Life cycle assessment and life cycle cost of sugar plants evaporators

The evaporators of sugar plants in Brazil have used carbon steel intensively because of it is, a low priced material, which possesses inferior corrosion resistance. The materials more indicated for the substitution of carbon steel are stainless steels, however they are considered expensive. The environmental and financial performances of evaporator pipes constructed with carbon steel and with types AISI 304 444 and 439 stainless steel were evaluated. For the environmental evaluation, the Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) methodology Was used and it, revealed that stainless steel is more environmentally efficient than carbon steel. The life cycle costing (LCC) technique was the tool chosen for the financial evaluation and it showed that stainless steel is a better investment option compared to carbon steel. The results also indicate that LCA and LCC methodologies must be used together Therefore, it can he seen that safer environmental products can come to be the most profitable investment options.

Environmental life cycle assessment of concrete made with fine recycled concrete aggregates

The majority of worldwide structures use concrete as its main material. This happens because concrete is economically feasible, due to its undemanding production technology and case Of use. However, it is widely recognized that concrete production has a strong environmental impact in the planet. Natural aggregates use is one of the most important problems of concrete production nowadays, since they are obtained from limited, and in some countries scarce, resources. In Portugal, although there are enough stone quarries to cover coarse aggregates needs for several more years, Supplies of fine aggregates are becoming scarcer, especially in the northern part of the country. On the other hand, as concrete structures' life cycle comes to an end, an urgent need emerges to establish technically and economically viable solutions for demolition debris, other than for use as road base and quarry fill. This paper presents a partial life cycle assessment (LCA) of concrete made with fine recycled concrete aggregates performed with EcoConcrete tool. EcoConcrete is a tailor-made, interactive, learning and communications tool promoted by the Joint Project Group (JPG) on the LCA of concrete, to qualify and quantify the overall environment impact of concrete products. It consists of an interactive Excel-spreadsheet in which several environmental inputs (material quantities, distances from origin to production Site, production processes) and outputs (material, energy, emissions to air, water, soil or waste) are collected in a life cycle inventory, and are then processed to determine the environmental impact (assessment) of the analysed concrete, in terms of ozone layer depletion, smog or "greenhouse" effect.

Simulation and life cycle assessment of process design alternatives for biodiesel production from waste vegetable oils

This study uses the process simulator ASPEN Plus and Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) to compare three process design alternatives for biodiesel production from waste vegetable oils that are: the conventional alkali-catalyzed process including a free fatty acids (FFAs) pre-treatment, the acid-catalyzed process, and the supercritical methanol process using propane as co-solvent. Results show that the supercritical methanol process using propane as co-solvent is the most environmentally favorable alternative. Its smaller steam consumption in comparison with the other process design alternatives leads to a lower contribution to the potential environmental impacts (PEI’s). The acid-catalyzed process generally shows the highest PEI’s, in particular due to the high energy requirements associated with methanol recovery operations.

Inclusion of soil erosion impacts in life cycle assessment on a global scale: application to energy crops in Spain

Purpose: Despite the fundamental role of ecosystem goods and services in sustaining human activities, there is no harmonized and internationally agreed method for including them in life cycle assessment (LCA). The main goal of this study was to develop a globally applicable and spatially resolved method for assessing land-use impacts on the erosion regulation ecosystem service.Methods: Soil erosion depends much on location. Thus, unlike conventional LCA, the endpoint method was regionalized at the grid-cell level (5 arc-minutes, approximately 10×10 km2) to reflect the spatial conditions of the site. Spatially explicit characterization factors were not further aggregated at broader spatial scales. Results and discussion: Life cycle inventory data of topsoil and topsoil organic carbon (SOC) losses were interpreted at the endpoint level in terms of the ultimate damage to soil resources and ecosystem quality. Human health damages were excluded from the assessment. The method was tested on a case study of five three-year agricultural rotations, two of them with energy crops, grown in several locations in Spain. A large variation in soil and SOC losses was recorded in the inventory step, depending on climatic and edaphic conditions. The importance of using a spatially explicit model and characterization factors is shown in the case study.Conclusions and outlook: The regionalized assessment takes into account the differences in soil erosion-related environmental impacts caused by the great variability of soils. Taking this regionalized framework as the starting point, further research should focus on testing the applicability of the method trough the complete life cycle of a product and on determining an appropriate spatial scale at which to aggregate characterization factors, in order to deal with data gaps on location of processes, especially in the background system. Additional research should also focus on improving reliability of the method by quantifying and, insofar as it is possible, reducing uncertainty.

