La Literatura como profeta de la Ciencia : Einstein y El Quijote : VII Escuela de Verano : Centro Regional de Educaci??n de Personas Adultas de la Comunidad de Madrid (CREPA) : 29 y 30 de junio de 2005

En este volumen se recogen las actas de la S??ptima Escuela de Verano de Educaci??n de Personas Adultas organizada por el Centro Regional de Personas Adultas (CREPA) y el Centro Regional de Innovaci??n y Formaci??n (CRIF) 'Las Acacias', de la Comunidad de Madrid. La celebraci??n del centenario de la teor??a de la relatividad, del cincuentenario de la muerte de Albert Einstein, y del IV centenario de la publicaci??n de El Quijote es el punto de partida de las ponencias, grupos de debate, talleres y comunicaciones llevados a cabo en este encuentro. Los trabajos est??n relacionados con la ciencia, la lengua, la literatura, las nuevas tecnolog??as, la formaci??n profesional, la interculturalidad, la psicolog??a, la educaci??n y el consumo.

El centenario de Einstein.

Título anterior de la publicación : Boletín de la Comisión Española de la UNESCO

Einstein, una determinada idea sobre la ciencia

T??tulo anterior de la publicaci??n : Bolet??n de la Comisi??n Espa??ola de la UNESCO

Análise de biografias de Einstein em dois livros de divulgação científica

In this paper we analyzed and compared two Albert Einstein’s biographies. The first one was “Albert Einstein and his inflatable universe”, written by Mike Goldsmith. The second biography was “Einstein – his life and universe”, written by Walter Isaacson. The intention of this comparison was to identify convergent and divergent points between two books, beyond verifying the possible neglected important points of Einstein’s life suppressed by Goldsmith to facilitate the comprehension of the text. Such details are those that we consider important to Albert Einstein’s intellectual development, and may have significantly contributed to the development of his theories. For this, our analysis was grounded in Douglas Allchin’s perspective, whose work presents aspects in the rhetoric of the text that contribute to the Science and scientist mystification.

Un lugar entre la tierra y las estrellas. Luces y sombras en la Torre Einstein

La torre Einstein se erige en 1921 en el Telegraphsberg de Potsdam con un único objetivo: la demostración empírica (o refutación) de las bases de la Teoría de la Relatividad enunciada por Albert Einstein. Establecida ya desde su origen como un monumento, que el tiempo ha consolidado como icono de una incipiente vanguardia, la Torre Einstein es, a su vez, la historia de un triple fracaso. El presente artículo describe este primer proyecto de Erich Mendelsohn, no tanto como la apertura de una carrera profesional, sino como el necesario cierre de la vía iniciada con sus anteriores dibujos de guerra.

