together, they configure different scales of urban spaces. The proposal was transformed by Boer and Ruys into a unique urban space without assimilating Van Eyck´s concepts. The study of the Nagele landscape project of Nagele and the writings of Van Eyck verify the fact that many of his theoretical foundations (In-between Realm, Twin Phenomena, Bunch of Places, Right Scale) can be applied not only to architecture and city but also to landscape design. The application of these principles led the Nagele project to become a counterform of Van Eyck´s thinking. The design and construction of the first urban elements involved a distribution of tasks to De 8 en Opbouw, which stimulated their relationship with the urban project. The polycentric structure organised the school classrooms outlined by Van Eyck, the different areas of the cemetery planned by Ruys and the housing clusters designed by Stam, Rietveld and Stam-Besse. The Twin Phenomena concept can be applied in Van der Broek´s shopping corridor. The concept space within another space is also implemented in the cemetery surrounded by a new green barrier, and in the church built by Van der Broek and Bakema, whose spaces are configured by a folding wall. The project takes a holistic approach, which considers the design of each element within the strategies of the whole, where they become parts of an infinite composition, as in the art works of De Stijl fostering art and design to ordinary people´s daily lives. The generational and ideological diversity of these architects turned the project into a game board on which different ways of planning the city were played, obtaining Nagele the distinction of being a turning point of Modernism.

Emerging roles of urotensin-II in cardiovascular disease

Urotensin-II (UII) is a highly potent endogenous peptide within the cardiovascular system. Through stimulation of Galphaq-coupled UT receptors, UII mediates contraction of vascular smooth muscle and endothelial-dependent vasorelaxation, and positive inotropy in human right atrium and ventricle. A pathogenic role of the UT receptor system is emerging in cardiovascular disease states, with evidence for upregulation of the UT receptor system in patients with congestive heart failure (CHF), pulmonary hypertension, cirrhosis and portal hypertension, and chronic renal failure. In vitro and in vivo studies show that under pathophysiological conditions, UII might contribute to cardiomyocyte hypertrophy, extracellular matrix production, enhanced vasoconstriction, vascular smooth muscle cell hyperplasia, and endothelial cell hyper-permeability. Single nucleotide polymorphisms of the UII gene may also impart a genetic predisposition of patients to diabetes. Therefore, the UT receptor system is a potential therapeutic target in the treatment of cardiac, pulmonary, and renal diseases. UT receptor antagonists are currently being developed to prevent and/or reverse the effects of over-activated UT receptors by the endogenous ligand. This review describes UII peptide and converting enzymes, and UT receptors in the cardiovascular system, focusing on pathophysiological roles of UII in the heart and blood vessels. (C) 2004 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved,

Activation of calcineurin in human failing heart ventricle by endothelin-1, angiotensin II and urotensin II

1 The calcineurin (CaN) enzyme-transcriptional pathway is critically involved in hypertrophy of heart muscle in some animal models. Currently there is no information concerning the regulation of CaN activation by endogenous agonists in human heart. 2 Human right ventricular trabeculae from explanted human ( 14 male/2 female) failing hearts were set up in a tissue bath and electrically paced at 1Hz and incubated with or without 100 nM endothelin-1 (ET-1), 10 mu M, angiotensin-II (Ang II) or 20 nM human urotensin-II (hUII) for 30 min. Tissues from four patients were incubated with 200 nM tacrolimus (FK506) for 30 min and then incubated in the presence or absence of ET-1 for a further 30 min. 3 ET-1 increased contractile force in all 13 patients (P < 0.001). Ang II and hUII increased contractile force in three out of eight and four out of 10 patients but overall nonsignificantly (P > 0.1). FK506 had no effect on contractile force (P = 0.12). 4 ET-1, Ang II and hUII increased calcineurin activity by 32, 71 and 15%, respectively, while FK506 reduced activity by 34%. ET-1 in the presence of FK506 did not restore calcineurin activity (P = 0.1). 5 There was no relationship between basal CaN activity and expression levels in the right ventricle. Increased levels of free phosphate were detected in ventricular homogenates that were incubated with PKC epsilon compared to samples incubated without PKCe. 6 Endogenous cardiostimulants which activate G alpha q-coupled receptors increase the activity of calcineurin in human heart following acute (30 min) exposure. PKC may contribute to this effect by increasing levels of phosphorylated calcineurin substrate.

Critique féministe matérialiste du droit civil québécois : le travail « domestique » et les violences sexuées, les « impensés » du droit du logement.

