Transformation of external sensilla to chordotonal sensilla in the cut mutant of Drosophila assessed by single-cell marking in the embryo and larva

The cut gene of Drosophila melanogaster is an identity selector gene that establishes the program of development and differentiation of external sense organs. Mutations in the cut gene cause a transformation of the external sense organs into chordotonal organs, originally assessed by the use of immunostaining methods [Bodmer et al. (1987): Cell, 51:293-307]. Because of evidence that axonal projections of the transformed neurons within the central nervous system are not completely switched in cut mutants, the transformation of the four cells making up a sense organ was reassessed using single-cell staining with fluorescent dye and differential interface contrast (DIC) microscopy of the embryo and larva. The results provide strong evidence that all cells of the sense organs are completely transformed, exhibiting the morphologies and organelles characteristic of chordotonal sense organs. A comparison of the structures of external sense organs and chordotonal organs indicates that a number of the differences could be due to the degree of development of common structures, and that cut or downstream genes modulate effector genes that are normally utilized in both receptor types. The possible derivation of insect chordotonal and external sense organs from a receptor type found in crustaceans is discussed in the light of arthropod phylogenetics and the molecular genetics of sense organ development. (C) 1997 Wiley-Liss, Inc.

Levantamento de microhimenópteros parasitóides de dípteros de importância, médico-veterinária no Brasil

De larvas e pupas de Musca domestica, Chrysomya albiceps, Cochliomyia homivorax, Stomoxys calcitrans e Syntesiomyia nudiseta coletadas em diversos ambiente, em São Paulo, Paraná, Mato Grosso, Mato Grosso do Sul e Minas Gerais, foram obtidas dez espécies de microhimenópteros parasitóides da supermamília Chalcidoidea, algumas assinaladas pela primeira vez no Brasil.

Estudo comparativo da polinização de Mangifera indica L. em cultivo convencional e orgânico na região do Vale do Submédio do São Francisco

O presente estudo foi desenvolvido durante os anos de 2005/2006, em plantio comercial de mangueira, da variedade Tommy Atkins, na Fazenda Frutex, em Petrolina-PE, objetivando verificar a biologia floral, bem como o estudo comparativo sobre o comportamento, a freqüência e a sazonalidade dos visitantes florais em cultivo orgânico e convencional. As inflorescências da mangueira apresentam flores masculinas e hermafroditas, na proporção de 2:1, com predominância das primeiras na base da panícula. A antese é diurna, assincrônica, com liberação de forte odor adocicado. As flores apresentam dicogamia, caracterizada pela deiscência das anteras 24h após a antese. A produção de néctar é contínua e em pequenas quantidades, em média 0,045 µL por flor. Quanto aos visitantes florais foram registradas 21 espécies, pertencentes às ordens: Diptera, Hymenoptera, Lepidoptera e Odonata. Apis mellifera foi a espécie mais freqüente nos dois tipos de cultivo. Dentre os dípteros, destacaram-se Belvosia bicincta (17,7%) e Musca domestica (10,2%) como as mais freqüentes em cultivo convencional e orgânico, respectivamente. A diversidade e o número de visitas foram maiores em cultivo orgânico. A utilização de agrotóxicos durante a floração reduziu a freqüência de visitas das abelhas em 50% e dos dípteros em 20%. Devido ao seu comportamento, freqüência e ativo deslocamento nas inflorescências, A. mellifera foi considerada como o polinizador mais eficiente da cultura para a região do Vale do Submédio São Francisco.

Learning and natal host influence host preference, handling time and sex allocation behaviour in a pupal parasitoid

The host choice and sex allocation decisions of a foraging female parasitoid will have an enormous influence on the life-history characteristics of her offspring. The pteromalid Pachycrepoideus vindemiae is a generalist idiobiont pupal parasitoid of many species of cyclorrhaphous Diptera. Wasps reared in Musca domestica were larger, had higher attack rates and greater male mating success than those reared in Drosophila melanogaster. In no-choice situations, naive female R vindemiae took significantly less time to accept hosts conspecific with their natal host. Parasitoids that emerged from M. domestica pupae spent similar amounts of time ovipositing in both D. melanogaster and M. domestica. Those parasitoids that had emerged from D. melanogaster spent significantly longer attacking M. domestica pupae. The host choice behaviour of female P. vindemiae was influenced by an interaction between natal host and experience. Female R vindemiae reared in M. domestica only showed a preference among hosts when allowed to gain experience attacking M. domestica, preferentially attacking that species. Similarly, female parasitoids reared on D. melanogaster only showed a preference among hosts when allowed to gain experience attacking D. melanogaster, again preferentially attacking that species. Wasp natal host also influenced sex allocation behaviour. While wasps from both hosts oviposited more females in the larger host, M. domestica, wasps that emerged from M. domestica had significantly more male-biased offspring sex ratios. These results indicate the importance of learning and natal host size in determining R vindemiae attack rates. mating success, host preference and sex allocation behaviour, all critical components of parasitoid fitness.

