A modified Wittig polycondensation - to high-trans- and high-molecular weight PPVs

A modified Wittig polycondensation was developed by replacing the bulky -PPh3 with -PBu3 ylide. Our studies suggested that the modified polymerization dramatically enhances trans-selectivity due to the decreased 1.3-steric interaction between butyl chain and triphenylamine group, together with the 1,2-steric interaction between the phenyl ring of the ylide and the triphenylamine group of the aldehyde. Moreover, the method also enhances high-molecular weight products by increasing the activity and solubility of the ylide.

Preparation of linear alpha-olefins to high-molecular weight polyethylenes using cationic alpha-diimine nickel(II) complexes containing chloro-substituted ligands

A series of alpha-diimine nickel(II) complexes containing chloro-substituted ligands, [(Ar)N=C(C10H6)C=N(Ar)]NiBr2 (4a, Ar = 2,3-C6H3Cl2; 4b, Ar = 2,4-C6H3Cl2; 4c, Ar = 2,5-C6H3Cl2; 4d, Ar = 2,6-C6H3Cl2; 4e, Ar = 2,4,6-C6H2Cl3) and [(Ar)N=C(C10H6)C=N(Ar)](2)NiBr2 (5a, Ar = 2,3-C6H3Cl2; 5b, Ar = 2,4-C6H3Cl2; 5c, Ar = 2,5-C6H3Cl2), have been synthesized and investigated as precatalysts for ethylene polymerization. In the presence of modified methylaluminoxane (MMAO) as a cocatalyst, these complexes are highly effective catalysts for the oligomerization or polymerization of ethylene under mild conditions. The catalyst activity and the properties of the products were strongly affected by the aryl-substituents of the ligands used. Depending on the catalyst structure, it is possible to obtain the products ranging from linear alpha-olefins to high-molecular weight polyethylenes.

Double propagation based on diepoxide, a facile route to high molecular weight poly(propylene carbonate)

Poly(propylene carbonate) (PPC) with number average molecular weight (M-n) higher than 200 kg/mol was prepared via the terpolymerization of carbon dioxide, propylene oxide and diepoxide using Y(CCl3OO)(3)-ZnEt2-glycerine coordination catalyst. When equimolar ZnEt2 and diepoxide were used, double propagation active species were generated in situ by nucleophilic attack of metal alkoxide on diepoxide, leading to PPC of doubled M-n value. The molecular weight of PPC has dramatic influence on its thermal and mechanical performances. PPC with M of 227 kg/mol showed modulus of 6900 MPa, while the modulus of PPC with M-n of 109 kg/mol was only 4300 MPa. Moreover, when M-n increased from 109 to 227 kg/mol, a 37 degrees C increase of the onset degradation temperature was observed.

Determination of molecular weight and molecular sizes of polymers by high temperature gel permeation chromatography with a static and dynamic laser light scattering detector

Flow-mode static and dynamic laser light scattering (SLS/DLS) studies of polymers, including polystyrene, polyethylene, polypropylene and poly(dimethylsiloxane) (PDMS), in 1,2,4-trichlorobenzene (TCB) at 150 degreesC were performed on a high temperature gel permeation chromatography (GPC) coupled with a SLS/DLS detector. Both absolute molecular weight (M) and molecular sizes (radius of gyration, R-g and hydrodynamic radius, R-h) of polymers eluting from the GPC columns were obtained simultaneously. The conformation of different polymers in TCB at 150 degreesC were discussed according to the scaling relationships between R-g, R-h and M and the rho-ratio (p = R-g/R-h). Flow-mode DLS results of PDMS were verified by batch-mode DLS study of the same sample. The presented technique was proved to be a convenient and quick method to study the shape and conformation of polymers in solution at high temperature. However, the flow-mode DLS was only applicable for high molecular weight polymers with a higher refractive index increment such as PDMS.

What has brought on the effects of number-average molecular weight on the spinodals in polymer mixtures?

On the basis of the thermodynamics of Gibbs, the spinodal for the quasibinary system was derived in the framework of the Sanchez-Lacombe lattice fluid theory. All of the spinodals were calculated based on a model polydisperse polymer mixture, where each polymer contains three different molecular weight subcomponents. According to our calculations, the spinodal depends on both weight-average ((M) over bar (w)) and number-average ((M) over bar (n)) molecular weights, whereas that of the z-average molecular weight is invisible. Moreover, the extreme of the spinodal decreases when the polydispersity index (eta = (M) over bar (w)/(M) over bar (n)) of the polymer increases. The effect of polydispersity on the spinodal decreases when the molecular weight gets larger and can be negligible at a certain large molecular weight. It is well-known that the influence of polydispersity on the phase equilibrium (coexisting curve, cloud point curves) is much more pronounced than on the spinodal. The effect of M, on the spinodal is discussed as it results from the infuluence of composition temperatures, molecular weight, and the latter's distribution on free volume. An approximate expression, which is in the assumptions of v* v(1)* = v(2)* and 1/r --> 0 for both of the polymers, was also derived for simplification. It can be used in high molecular weight, although it failed to make visible the effect of number-average molecular weight on the spinodal.