Cette recherche constitue un essai de théorie critique féministe matérialiste et radicale. Elle poursuit principalement un objectif de dénonciation de la structure actuelle du droit du logement. À partir d’un cadre conceptuel fondé sur le féminisme matérialiste et radical, elle souhaite faire ressortir le point de vue de la classe des femmes dans l’habitation. Le droit du logement est ici utilisé dans un sens large, puisqu’il se réfère à la fois au logement comme phénomène juridique, mais aussi sociologique. À l’intérieur de la discipline juridique, il renvoie à l’ensemble des législations actuellement en vigueur au Québec en ce qui concerne la vie à domicile. Notre étude se concentre sur deux modes d’occupation des lieux, à travers le droit de propriété et le système locatif. Le droit au logement fait l’objet d’une reconnaissance internationale dans les textes portant sur les droits humains. Il est reconnu comme le « droit à un logement suffisant ». Au Canada et au Québec, il ne fait pas l’objet d’une reconnaissance explicite, malgré les engagements pris sur la scène internationale. Un portrait statistique, appuyé sur le critère du sexe, permet de mettre en évidence qu’il existe des écarts entre les hommes et les femmes en ce qui concerne la mise en application du droit du logement. Les femmes accèdent plus difficilement à un logement; elles y effectuent la majorité du travail domestique, de service et de « care » et elles sont les principales victimes des violences commises à domicile. Dans le système d’habitation, l’expérience des femmes se comprend comme une appropriation à la fois privée et collective par la classe des hommes, telle que réfléchie par Colette Guillaumin, qui se concentre autour de la division sexuelle du travail et des violences sexuées. Le droit du logement, dans sa forme actuelle, repose sur l’appropriation de la force de travail des femmes et de leur corps. Ces deux critères permettent de construire une grille d’analyse féministe matérialiste et radicale pour analyser la structure du droit du logement, tel que conçu en droit civil. Cette analyse féministe permet également de situer le droit étatique comme une pratique patriarcale. Cette dernière contribue à assurer le maintien du système d’habitation, qui est assimilable à un système hégémonique, au sens développé par Gramsci. Cette étude réfléchit sur le droit du logement dans le climat politique néolibéral. Le néolibéralisme est développé comme une idéologie qui impose une rationalité marchande à l’ensemble des politiques étatiques. À partir d’une méthode décrite comme métathéorique externe radicalement réflexive, puisqu’elle propose l’importation d’outils conceptuels étrangers à la discipline du droit moderne, nous réfléchissons de manière radicale la construction du droit civil et des institutions qui encadrent le droit du logement. La collecte des données s’effectue à partir de la recherche documentaire. Quatre institutions du droit civil seront examinées dans le détail, soit le sujet du droit, la dichotomie privé/public, la médiation du droit du logement par les biens immeubles, à travers le rapport contractuel et le droit de propriété, et finalement les notaires. L’analyse féministe du sujet du droit insiste sur un paradoxe. D’une part, l’universalité présumée de ce sujet, laquelle permet de poser l’égalité et la liberté pour toutes les personnes juridiques. Or, plutôt que d’être neutre sexuellement comme le prétend le droit positif, nous démontrons comment ce sujet est constamment un membre de la classe des hommes. D’autre part, nous analysons comment le droit reconnaît le sexe de ses sujets, mais surtout comment cette sexualité est construite sur l’idéologie naturaliste. Ce modèle de sujet masculin est fondamental dans la construction du droit du logement. L’étude féministe de la dichotomie privé/public en fait ressortir le caractère situé. En effet, si par essence aucun domaine ou enjeu n’est en soit privé ou public, le processus de qualification, lui, est un acte de pouvoir. Nous verrons comment le droit civil crée des zones de droit privé, comprises comme des zones de non-droit pour les femmes. La qualification de privé dévalue également le travail accompli par cette classe de sexe. Le droit du logement est pourtant centré sur le rapport contractuel et sur le droit de propriété. Il importe alors d’examiner la nature du consentement donné par les femmes comme groupe social dans les contrats de vente et de location. Ces contrats ne prennent pas en compte l’expérience des femmes dans leur formation. Les catégories qui y sont attachées, telles que vendeur.e ou locataire, représentent le point de vue de la classe des hommes. Bien que la popularité de la copropriété auprès de la classe des femmes semble porteuse d’un vent de changement, nous analysons comment le discours dominant qui l’entoure instrumentalise certaines revendications féministes, tout en laissant dans l’ombre la question du travail domestique et des violences sexuées. Finalement, nous nous intéressons aux notaires en les repensant comme des intellectuel.les organiques, tels que conçu.es par Gramsci, pour la classe des hommes. Cette fonction d’intellectuel.les permet de mettre en lumière comment chaque transaction immobilière favorise la reproduction des intérêts patriarcaux, remettant ainsi en question la nature des devoirs de conseil et d’impartialité du notariat. À la lumière de cette analyse, le Code civil du Québec est qualifié dans une perspective féministe matérialiste et radicale pour devenir un système qui institutionnalise l’appropriation des femmes par l’entremise du droit du logement. Ce travail de recherche permet d’envisager certaines pistes de réflexion pour des rénovations potentielles des pratiques juridiques entourant le droit du logement, notamment la pratique notariale, tournées vers des objectifs féministes de justice sociale.