Abundância e sazonalidade de dípteros (Insecta) em granja aviária da região nordeste do Estado de São Paulo, Brasil

Modem production systems accommodate broody hens in high densities, leading to the accumulation of excrement under the cages. This substrate is excellent for the development of sinantropic flies. Thus, the accomplishment of surveys in these places becomes essential, in order to plan better strategies of control. The present work aimed at studying the entornofauna and the seasonality of the species of dipterous present in the Crisdan poultry house located in the Municipality of Sao Joao da Boa Vista, the State of São Paulo, Brazil. In the period of January of 2001 to December of 2002, 1,012,595 flies were captured using the "jug-trap". The species were identified: Drosophi-la repleta (Wollaston, 1858), Musca domestica (Linnaeus, 1758), Ophyra spp., Hennetria illucens (Linnaeus, 1758), Fannia canicularis (Linnaeus, 1761), Chrysomya megacephala (Fabricius, 1794), and Sepsidae. More frequently D. repleta and M. domestica had added 99.47% of the dipterous. Increased rainfall and the collection months influenced the sampling of dipterous (P < 0.05). Drosophila repleta was the most abundant species, representing 91% of all captured flies. However, this diptera did not develop at the surveyed site since immatures were not captured therein.

Persistence of conidia of Entomophthora muscae in relation to age, temperature, and humidity

In this paper, the effect of age, humidity, and temperature on the conidial survival of Entomophthora muscae was evaluated. E. muscae was obtained from Musca domestica in a dairy in Itatiba (São Paulo, Brazil) and maintained in the laboratory by continuous passage through flies. Furthermore, the ability of conidia to infect flies at three temperatures (17, 21, and 27 degrees C), four ages of conidia (12, 72, 96, and 154 hours) and two humidities (100 and 60% RH) was evaluated. The temperature of 21 degrees C was the most favorable for the infection of house flies. Humidity was a cause of variation at 27 degrees C when the conidia were up to 12 hours old, but had no effect at lower temperatures. Conidia held at 100% RH and aged 72 hours caused no infection at 17 degrees C, but were infective at 21 degrees C. In the present study, conidia retained viability much longer than previously observed. Finally, the effect of humidity, temperature, and conidial age is discussed.

Sazonalidade, sinantropia e preferência por iscas de dípteros necrófagos da região de Rio Claro, SP

Pós-graduação em Ciências Biológicas (Zoologia) - IBRC

Levantamento de microhimenópteros parasitóides de dípteros de importância, médico-veterinária no Brasil

De larvas e pupas de Musca domestica, Chrysomya albiceps, Cochliomyia homivorax, Stomoxys calcitrans e Syntesiomyia nudiseta coletadas em diversos ambiente, em São Paulo, Paraná, Mato Grosso, Mato Grosso do Sul e Minas Gerais, foram obtidas dez espécies de microhimenópteros parasitóides da supermamília Chalcidoidea, algumas assinaladas pela primeira vez no Brasil.

Isolation and characterisation of bacteria associated with flying insects in hospitals, with particualr emphasis on Clostridum difficile

Clostridium difficile is a bacterial healthcare-associated infection, which houseflies Musca domestica may transfer due to their synanthropic nature. The aims of this thesis were to determine the ability of M. domestica to transfer C. difficile mechanically and to collect and identify flying insects in UK hospitals and classify any associated bacteria. M. domestica exposed to independent suspensions of vegetative cells and spores of C. difficile were able to mechanically transfer the bacteria on to agar for up to 4 hours following exposure. C. difficile could be recovered from fly excreta for 96hrs and was isolated from the M. domestica alimentary canal. Also confirmed was the carriage of C. difficile by M. domestica larvae, although it was not retained in the pupae or in the adults that subsequently developed. Flying insects were collected from ultra-violet light flytraps in hospitals. Flies (order Diptera) were the most commonly identified. Chironomidae were the most common flies, Calliphora vicina were the most common synanthropic fly and ‘drain flies’ were surprisingly numerous and represent an emerging problem in hospitals. External washings and macerates of flying insects were prepared and inoculated onto a variety of agars and following incubation bacterial colonies identified by biochemical tests. A variety of flying insects, including synanthropic flies (e.g. M. domestica and C. vicina) collected from UK hospitals harboured pathogenic bacteria of different species. Enterobacteriaceae were the group of bacteria most commonly isolated, followed by Bacillus spp, Staphylococci, Clostridia, Streptococci and Micrococcus spp. This study highlights the potential for M. domestica to contribute to environmental persistence and spread of C. difficile in hospitals. Also illustrated is the potential for flying insects to contribute to environmental persistence and spread of other pathogenic bacteria in hospitals and therefore the need to implement pest control as part of infection control strategies.