Después de Einstein: una arquitectura para una teoría

En 1905, aparecen en la revista "Annalen der physik" tres artículos que revolucionarán las ciencias físicas y pondrán en jaque los asentados conceptos newtonianos de Espacio y Tiempo. La formulación de la Teoría de la Relatividad por Albert Einstein pone en crisis el valor absoluto de estos conceptos, y permite proponer nuevas reflexiones a propósito de su concepción dentro del campo de la física. Esta revolución ¿podría extrapolarse al campo de la arquitectura, donde Espacio y Tiempo tienen un papel protagonista? Hay que entender la complejidad del hecho arquitectónico y las innumerables variables que participan de su definición. Se estudia en esta Tesis Doctoral un aspecto muy concreto: cómo un paradigma (la Teoría de la Relatividad) puede intervenir y modificar, o no, la Arquitectura. Se plantea para ello ir al origen; desentrañar el momento de interacción entre la Teoría de la Relatividad y la Teoría de la Arquitectura, que permita determinar si aquella influyó sobre ésta en los escritos teóricos de las vanguardias aplicados a la Arquitectura. “Después de Einstein. Una arquitectura para una teoría” buscará los puntos de conexión de la Teoría de la Relatividad con la teoría arquitectónica de las vanguardias de principio del siglo XX, su influencia, la contaminación entre una y otra, con posibles resultados arquitectónicos a partir de esta interacción, capaz de definir nuevos argumentos formales para un nuevo lenguaje enArquitectura. Annalen der physik Después de Einstein. Una arquitectura para una teoría Para ello la Tesis se estructura en cuatro capítulos. El primero expone el ámbito geográfico y cronológico donde se desarrolla la Teoría de la Relatividad con la repercusión teórica que tiene para el arte, en función de una nueva definición de espacio vinculado al tiempo, como evento que se desarrolla en un ámbito cuatridimensional; la indeterminación de las medidas de espacio y de las medidas de tiempo, y la importancia de entender la materia como energía. El segundo capítulo estudia los movimientos de vanguardia coetáneos a la eclosión de la Relatividad, enmarcados en su ámbito geográfico más próximo. El cubismo se muestra como movimiento que participa ocasionalmente de las matemáticas y la geometría, bajo el influjo del científico Henri Poincaré y las geometrías no euclidianas. El futurismo indaga en los avances de la ciencia desde una cierta lejanía, cierta falta de rigor o profundidad científica para extraer las leyes de su nuevo idealismo plástico constructivo, definiendo e interpretando su Universo a partir de los avances de la ciencia, en respuesta a la crisis del espacio y del tiempo newtonianos. El lenguaje científico se encuentra presente en conceptos como "simultaneidad" (Boccioni), "expansión esférica de la luz en el espacio" (Severini y Carrá), "cuatridimensionalidad", "espacio-tiempo", "aire-luz-fuerza", "materia y energía" que paralelamente conforman el cuerpo operacional de la teoría de Einstein. Si bien no es posible atribuir a la Teoría de la Relatividad un papel protagonista como referente para el pensamiento artístico, en 1936, con la aparición del manifiesto Dimensionista, se atribuyen explícitamente a las teorías de Einstein las nuevas ideas de espacio-tiempo del espíritu europeo seguido por cubistas y futuristas. El tercer capítulo describe cómo la Teoría de la Relatividad llegó a ser fuente de inspiración para la Teoría de la Arquitectura. Estructurado en tres subcapítulos, se estudia el autor principal que aportó para la Arquitectura conceptos e ideas extrapoladas de la Teoría de la Relatividad después de su estudio e interpretación (Van Doesburg), dónde se produjeron las influencias y puntos de contacto (Lissitzky, Eggeling, Moholy-Nagy) y cómo fueron difundidas a través de la arquitectura (Einsteinturm de Mendelsohn) y de las revistas especializadas. El cuarto capítulo extrae las conclusiones del estudio realizado en esta Tesis, que bien pudiera resumir MoholyNagy en su texto "Vision inmotion" (1946) al comentar: "Ya que el "espacio-tiempo" puede ser un término engañoso, tiene que hacerse especialmente hincapié en que los problemas de espacio-tiempo en el arte no están necesariamente basados en la Teoría de la Relatividad de Einstein. Esto no tiene intención de descartar la relevancia de su teoría para las artes. Pero los artistas y los laicos rara vez tienen el conocimiento matemático para visualizar en fórmulas científicas las analogías con su propio trabajo. La terminología de Einstein del "espacio-tiempo" y la "relatividad" ha sido absorbida por nuestro lenguaje diario." ABSTRACT. "AFTER EINSTEIN:ANARCHITECTUREFORATHEORY." In 1905, three articles were published in the journal "Annalen der Physik ". They revolutionized physical sciences and threw into crisis the newtonian concepts of Space and Time. The formulation of the Theory of Relativity by Albert Einstein put a strain on the absolute value of these concepts, and proposed new reflections about them in the field of Physics. Could this revolution be extrapolated to the field of Architecture, where Space and Time have a main role? It is necessary to understand the complexity of architecture and the countless variables involved in its definition. For this reason, in this PhD. Thesis, we study a specific aspect: how a paradigm (Theory of Relativity) can intervene and modify -or not- Architecture. It is proposed to go back to the origin; to unravel the moment in which the interaction between the Theory of Relativity and the Theory of Architecture takes place, to determine whether the Theory of Relativity influenced on the theoretical avant-garde writings applied to Architecture. "After Einstein.An architecture for a theory " will search the connection points between the Theory of Relativity and architectural avant-garde theory of the early twentieth century, the influence and contamination between them, giving rise to new architectures that define new formal arguments for a new architectural language. Annalen der Physik This thesis is divided into four chapters. The first one describes the geographical and chronological scope in which the Theory of Relativity is developed showing its theoretical implications in the field of art, according to a new definition of Space linked to Time, as an event that takes place in a fourdimensional space; the indetermination of the measurement of space and time, and the importance of understanding "matter" as "energy". The second chapter examines the avant-garde movements contemporary to the theory of relativity. Cubism is shown as an artist movement that occasionally participates in mathematics and geometry, under the influence of Henri Poincaré and non-Euclidean geometries. Futurism explores the advances of science at a certain distance, with lack of scientific rigor to extract the laws of their new plastic constructive idealism. Scientific language is present in concepts like "simultaneity" (Boccioni), "expanding light in space" (Severini and Carra), "four-dimensional space", "space-time", "light-air-force," "matter and energy" similar to the operational concepts of Einstein´s theory. While it is not possible to attribute a leading role to the Theory of Relativity, as a benchmark for artistic laws, in 1936, with the publication of the Dimensionist manifest, the new ideas of space-time followed by cubist and futurist were attributed to the Einstein's theory. The third chapter describes how the Theory of Relativity became an inspiration for the architectural theory. Structured into three subsections, we study the main author who studied the theory of relativity and ,as a consequence, contributed with some concepts and ideas to the theory of architecture (Van Doesburg), where influences and contact points took place (Lissitzky, Eggeling, Moholy-Nagy) and how were disseminated throughArchitecture (Einsteinturm, by Mendelsohn) and journals. The fourth chapter draws the conclusions of this PhD. Thesis, which could be well summarized by Moholy Nagy in his text "Vision in Motion" (1946): vi Since "space-time" can be a misleading term, it especially has to be emphasized that the space-time problems in the arts are not necessarily based upon Einstein´s Theory of Relativity. This is not meant to discount the relevance of his theory to the arts. But artists and laymen seldom have the mathematical knowledge to visualize in scientific formulae the analogies to their own work. Einstein's terminology of "space-time" and "relativity" has been absorbed by our daily language.