Surrogacy under Indian Legal System: Legal and Human Rights Concerns

The advancements in medical science and technology have proved to be a boon to mankind. At the same time they have raised numerous challenges before the legal systems of the world. One such advancement is that of assisted human reproductive technologies and particularly surrogacy, which have given a new meaning to the concept of procreation. These technologies have made it possible for individuals to beget a genetically related child with the help of a third party and without sexual intercourse. Among all the assisted human reproductive technologies, the practice of surrogacy, in which women agree to have their bodies used to undergo a pregnancy and give birth to a baby for another, has raised various legal and human right controversies and diverse legal responses all over the world. India has particularly become a top destination for individuals who wish to beget a child through surrogacy and hence it is imperative for the Indian government to address the challenges posed by surrogacy. This study is an attempt to examine the need and importance of surrogacy practices and the conflicting legal and human rights issues raised by surrogacy in contemporary times. It also examines the adequacy of existing legal framework in India and attempts to provide pragmatic solutions for regulating surrogacy and protecting the interests of various stakeholders involved in surrogacy.

Critique féministe matérialiste du droit civil québécois : le travail « domestique » et les violences sexuées, les « impensés » du droit du logement

Cette recherche constitue un essai de théorie critique féministe matérialiste et radicale. Elle poursuit principalement un objectif de dénonciation de la structure actuelle du droit du logement. À partir d’un cadre conceptuel fondé sur le féminisme matérialiste et radical, elle souhaite faire ressortir le point de vue de la classe des femmes dans l’habitation. Le droit du logement est ici utilisé dans un sens large, puisqu’il se réfère à la fois au logement comme phénomène juridique, mais aussi sociologique. À l’intérieur de la discipline juridique, il renvoie à l’ensemble des législations actuellement en vigueur au Québec en ce qui concerne la vie à domicile. Notre étude se concentre sur deux modes d’occupation des lieux, à travers le droit de propriété et le système locatif. Le droit au logement fait l’objet d’une reconnaissance internationale dans les textes portant sur les droits humains. Il est reconnu comme le « droit à un logement suffisant ». Au Canada et au Québec, il ne fait pas l’objet d’une reconnaissance explicite, malgré les engagements pris sur la scène internationale. Un portrait statistique, appuyé sur le critère du sexe, permet de mettre en évidence qu’il existe des écarts entre les hommes et les femmes en ce qui concerne la mise en application du droit du logement. Les femmes accèdent plus difficilement à un logement; elles y effectuent la majorité du travail domestique, de service et de « care » et elles sont les principales victimes des violences commises à domicile. Dans le système d’habitation, l’expérience des femmes se comprend comme une appropriation à la fois privée et collective par la classe des hommes, telle que réfléchie par Colette Guillaumin, qui se concentre autour de la division sexuelle du travail et des violences sexuées. Le droit du logement, dans sa forme actuelle, repose sur l’appropriation de la force de travail des femmes et de leur corps. Ces deux critères permettent de construire une grille d’analyse féministe matérialiste et radicale pour analyser la structure du droit du logement, tel que conçu en droit civil. Cette analyse féministe permet également de situer le droit étatique comme une pratique patriarcale. Cette dernière contribue à assurer le maintien du système d’habitation, qui est assimilable à un système hégémonique, au sens développé par Gramsci. Cette étude réfléchit sur le droit du logement dans le climat politique néolibéral. Le néolibéralisme est développé comme une idéologie qui impose une rationalité marchande à l’ensemble des politiques étatiques. À partir d’une méthode décrite comme métathéorique externe radicalement réflexive, puisqu’elle propose l’importation d’outils conceptuels étrangers à la discipline du droit moderne, nous réfléchissons de manière radicale la construction du droit civil et des institutions qui encadrent le droit du logement. La collecte des données s’effectue à partir de la recherche documentaire. Quatre institutions du droit civil seront examinées dans le détail, soit le sujet du droit, la dichotomie privé/public, la médiation du droit du logement par les biens immeubles, à travers le rapport contractuel et le droit de propriété, et finalement les notaires. L’analyse féministe du sujet du droit insiste sur un paradoxe. D’une part, l’universalité présumée de ce sujet, laquelle permet de poser l’égalité et la liberté pour toutes les personnes juridiques. Or, plutôt que d’être neutre sexuellement comme le prétend le droit positif, nous démontrons