maT - A clade of transposons intermediate between mariner and Tc1

A group of transposons, named maT, with characteristics intermediate between mariner and Tc1 transposons, is described. Two defective genomic copies of MdmaT from the housefly Musca domestica, with 85% identity, were found flanking and imbedded in the MdalphaE7 esterase gene involved in organophosphate insecticide resistance. Two cDNA clones, with 99% identity to each other and 72%-89% identity to the genomic copies were also obtained, but both represented truncated versions of the putative open reading frame. A third incomplete genomic copy of MdmaT was also identified upstream of the putative M. domestica period gene. The MdmaT sequences showed high identity to the transposable element Bmmar1 from the silk-worm moth, Bombyx mori, and to previously unidentified sequences in the genome of Caenorhabditis elegans. A total of 16 copies of full-length maT sequences were identified in the C elegans genome, representing three variants of the transposon, with 34%-100% identity amongst them. Twelve of the copies, named CemaT1, were virtually identical, with eight of them encoding a putative full length, intact transposase. Secondary structure predictions and phylogenetic analyses confirm that maT elements belong to the mariner-Tc1 superfamily of transposons, but their intermediate sequence and predicted structural characteristics suggest that they belong to a unique clade, distinct from either mariner-like or Tc1-like elements.

A honeybee storage protein gene, hex 70a, expressed in developing gonads and nutritionally regulated in adult fat body

In preparing for metamorphosis, insect larvae store a huge amount of proteins in hemolymph, mainly hexamerins. Out of the four hexamerins present in the honeybee larvae, one, HEX 70a, exhibited a distinct developmental pattern, especially since it is also present in adults. Here, we report sequence data and experimental evidence suggesting alternative functions for HEX 70a, besides its well-known role as an amino acid resource during metamorphosis. The hex 70a gene consists of 6 exons and encodes a 684 amino acid chain containing the conserved hemocyanin N, M, and C domains. HEX 70a classifies as an arylphorin since it contains more than 15% of aromatic amino acids. In the fat body of adult workers, hex 70a expression turned out to be a nutrient-limited process. However, the fat body is not the only site for hex 70a expression. Both, transcript and protein subunits were also detected in developing gonads from workers, queens and drones, suggesting a role in ovary differentiation and testes maturation and functioning. In its putative reproductive role, HEX 70a however differs from the yolk protein, vitellogenin, since it was not detected in eggs or embryos. (C) 2008 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Dípteros muscóides como vetores mecânicos de ovos de helmintos em jardim zoológico, Brasil

OBJETIVO: Verificar as espécies de dípteros muscóides capazes de veicular ovos e larvas de helmintos e avaliar o potencial de contaminação dos dípteros capturados. MÉTODOS: A pesquisa foi realizada em dois pontos distintos do Jardim Zoológico da cidade do Rio de Janeiro, RJ, no período de maio de 1996 a abril de 1998. As capturas dos dípteros foram realizadas semanalmente com armadilhas contendo peixe em putrefação, que permaneceram expostas durante uma hora nos dois pontos: local 1- próximo à lixeira do zoológico e o local 2- perto do recinto do hipopótamo e das aves de rapina. Foram capturadas 41.080 moscas, sendo a espécie Chrysomya megacephala mais representativa com 69,34%, seguida de Chrysomya albiceps 11,22%, Musca domestica 7,15%, Chrysomya putoria 4,52%, Fannia sp. 3,12%, Ophyra sp. 2,53% e Atherigona orientalis 2,08%. As moscas capturadas tiveram a superfície dos corpos lavadas com água destilada e os tubos digestivos dissecados. RESULTADOS: Das espécies estudadas, C. megacephala e M. domestica apresentaram maior quantidade de ovos de helmintos na superfície do corpo e no conteúdo intestinal. Ovos de Ascaridoidea e Trichinelloidea prevaleceram no conteúdo intestinal de C. megacephala. Dos ovos de helmintos encontrados na superfície do corpo e no conteúdo intestinal foram identificados: Ascaris sp., Toxascaris sp., Toxocara sp., Trichuris sp., Capillaria sp., Oxiurídeos, Triconstrogilídeos e Acantocephala. Também foram encontradas larvas de helmintos na superfície do corpo dos dípteros. Houve diferenças significativas (nível de 5%, pelo teste F) entre os diferentes pontos de capturas em relação ao número de ovos de helmintos encontrados nos dípteros. CONCLUSÕES: As fezes dos animais do jardim zoológico, encontradas freqüentemente nos abrigos e lixeiras, contribuíram para a proliferação dos dípteros muscóides, que assumem importante papel na veiculação de ovos de helmintos, principalmente pelo contato direto do corpo do díptero com o alimento dos animais.