Interaction of low-molecular-weight chitosan with mimic membrane studied by electrochemical methods and surface plasmon resonance

Chitosan has shown its potential as a non-viral gene carrier and an adsorption enhancer for subsequent drug delivery to cells. These results showed that chitosan acted as a membrane perturbant. However, there is currently a lack of direct experimental evidence of this membrane perturbance effect, especially for chitosans with low molecular weight (LMW). In this report, the interaction between a lipid (didodecyl dimethylammonium bromide; DDAB) bilayer and chitosan with molecular weight (MW) of 4200 Da was studied with cyclic voltammetry (CV), electrochemical impedance spectroscopy and surface plasmon resonance (SPR). A lipid bilayer was formed by-fusion of oppositely charged lipid vesicles on a mercaptopropionic acid (MPA)-modified gold surface to mimic a cell membrane. The results showed that the LMW chitosan could disrupt the lipid bilayer, and the effect seemed,to be in a concentration-dependent manner.

Statistical thermodynamics of polydisperse polymer systems in the framework of lattice fluid model: Effect of molecular weight and its distribution on the spinodal in polymer solution

With the aid of thermodynamics of Gibbs, the expression of the spinodal was derived for the polydisperse polymer-solvent system in the framework of Sanchez-Lacombe Lattice Fluid Theory (SLLFT). For convenience, we considered that a model polydisperse polymer contains three sub-components. According to our calculation, the spinodal depends on both weight-average ((M) over bar (w)) and number-average ((M) over bar (n)) molecular weights of the polydisperse polymer, but the z-average molecular weight ((M) over bar (z)) dependence on the spinodal is invisible. The dependence of free volume on composition, temperature, molecular weight, and its distribution results in the effect of (M) over bar (n) on the spinodal. Moreover, it has been found that the effect of changing (M) over bar (w) on the spinodal is much bigger than that of changing (M) over bar (n) and the extrema of the spinodal increases with the rise of the weight-average molecular weight of the polymer in the solutions with upper critical solution temperature (UCST). However, the effect of polydispersity on the spinodal can be neglected for the polymer with a considerably high weight-average molecular weight. A more simple expression of the spinodal for the polydisperse polymer solution in the framework of SLLFT was also derived under the assumption of upsilon(*)=upsilon(1)(*)=upsilon(2)(*) and (1/r(1)(0))-(1/r(2i)(0))-->(1/r(1)(0)).

Crystallization kinetics of narrow molecular weight distribution metallocene short-chain-branched polyethylene

Isothermal and non-isothermal crystallization kinetics of three metallocene-catalysed short-chain-branched polyethylene (SCBPE) fractions with different degree of branching were investigated by using differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). Narrow molecular weight fractions (M-w = 20,000 and M-w/M-n < 1.15) are used and the degree of branching (CH3 per 1000C) are 1.6, 10.4, 40 respectively. The regime I - II transition temperature are 119.8C, 115.9 degreesC, 113.3 degreesC with the decreasing of degree of branching. Increasing the branch content decreases the rate of secondary nucleation, i,relative to the rate of surface spreading and so increases the range of supercooling over which regime I exists. The rate of bulk crystallization for both isothermal and non-isothermal crystallization decreases with the increasing of degree of branching. Both Ozawa Equation and Kissinger Equation are invalid for non-isothermal crystallization kinetics of SCBPE fractions,that means the effects of the branched chain on crystallization process are more complex than expected.

Lateral habits of single crystals of metallocene-catalyzed low molecular weight short chain branched polyethylene from the melt

The lateral habits of low molecular weight short chain branched polyethylene single crystals from the melt were studied. Three crystallization temperatures (102, 104 and 106 degrees C) were selected for single crystal growth. It was found that the lateral habits of single crystals were asymmetric at all the crystallization temperatures selected. The electron diffraction patterns and tilting series experiments evidenced that there existed chain tilting in all the lamellae. It was the chain tilting that lead to the asymmetry of the growth rate and of lateral habits of the single crystals about the b-axis. The lateral habits substantially changed from the growth at 102 degrees C where the truncated lozenge single crystals formed with straight (110) faces to the growth at 104 degrees C where the lenticular single crystals appeared. This change occurred at 20 degrees C lower than that in a low molecular weight linear polyethylene with the same molecular weight. Furthermore, kinetics theory analysis evidenced that the change of lateral habits from truncated lozenge to lenticular shape resulted from the transition of growth regime. The results were the same as that of high molecular weight linear polyethylene but different to that of low molecular weight linear polyethylene. It may be attributed by the existence of short branched chains. (C) 2000 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.