Una casa para Einstein: Konrad Wachsmann y la evolucion de un modelo prefabricado desde las casas "Christoph & Unmack A.G." al "General Panel System"

Este artículo estudia la evolución de un modelo de vivienda prefabricada en madera, ejemplificada en la casita de verano que construye Konrad Wachsmann para Albert Einstein en 1929 en Caputh, cerca de Potsdam. El físico deseaba construirse un "lugar de descanso", eligiendo la construcción en madera por su facilidad y rapidez de montaje, adaptabilidad, calidez y para que armonizara mejor con el medio ambiente en el paraje donde se insertaba. Konrad Wachsmann, que trabajaba para la firma de viviendas prefabricadas en madera "Christoph&Unmack A.G." le presentará un modelo prefabricado moderno. Esta tipología, que había evolucionado desde los diseños iniciales "nórdico escandinavos", pasando por el "jugendstil", hasta introducir un nuevo lenguaje de líneas puras, cubierta plana, y grandes ventanales iniciado por Poelzig, será ligeramente modificada por Einstein, que finalmente adjudica el encargo. Ayudado por Einstein a trasladarse a EEUU, Konrad Wachsmann continuará allí la labor de investigación sobre vivienda prefabricada junto con Walter Gropius, que dará como resultado el "General Panel System" y sus conocidas "Packaged Houses". A HOUSE FOR EINSTEIN: KONRAD WACHSMANN AND THE EVOLUTION OF A PREFABRICATED WOODEN HOUSING MODEL FROM " CHRISTOPH & UNMACK A.G." TO "GENERAL PANEL SYSTEM". This article studies the evolution of a prefabricated wooden housing model, exemplified in the summer house built by Konrad Wachsmann for Albert Einstein in 1929, in Caputh, near Potsdam. The Physician wanted to build a "resting house", choosing a wood construction because of its easy and fast assembly, adaptability, warmth and harmony with the environment where it would be inserted. Konrad Wachsmann, who worked for the wooden prefabricated houses firm "Christoph & Unmack AG", proposed Einstein a modern prefabricated wood model. This typology, which had evolved from the initial "Nordic Scandinavian" and "Jugendstil" designs to a new modern language initiated by Poelzig (with clean lines, flat roof, and large windows) will be slightly modified by Einstein, that finally hired the construction of the house. Aided by Einstein to move to USA, Konrad Wachsmann continued there his research work about prefabricated houses with Walter Gropius, giving as a results the "General Panel System" and the popular "Packaged Houses".