comment ce sujet est constamment un membre de la classe des hommes. D’autre part, nous analysons comment le droit reconnaît le sexe de ses sujets, mais surtout comment cette sexualité est construite sur l’idéologie naturaliste. Ce modèle de sujet masculin est fondamental dans la construction du droit du logement. L’étude féministe de la dichotomie privé/public en fait ressortir le caractère situé. En effet, si par essence aucun domaine ou enjeu n’est en soit privé ou public, le processus de qualification, lui, est un acte de pouvoir. Nous verrons comment le droit civil crée des zones de droit privé, comprises comme des zones de non-droit pour les femmes. La qualification de privé dévalue également le travail accompli par cette classe de sexe. Le droit du logement est pourtant centré sur le rapport contractuel et sur le droit de propriété. Il importe alors d’examiner la nature du consentement donné par les femmes comme groupe social dans les contrats de vente et de location. Ces contrats ne prennent pas en compte l’expérience des femmes dans leur formation. Les catégories qui y sont attachées, telles que vendeur.e ou locataire, représentent le point de vue de la classe des hommes. Bien que la popularité de la copropriété auprès de la classe des femmes semble porteuse d’un vent de changement, nous analysons comment le discours dominant qui l’entoure instrumentalise certaines revendications féministes, tout en laissant dans l’ombre la question du travail domestique et des violences sexuées. Finalement, nous nous intéressons aux notaires en les repensant comme des intellectuel.les organiques, tels que conçu.es par Gramsci, pour la classe des hommes. Cette fonction d’intellectuel.les permet de mettre en lumière comment chaque transaction immobilière favorise la reproduction des intérêts patriarcaux, remettant ainsi en question la nature des devoirs de conseil et d’impartialité du notariat. À la lumière de cette analyse, le Code civil du Québec est qualifié dans une perspective féministe matérialiste et radicale pour devenir un système qui institutionnalise l’appropriation des femmes par l’entremise du droit du logement. Ce travail de recherche permet d’envisager certaines pistes de réflexion pour des rénovations potentielles des pratiques juridiques entourant le droit du logement, notamment la pratique notariale, tournées vers des objectifs féministes de justice sociale.

Forensic Injustice: Human Rights, Archival Science and Racialized Feminicide in Guatemala

The call to access and preserve the state records that document crimes committed by the state during Guatemala’s civil war has become an archival imperative entangled with neoliberal human rights discourses of “truth, justice, and memory.” 200,000 people were killed and disappeared in Guatemala’s civil war including acts of genocide in which 85% of massacres involved sexual violence committed against Mayan women. This dissertation argues that in an attempt to tell the official story of the civil war, American Human Rights organizations and academic institutions have constructed a normative identity whose humanity is attached to a scientific and evidentiary value as well as an archival status representing the materiality and institutionality of the record. Consequently, Human Rights discourses grounded in Western knowledges, in particular archival science and law, which prioritize the appearance of truth erase the material and epistemological experience of indigenous women during wartimes. As a result, the subjectivity that has surfaced on the record as most legible has mostly pertained to non-indigenous, middle class, urban, leftist men who were victims of enforced disappearance not genocide. This dissertation investigates this conflicting narrative that remembers a non-indigenous revolutionary masculine hero and grants him justice in human rights courtrooms simply because of a document attesting to his death. A main research question addressed in this project is why the promise of "truth and justice" under the name of human rights becomes a contentious site for gendered indigenous bodies? I conduct a discursive and rhetorical analysis of documentary film, declassified Guatemalan police and military records such as Operation Sofia, a military log known for “documenting the genocide” during rural counterinsurgencies executed by the military. I interrogate the ways in which racialized feminicides or the hyper-sexualized racial violence that has historically dehumanized indigenous women falls outside of discourses of vision constructed by Western positivist knowledges to reinscribe the ideal human right subject. I argue for alternative epistemological frames that recognize genocide as sexualized and gendered structures that have simultaneously produced racialized feminicides in order to disrupt the colonial structures of capitalism, patriarchy and heterosexuality. Ironically, these structures of power remain untouched by the dominant human rights discourse and its academic, NGO, and state collaborators that seek "truth and justice" in post-conflict Guatemala.