Integration of Economics into Life Cycle Assessment in the Finnish Pulp and Paper Industry

Taloudellisen laskennan yhdistäminen elinkaariarviointiin (LCA) on alkanut kiinnostaa eri teollisuuden aloja maailmanlaajuisesti viime aikoina. Useat LCA-tietokoneohjelmat sisältävät kustannuslaskentaominaisuuksia ja yksittäiset projektit ovat yhdistäneet ympäristö- ja talouslaskentamenetelmiä. Tässä projektissa tutkitaan näiden yhdistelmien soveltuvuutta suomalaiselle sellu- ja paperiteollisuudelle, sekä kustannuslaskentaominaisuuden lisäämistä KCL:n LCA-ohjelmaan, KCL-ECO 3.0:aan. Kaikki tutkimuksen aikana löytyneet menetelmät, jotka yhdistävät LCA:n ja taloudellista laskentaa, on esitelty tässä työssä. Monet näistä käyttävät elinkaarikustannusarviointia (LCCA). Periaatteessa elinkaari määritellään eri tavalla LCCA:ssa ja LCA:ssa, mikä luo haasteita näiden menetelmien yhdistämiselle. Sopiva elinkaari tulee määritellä laskennan tavoitteiden mukaisesti. Työssä esitellään suositusmenetelmä, joka lähtee suomalaisen sellu- ja paperiteollisuuden erikoispiirteistä. Perusvaatimuksena on yhteensopivuus tavanomaisesti paperin LCA:ssa käytetyn elinkaaren kanssa. Menetelmän yhdistäminen KCL-ECO 3.0:aan on käsitelty yksityiskohtaisesti.

Evaluating land-use related environmental impacts of biomass value chains for decision-support : Comparison and testing of methodologies proposed for environmental life cycle assessment

Life cycle assessment (LCA) is one of the most established quantitative tools for environmental impact assessment of products. To be able to provide support to environmentally-aware decision makers on environmental impacts of biomass value-chains, the scope of LCA methodology needs to be augmented to cover landuse related environmental impacts. This dissertation focuses on analysing and discussing potential impact assessment methods, conceptual models and environmental indicators that have been proposed to be implemented into the LCA framework for impacts of land use. The applicability of proposed indicators and impact assessment frameworks is tested from practitioners' perspective, especially focusing on forest biomass value chains. The impacts of land use on biodiversity, resource depletion, climate change and other ecosystem services is analysed and discussed and the interplay in between value choices in LCA modelling and the decision-making situations to be supported is critically discussed. It was found out that land use impact indicators are necessary in LCA in highlighting differences in impacts from distinct land use classes. However, many open questions remain on certainty of highlighting actual impacts of land use, especially regarding impacts of managed forest land use on biodiversity and ecosystem services such as water regulation and purification. The climate impact of energy use of boreal stemwood was found to be higher in the short term and lower in the long-term in comparison with fossil fuels that emit identical amount of CO2 in combustion, due to changes implied to forest C stocks. The climate impacts of energy use of boreal stemwood were found to be higher than the previous estimates suggest on forest residues and stumps. The product lifetime was found to have much higher influence on the climate impacts of woodbased value chains than the origin of stemwood either from thinnings or final fellings. Climate neutrality seems to be likely only in the case when almost all the carbon of harvested wood is stored in long-lived wooden products. In the current form, the land use impacts cannot be modelled with a high degree of certainty nor communicated with adequate level of clarity to decision makers. The academia needs to keep on improving the modelling framework, and more importantly, clearly communicate to decision-makers the limited certainty on whether land-use intensive activities can help in meeting the strict mitigation targets we are globally facing.