Crianças nascidas após emprego de técnica de fertilização assistida

OBJETIVO: Caracterizar mulheres e recém-nascidos que foram submetidos ao processo de reprodução assistids. MÉTODO: Estudo descritivo, retrospectivo para coleta de dados e prospectivo para análise, em mulheres submetidas a duas diferentes técnicas de reprodução assistida no Centro de Reprodução Humana do Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein no período de janeiro de 1995 a Dezembro de 2003. Foram selecionados todos os casos de sucesso e término do parto que ocorreram na Instituição no período. RESULTADOS: no período analisado, ocorreram 2448 procedimentos, sendo 439 de fertilização in vitro e 2009 de injeção intracitoplasmática de esperma. A taxa de sucesso variou de 25 a 30%. Não houve diferenças significativas entre os dois métodos estudados quanto aos resultados perinatais. Maior morbidade foi observada entre os nascimentos múltiplos em relação aos únicos. CONCLUSÕES: as técnicas de reprodução assistida não interferiram nos resultados perinatais. A prematuridade foi o fator determinante de maior morbimortalidade entre os múltiplos

Ferromagnetic resonance for the quantification of superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles in biological materials

The aim of the present work is the presentation of a quantification methodology for the control of the amount of superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles (SPIONs) administered in biological materials by means of the ferromagnetic resonance technique (FMR) applied to studies both in vivo and in vitro. The in vivo study consisted in the analysis of the elimination and biodistribution kinetics of SPIONs after intravenous administration in Wistar rats. The results were corroborated by X-ray fluorescence. For the in vitro study, a quantitative analysis of the concentration of SPIONs bound to the specific AC133 monoclonal antibodies was carried out in order to detect the expression of the antigenic epitopes (CD133) in stem cells from human umbilical cord blood. In both studies FMR has proven to be an efficient technique for the SPIONs quantification per volume unit (in vivo) or per labeled cell (in vitro).

The Ultrastructural Study of Tumorigenic Cells Using Nanobiomarkers

Despite recent advances, patients with malignant brain tumors still have a poor prognosis. Glioblastoma (WHO grade 4 astrocytoma), the most malignant brain tumor, represents 50% of all astrocytomas, with a median survival rate of <1 year. It is, therefore, extremely important to search for new diagnostic and therapeutic approaches for patients with glioblastoma. This study describes the application of superparamagnetic nano-particles of iron oxide, as well as monoclonal antibodies, of immunophenotypic significance, conjoined to quantum dots for the ultrastructural assessment of glioblastoma cells. For this proposal, an immunophenotypic study by flow cytometry was carried out, followed by transmission electron microscopy analysis. The process of tumor cell labeling using nanoparticles can successfully contribute to the identification of tumorigenic cells and consequently for better understanding of glioblastoma genesis and recurrence. In addition, this method may help further studies in tumor imaging, diagnosis, and prognostic markers detection.

Antibody-mediated rejection (AMR) after pancreas and pancreas-kidney transplantation

P>Antibody-mediated rejection (AMR) requires specific diagnostic tools and treatment and is associated with lower graft survival. We prospectively screened C4d in pancreas (n = 35, in 27 patients) and kidney (n = 33, in 21 patients) for cause biopsies. Serum amylase and lipase, amylasuria, fasting blood glucose (FBG) and 2-h capillary glucose (CG) were also analysed. We found that 27.3% of kidney biopsies and 43% of pancreatic biopsies showed C4d staining (66.7% and 53.3% diffuse in peritubular and interacinar capillaries respectively). Isolated exocrine dysfunction was the main indication for pancreas biopsy (54.3%) and was followed by both exocrine and endocrine dysfunctions (37.1%) and isolated endocrine dysfunction (8.6%). Laboratorial parameters were comparable between T-cell mediated rejection and AMR: amylase 151.5 vs. 149 U/l (P = 0.075), lipase 1120 vs. 1288.5 U/l (P = 0.83), amylasuria variation 46.5 vs. 61% (P = 0.97), FBG 69 vs. 97 mg/dl (P = 0.20) and 2-h CG maximum 149.5 vs. 197.5 mg/dl (P = 0.49) respectively. Amylasuria values after treatment correlated with pancreas allograft loss (P = 0.015). These data suggest that C4d staining should be routinely investigated when pancreas allograft dysfunction is present because of its high detection rate in cases of rejection.