Acesso à alimentação como direito social no Brasil : implicações para a sociedade e para o sistema nacional de informações

A Emenda Constitucional 64/2010 garantiu Direito Humano à Alimentação como direito básico e social, alterando o Artigo 6º da Constituição Federal. O artigo analisa as significativas implicações desta alteração na gestão das políticas públicas brasileiras Ao assegurar o Direito à Alimentação como direito básico e social, a Carta constituiu um dever, ou uma obrigação positiva do Estado brasileiro. O artigo discute também o significado desta mudança para o sistema brasileiro de informações, argumentando que já existem fontes de dados e sistema de indicadores construídos para o monitoramento consistente das situações de (in)segurança alimentar e nutricional no país, restando agora ao governo federal e aos gestores do Sistema Brasileiro de Informações Estatísticas e Geográficas definir a regularidade e a frequência da aplicação e divulgação destes instrumentos. Nossa atenção se concentrará basicamente nas possibilidades de uso da Pesquisa de Orçamentos Familiares e da Pesquisa Nacional por Amostra Domiciliar como fontes de dados. _______________________________________________________________________________ ABSTRACT

Derechos humanos y desarrollo humano en México

ResumenLos derechos humanos y el desarrollo humano comparten la misma visión y objetivo: garantizar la libertad, el bienestar y la dignidad de todas las personas del mundo. Para alcanzar un desarrollohumano alto es necesario el respeto y el ejercicio eficiente de los derechos humanos, como el acceso a la educación, a los servicios de salud, a la alimentación, a un trabajo dignoy bien remunerado, a la participación activa de las decisiones económicas, entre otros. Al mismo tiempo, es importante tener un nivel de desarrollo suficiente para proporcionar y garantizarlos derechos humanos más fundamentales. En este artículo se presenta un análisis de la situación de los derechos humanos y el desarrollo humano en México. Se utilizan informes e índices de diferentes instituciones, examinando la situación específica de algunos estados. Los resultados indican que aunque México es considerado como un país de desarrollo humano “alto”, no necesariamente ha implicado que el nivel de vida de toda su población sea mejor ytampoco ha garantizado el respeto y ejercicio eficiente de los derechos humanos.Palabras clave: derechos humanos, desarrollo humano, derecho al desarrollo, México. AbstractHuman rights and human development share common visions and goals: to ensure the freedom, well-being and dignity of all the people. The achievement of a high level of human development requires both respect for and the effective exercise of fundamental human rights, including the right to: education, healthcare services, adequate food, dignified and justly remunerated work, and meaningful participation in economic decision-making, among other fundamental rights. The provision for and protection of the most basic human rights and the achievement of an acceptable level of human development are interdependent. This paper presents an analysis of human rights and the human development situation in Mexico. Reports and indices sourced from various institutions are cited and the specific conditions that exist in some Mexican states are evaluated. The results show that although Mexico has a high level of human development, it does not implies that the standard of living of all of its citizens has improved or that respect for and the effective exercise of human rights has accompaniedthis development in Mexico.Keywords: human rights, human development, right to the development, Mexico.

Epilepsia e atividade fisica : um estudo em crianças e adolescentes epileticos

Universidade Estadual de Campinas . Faculdade de Educação Física

Conceptions of health and illness held by Australian Aboriginal, Torres Strait Islander and Papua New Guinea Health Science students

Health is considered to be a fundamental human right and developing a better understanding of health is assumed to be a global social goal (Bloom, 1987). Yet many third-world countries and some subpopulations within developed countries do not enjoy a healthy existence. The research reported in this paper examined the conceptions of health and conceptions of illness for a group of Aboriginal, Torres Strait Islander, and Papua New Guinea university students studying health science courses. Results found three conceptions of health and three conceptions of illness that indicated these students held a mix of traditional cultural and Western beliefs. These findings may contribute to overcoming the dissonance between traditional and Western beliefs about health and the development of health care courses that are more specific to how these students understand health. This may also serve to improve the educational status of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people and potentially improve the health status within these communities.