Effects of pressure and molecular weight on the miscibility of polystyrene and cyclohexane

With the aid of Sanchez-Lacombe lattice fluid theory (SLLFT), the phase diagrams were calculated for the system cyclohexane (CH)/polystyrene (PS) with different molecular weights at different pressures. The experimental data is in reasonable agreement with SLLFT calculations. The total Gibbs interaction energy, g*(12) for different molecular weights PS at different pressures was expressed, by means of a universal relationship, as g(12)* =f(12)* + (P - P-0) nu*(12) demixing curves were then calculated at fixed (near critical) compositions of CH and PS systems for different molecular weights. The pressures of optimum miscibility obtained from the Gibbs interaction energy are close to those measured by Wolf and coworkers. Furthermore, a reasonable explanation was given for the earlier observation of Saeki et al., i.e., the phase separation temperatures of the present system increase with the increase of pressure for the low molecular weight of the polymer whereas they decrease for the higher molecular weight polymers. The effects of molecular weight, pressure, temperature and composition on the Flory Huggins interaction parameter can be described by a general equation resulting from fitting the interaction parameters by means of Sanchez-Lacombe lattice fluid theory.

Influence of short chain branches on crystallization and melting behavior of low molecular weight polyethylenes

The crystallization and melting behavior of mellocene-catalized branched and linear polyethylenes of low molecular weight was studied. It was found that the crystalline lattice of branched polyethylene is larger than that of linear polyethylene because of the existence of branched chains. The melting behavior of branched polyethylene is similar to that of linear polyethylene since the branched chains can not enter the lattice. However, the crystalline behavior of low molecular weight branched polyethylene is the same as that of high molecular weight linear polyethylene, but different with that of low molecular weigh linear polyethylene. Kinetics theory analysis evidenced that the transition temperature of growth regime of the branched polyethylene is about 20 degreesC lower than that of linear polyethylene with the same molecular weight. It may be attributed to the existence of short branched chains.

Metallocene polyethylenes with broad or bimodal molecular weight distribution

Seven new binuclear titanocenes with different linking bridges, unsubstituted or substituted on the Cp rings, were synthesized and tested for their effect on ethylene polymerization in the presence of MAO. The polyethylenes thus obtained had broad MWD or even bimodal GPC curves, as compared with that from two reference mononuclear titanocenes. This is explained by the difference in degree of steric hindrance around the active center sites imposed by the bulky substituted ligands assuming different configurations in the rotation of the catalyst molecules. Lower polymerization temperatures alleviate the effect of these configuration differences, as reflected in change in MW and (M) over bar(w)/(M) over bar(n). This effect is not caused by decomposition or disproportionation of the binuclear titanocenes as evidenced by the stability of the catalyst.

Transport property of polyaniline and its molecular weight dependence

The electrical conductivity of polyaniline doped with camphor sulfonic acid (PAn-CSA) was studied. The results indicate that there is a critical temperature (T-c) and the temperature dependence of PAn-CSA conductivity shows metallic and semiconductor characteristics above and below T-c, respectively. The higher the molecular weight of PAn, the lower the T-c. The conductivity was enhanced remarkably when PAn-CSA film was stretched, its room temperature conductivity is up to 750 S/cm when elogonation is 60%; however, T-c was independent of elongation.

Impact behavior of phenolphthalein poly(ether sulfone) ultrahigh molecular weight polyethylene blends

This work presents the structure and impact properties of phenolphthalein poly(ether sulfone) blended with ultrahigh molecular weight polyethylene (PES-C/UHMWPE) at different compositions. The addition of UHMWPE can considerably improve the Charpy and Izod impact strength of the blends. The fracture surface is examined to demonstrate the toughening mechanics related to the modified PES-C resin. (C) 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

Mechanical and structural characteristics of phenolphthalein poly(ether sulfone) ultra-high molecular weight polyethylene blends

Mechanical and structural properties of blends of phenolphthalein poly(ether sulfone) (PBS-C) with ultra-high molecular weight polyethylene (UHMWPE) were investigated using tensile and bending testing, scanning electron microscopy and transition electron microscopy. The incorporation of minor amounts of UHMWPE (2 wt.-%) into PES-C has a reinforcement effect. With higher concentrations of UHMWPE, the mechanical properties decrease gradually. Structural studies demonstrated that the blends are multiphasic in the whole composition range. The minor UHMWPE, dispersed uniformly and oriented along the flow direction, as well as the strong interfacial adhesion contribute to the increase of the mechanical performance of the blends. The domain size of the UHMWPE phase was found to increase with the increase of its concentration.