Characterization of the Biocompatible Magnetic Colloid on the Basis of Fe(3)O(4) Nanoparticles Coated with Dextran, Used as Contrast Agent in Magnetic Resonance Imaging

The magnetic resonance imaging contrast agent, the so-called Endorem (TM) colloidal suspension on the basis of superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles (mean diameter of 5.5 nm) coated with dextran, were characterized on the basis of several measurement techniques to determine the parameters of their most important physical and chemical properties. It is assumed that each nanoparticle is consisted of Fe(3)O(4) monodomain and it was observed that its oxidation to gamma-Fe(2)O(3) occurs at 253.1 degrees C. The Mossbauer spectroscopy have shown a superparamagnetic behavior of the magnetic nanoparticles. The Magnetic Resonance results show an increase of the relaxation times T(1), T(2), and T(2)* with decreasing concentration of iron oxide nanoparticles. The relaxation effects of SPIONs contrast agents are influenced by their local concentration as well as the applied field strength and the environment in which these agents interact with surrounding protons. The proton relaxation rates presented a linear behavior with concentration. The measured values of thermooptic coefficient partial derivative n/partial derivative T, thermal conductivity K, optical birefringence Delta n(0), nonlinear refractive index n(2), nonlinear absorption beta` and third-order nonlinear susceptibility vertical bar chi((3))vertical bar are also reported.

Characterization of Adherent Umbilical Cord Blood Stromal Cells Regarding Passage, Cell Number, and Nano-biomarking Utilization

Adherent umbilical cord blood stromal cells (AUCBSCs) are multipotent cells with differentiation capacities. Therefore, these cells have been investigated for their potential in cell-based therapies. Quantum Dots (QDs) are an alternative to organic dyes and fluorescent proteins because of their long-term photostability. In this study we determined the effects of the cell passage on AUCBSCs morphology, phenotype, and differentiation potential. QDs labeled AUCBSCs in the fourth cell passage were differentiated in the three mesodermal lineages and were evaluated using cytochemical methods and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Gene and protein expression of the AUCBSCs immunophenotypic markers were also evaluated in the labeled cells by real-time quantitative PCR and flow cytometry. In this study we were able to define the best cellular passage to work with AUCBSCs and we also demonstrated that the use of fluorescent QDs can be an efficient nano-biotechnological tool in differentiation studies because labeled cells do not have their characteristics compromised.

Magnetic characterization by SQUID and FMR of a biocompatible ferrofluid based on Fe(3)O(4)

Biocompatible superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles of magnetite coated with dextran were magnetically characterized using the techniques of SQUID (superconducting quantum interference device) magnetometry and ferromagnetic resonance (FMR). The SQUID magnetometry characterization was performed by isothermal measurements under applied magnetic field using the methods of zero-field-cooling (ZFC) and field-cooling (FC). The magnetic behavior of the nanoparticles indicated their superparamagnetic nature and it was assumed that they consisted exclusively of monodomains. The transition to a blocked state was observed at the temperature T(B) = (43 +/- 1) K for frozen ferrofluid and at (52 +/- 1) K for the lyophilized ferrofluid samples. The FMR analysis showed that the derivative peak-to-peak linewidth (Delta H(PP)), gyromagnetic factor (g), number of spins (N(S)), and spin-spin relaxation time (T(2)) were strongly dependent on both temperature and super-exchange interaction. This information is important for possible nanotechnological applications, mainly those which are strongly dependent on the magnetic parameters.

Ultrastructural characterization of CD133(+) stem cells bound to superparamagnetic nanoparticles: possible biotechnological applications

CD133 antigen is an integral membrane glycoprotein that can bind with different cells. Originally, however. this cellular surface antigen was expressed in human stem cells and in various cellular progenitors of the haematopoietic system. Human cord blood has been described as an excellent source of CD133(+) haematopoietic progenitor cells with a large application potential. One of the main objectives of the present study is to describe for the first time the ultrastructural characteristics of CD133(+) stem cells using transmission electronic microscopy. Another objective of the manuscript is to demonstrate through transmission electronic microscopy the molecular image of magnetic nanoparticles connected to the stein cells of great biotechnological importance, as well as demonstrating the value of this finding for electronic paramagnetic resonance and its related nanobioscientific value. Ultrastructural results showed the monoclonal antibody anti-CD133 bound to the superparamagnetic nanoparticles by the presence of electrondense granules in cell membrane, as well as in the cytoplasm, revealing the ultrastructural characteristics of CD133(+) cells, exhibiting a round morphology with discrete cytoplasmic projections, having an active nucleus that follows this morphology. The cellular cytoplasm was filled up with mitochondrias, as well as microtubules and vesicles pinocitic. characterizing the process as being related to internalization of the magnetic nanoparticles that were endocyted by the cells in question. Electronic paramagnetic resonance analysis of the CD133(+) stem cells detected that the small (spectrum) generated by the labelled cells comes from the superparamagnetic nanoparticles that are bound to them. These results strongly suggest that these CD133(+) cells can be used in nanobiotechnology applications, with benefits in different biomedical areas.