Plantas nativas como fuente de biopesticidas: explorando distintas interacciones planta-organismo blanco dirigidas al control de plagas, malezas y microorganismos.

Continuando con nuestra búsqueda de biopesticidas de potencia relevante en plantas nativas, en este proyecto nos concentraremos en encontrar sustancias que controlen eficientemente hormigas cortadoras, moscas, cucarachas, mosquitos y malezas. En la primera parte del presente proyecto se determinará mediante aislamiento bioguiado, los principios activos de las plantas que en un trabajo anterior, mostraron mayor inhibición del forrajeo de la hormiga Acromyrmex lundi, Aristolochia argentina y Lantana grisebachii, como también de aquellas que inhibieron al hongo simbionte aislado del nido, A. argentina y Flourensia oolepis. Posteriromente se evaluará la efectividad de estos extractos y principios activos a campo contra A. lundi determinando dosis efectivas para inhibir el forrajeo y/o el desarrollo del hongo simbionte. Luego se extenderá los resultados a otras especies de hormigas cortadoras como A. crassispinus y A. striatus. En segundo lugar proponemos el desarrollo de una metodología para aumentar la efectividad de aceites esenciales (AE) y terpenos (T) contra distintas plagas domésticas aprovechando la interacción de componentes de aceites esenciales en la intoxicación del insecto. Hemos demostrado que Musca domestica al ser fumigada con T puros, por separado, oxida a la mayoría de ellos mediante citocromo P450. Sin embargo cuando es fumigada con AE (mezcla de T) detoxifica al T mayoritario preferentemente, mientras que los T minoritarios están en condiciones de intoxicar al insecto ya que no serían blanco del P450. En este proyecto determinaremos la DL50 de 10 T en moscas tratadas y sin tratar con un inhibidor de P450 (butóxido de piperonilo). Con estos datos podremos elegir mezclas de terpenos tales que uno de ellos sea blanco de P450 y otro/s intoxiquen al insecto. Nos proponemos verificar este mecanismo en M. domestica y luego extenderlo a otros insectos domésticos (cucarachas, mosquitos). Este estudio facilitará el desarrollo de bioinsecticidas mas eficientes para cada insecto disminuyendo sus costos y favoreciendo su aplicación futura. En la tercera parte de este proyecto proponemos aislar los principios activos fitotóxicos de Cortadeira rudiuscula y Ophryosporus charua, cuyos extractos inhibieron selectivamente la germinación de mono- y dicotiledóneas, respectivamente. También se determinará el tiempo de vida media en suelo, y la dosis efectiva a campo con el fin de evaluar a dichas especies como futuros herbicidas naturales selectivos.

Substratos utilizados para a criação de dípteros caliptratos em uma área urbana do Município do Rio de Janeiro

Em uma área urbana do município do Rio de Janeiro, foram criados 10.988 dípteros caliptratos, pertencentes a quatro famílias e 22 espécies. As criações foram efetuadas em quatro etapas durante os anos de 1986 a 1987. Foram utilizados como substratos: peixe, fígado, carcaça de camundongo, fezes humanas e caninas, camarão, siri, banana, manga mamaão e tomate. As espécies criadas com maior freqüência foram: Fania sp (subgrupo pusio), Atherigona orientalis, Phaenicia eximia, Paraphrissopoda chrisostoma, Chrisomyia megacephala, Ophyra solitaria, Musca domestica, Synthesiomyia nudiseta, Phaenicia cuprina, Ophyra aenescens, Sarcophagula occidua, Morellia flavicornis, e Sarcodexia innota.

Capture of Caliptrate flies with different breeding substrates on beaches in Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil

Muscidae flies belonging to four Familia and 13 species in a total number of 3.652 specimens were collected from beaches at Ilha do Governador, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil using different breeding substrates, and subsequently bred in the laboratory. Captures were done from April to November 1989, using in a first phase different substrates: fruits (banana and papaya), vegtable (tomato), animal viscera (bovine liver), marine animals (fish, crab, shrimp, squid), mouse carcass and feaces (human and canine). The species collected more often were: Fannia sp. (subgroup pusio), Chrysomya megacephala, Phaenicia eximia, Synthesiomyia nudiseta, Peckya chrysostoma, Musca domestica and Atherigona orientalis. In a later phase, only fish was used, as bait and placed directly on the beach sand. From a total of 189 pupae, the following adult specimen were obtained: Peckia chrysostoma (58.06%), Chrysomya megacephala (30.64%) and in lesser numbers Synthesiomyia nudiseta and Phaenicia eximia.