Environmental and human health impacts of growing genetically modified herbicide-tolerant sugar beet: a life-cycle assessment

There is ongoing debate concerning the possible environmental and human health impacts of growing genetically modified (GM) crops. Here, we report the results of a life-cycle assessment (LCA) comparing the environmental and human health impacts of conventional sugar beet growing regimes in the UK and Germany with those that might be expected if GM herbicide-tolerant (to glyphosate) sugar beet is commercialized. The results presented for a number of environmental and human health impact categories suggest that growing the GM herbicide-tolerant crop would be less harmful to the environment and human health than growing the conventional crop, largely due to lower emissions from herbicide manufacture, transport and field operations. Emissions contributing to negative environmental impacts, such as global warming, ozone depletion, ecotoxicity of water and acidification and nutrification of soil and water, were much lower for the herbicide-tolerant crop than for the conventional crop. Emissions contributing to summer smog, toxic particulate matter and carcinogenicity, which have negative human health impacts, were also substantially lower for the herbicide-tolerant crop. The environmental and human health impacts of growing GM crops need to be assessed on a case-by-case basis using a holistic approach. LCA is a valuable technique for helping to undertake such assessments.

An application of life-cycle assessment for environmental planning and management: the potential environmental and human health impacts of growing genetically-modified herbicide-tolerant sugar beet

Life-Cycle Assessment (LCA) was used to assess the potential environmental and human health impacts of growing genetically-modified (GM), herbicide-tolerant sugar beet in the UK and Germany compared with conventional sugar beet varieties. The GM variety results in lower potential environmental impacts on global warming, airborne nutrification, ecotoxicity (of soil and water) and watercourse enrichment, and lower potential human health impacts in terms of production of toxic particulates, summer smog, carcinogens and ozone depletion. Although the overall contribution of GM sugar beet to reducing harmful emissions to the environment would be relatively small, the potential for GM crops to reduce pollution from agriculture, including diffuse water pollution, is highlighted.

The use of life cycle assessment to compare the environmental impact of production and feeding of conventional and genetically modified maize for broiler production in Argentina

The paper presents the methods and results of a life-cycle assessment (LCA) applied to the production of maize grain from a conventional variety compared with maize grain from a variety genetically modified to be herbicide tolerant and insect protected and to contain an enhanced oil and lysine content, and its impact when fed to broiler chickens. The findings show that there are both environmental and human health benefits of growing GM maize including lower impacts on global warming, ozone depletion, freshwater ecotoxicity and human toxicity. However, when considered in terms of the use of maize as a feed input to broiler chicken production, the benefits of the GM alternative become negligible compared to the use of conventional maize.

Model-based life cycle cost and assessment tool for sustainable building design decision

There is a growing concern in reducing greenhouse gas emissions all over the world. The U.K. has set 34% target reduction of emission before 2020 and 80% before 2050 compared to 1990 recently in Post Copenhagen Report on Climate Change. In practise, Life Cycle Cost (LCC) and Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) tools have been introduced to construction industry in order to achieve this such as. However, there is clear a disconnection between costs and environmental impacts over the life cycle of a built asset when using these two tools. Besides, the changes in Information and Communication Technologies (ICTs) lead to a change in the way information is represented, in particular, information is being fed more easily and distributed more quickly to different stakeholders by the use of tool such as the Building Information Modelling (BIM), with little consideration on incorporating LCC and LCA and their maximised usage within the BIM environment. The aim of this paper is to propose the development of a model-based LCC and LCA tool in order to provide sustainable building design decisions for clients, architects and quantity surveyors, by then an optimal investment decision can be made by studying the trade-off between costs and environmental impacts. An application framework is also proposed finally as the future work that shows how the proposed model can be incorporated into the BIM environment in practise.