Anotação sintética, numa perspectiva de Direito Público-penal e Direito Privado-civil, ao Acórdão do Supremo Tribunal de Justiça Português, de 19 de Abril de 2012-- A poluição sonora e o direito humano ao descanso e à saúde, sem descurar a necessidade duma adequada política tributária.

Resumo: 1 – Sumário do Acórdão do Supremo Tribunal de Justiça, de 19 de Abril de 2012; 2 – Texto completo do Acórdão do Supremo Tribunal de Justiça, de 19 de Abril de 2012: cfr. http://www.dgsi.pt/jstj.nsf/954f0ce6ad9dd8b980256b5f003fa814/fc664c231f3e73cf802579ea003d91d2?OpenDocument&Highlight=0,polui%C3%A7%C3%A3o , 2 de Junho de 2012; 3 – Anotação sintética; 3.1 – Introdução à anotação sintética e suas características neste caso concreto; 4 – Algumas referências constitucionais centrais em relação a Direitos humanos e, nomeadamente, a um Direito humano a um meio-ambiente sadio, saudável em todas as suas vertentes e sentidos – o exemplo central do artigo 9.º da CRP; 4.1 – Algumas referências constitucionais centrais em relação a Direitos humanos e, nomeadamente, a um Direito humano a um meio-ambiente sadio, saudável em todas as suas vertentes e sentidos – o exemplo central do artigo 66.º da CRP e o Regime Geral do Ruído; 5 – O direito humano ao descanso e à saúde, rectius o direito ao ambiente sadio vs o direito ao lazer e/ou exploração económica de indústrias de diversão, rectius o direito à liberdade de iniciativa económica privada; 6 – A violação do direito humano, de personalidade, ao descanso e à saúde, rectius o direito a um ambiente sadio, numa perspectiva de Direito privado e Direito civil; 7 – A criminalização da poluição, designadamente a criminalização da poluição sonora – uma perspectiva de Direito público e Direito penal; 8 - A necessidade duma adequada política tributária que compatibilize desenvolvimento sustentado com a protecção dum meio ambiente sadio e com qualidade de vida; 9 – Conclusões. § Abstract: 1 - Summary of the Judgment of the Supreme Court of April 19, 2012, 2 - Complete text of the Judgment of the Supreme Court of April 19, 2012: cf. http://www.dgsi.pt/jstj.nsf/954f0ce6ad9dd8b980256b5f003fa814/fc664c231f3e73cf802579ea003d91d2?OpenDocument&Highlight=0,polui%C3%A7%C3%A3o , June 2, 2012, 3 - Synthetic Note: 3.1 - Introduction to synthetic annotation and its characteristics in this case 4 - Some references constitutional power over human rights and in particular to a human right to a healthy environment, healthy in all its forms and meanings - the central example of Article 9. of CRP; 4.1 - Some references constitutional power over human rights and in particular to a human right to a healthy environment, healthy in all its forms and meanings - the central example of Article 66. No of CRP and the General Noise; 5 - the human right to rest and health, rectius the right to healthy environment vs. the right to leisure and / or economic exploitation of industries fun, rectius the right to freedom of private economic initiative; 6 - the violation of human personality, to rest and health, rectius the right to a healthy environment, a perspective of private law and civil law; 7 - criminalization of pollution, including the criminalization of noise - a perspective of public law and criminal law; 8 - the need for appropriate tax policy that reconciles sustainable development with the protection of a healthy environment and quality of life; 9 - Conclusions.

RELATION BETWEEN BACKGROUND VARIABLES, VALUES AND CORPORATE SOCIAL RESPONSIBILITY

ABSTRACT Consumer perception of corporate social responsibility (CSR) can be directly influenced by individual value structures. This research aims to provide new knowledge regarding the relationship between basic human values and the public's perception of CSR. It focuses on the values of higher education students and their views regarding a particular corporate social initiative. The study reveals that social, educational, and economic circumstances influence human values. Those values in turn influence why different students perceive CSR differently. These findings are relevant to companies as they provide a more detailed understanding of why certain consumer groups perceive certain CSR initiatives the way that they do. They also suggest that universities should increase their awareness of the importance of integrating human values and CSR in the curricula of future business managers and social leaders.