Life-cycle inventory for hydroelectric generation: a Brazilian case study

Representative Life-Cycle Inventories (LCIs) are essential for Life-Cycle Assessments (LCAs) quality and readiness. Because energy is such an important element of LCAs, appropriate LCIs on energy are crucial, and due to the prevalence of hydropower on Brazilian electricity mix, the frequently used LCIs are not representative of the Brazilian conditions. The present study developed a LCI of the Itaipu Hydropower Plant, the major hydropower plant in the world, responsible for producing 23.8% of Brazil's electricity consumption. Focused on the capital investments to construct and operate the dam, the LCI was designed to serve as a database for the LCAs of Brazilian hydroelectricity production. The life-cycle boundaries encompass the construction and operation of the dam, as well as the life-cycles of the most important material and energy consumptions (cement, steel, copper, diesel oil, lubricant oil), as well as construction site operation, emissions from reservoir flooding, material and workers transportation, and earthworks. As a result, besides the presented inventory, it was possible to determine the following processes, and respective environmental burdens as the most important life-cycle hotspots: reservoir filling (CO(2) and CH(4) emission: land use); steel life-cycle (water and energy consumption; CO, particulates, SO(x) and NO(x) emissions); cement life-cycle (water and energy consumption; CO(2) and particulate emissions); and operation of civil construction machines (diesel consumption; NO(x) emissions). Compared with another hydropower studies, the LCI showed magnitude adequacy, with better results than small hydropower, which reveals a scale economy for material and energy exchanges in the case of ltaipu Power Plant. (C) 2009 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Valutazione di impatto ambientale di un gruppo elettrogeno mediante Life Cycle Assessment: il caso COGEM.

Il presente lavoro ha come oggetto l’analisi di impatto ambientale, svolta mediante la metodologia Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) di un gruppo elettrogeno prodotto da COGEM s.r.l., azienda italiana situata a Castel d’Argile, nel bolognese, con l’obiettivo di supportare eventuali scelte di riprogettazione del prodotto anche in termini di Design for Disassembly. Dopo una prima analisi del contesto attuale in cui si colloca, la metodologia LCA è stata studiata nel dettaglio per poterla poi applicare al prodotto in oggetto. Esso è stato individuato mediante un’analisi delle vendite di COGEM, in seguito si è svolta una fase di raccolta dati e si sviluppata l’analisi LCA usando il software SimaPro 7.1. I risultati ottenuti hanno consentito di individuare le possibili aree di miglioramento dell’impatto ambientale dell’intero ciclo di vita del gruppo elettrogeno. In particolare si sono valutate due soluzioni innovative: un gruppo elettrogeno alimentato a olio vegetale e uno progettato in ottica DFD per consentire un corretto smaltimento dei rifiuti.

Applicazione della metodologia Life Cycle Assessment al Passito di Pantelleria

Il presente studio riguarda l’applicazione della metodologia Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) ad una bottiglia di Passito di Pantelleria, prodotta dall’Azienda vitivinicola “Donnafugata” localizzata nel comune di Marsala in Sicilia. L’obiettivo di tale studio consiste nel quantificare e valutare le prestazioni energetico-ambientali derivanti dall’intero ciclo di vita del processo produttivo, nonché le fasi di produzione che presentano il maggiore impatto. Lo studio è stato ulteriormente approfondito effettuando una comparazione tra la produzione della singola bottiglia di Passito nei diversi anni 2007, 2008 e 2009 con lo scopo di determinare quali tra questi risulta avere il maggiore impatto ambientale. Gli impatti ambientali di un’Azienda vitivinicola risultano avere la loro particolare importanza in quanto la produzione di vino è un processo di natura complessa. Di conseguenza tali impatti possono compromettere le componenti fondamentali del processo produttivo, a partire dalle uve coltivate in vigna fino ad arrivare in cantina, dove avviene la trasformazione dell’uva in mosto e la successiva fase di vinificazione che determina il prodotto finale messo in commercio. Proprio attraverso il fluire delle seguenti fasi di trasformazione, in che misura queste consumano energia e producono emissioni? È importante sottolineare che lo studio del ciclo di vita di un prodotto può essere considerato come un supporto fondamentale allo sviluppo di schemi di etichettatura ambientale attraverso i quali è possibile indirizzare il consumatore finale verso beni più rispettosi dell’ambiente e fornire informazioni chiare e trasparenti sulle prestazioni ambientali del prodotto stesso. Allo stesso tempo tale strumento può essere adoperato dall’azienda per fornire garanzia delle credenziali ambientali del prodotto acquisendo così un vantaggio competitivo rispetto alle aziende concorrenti. Infatti, nell’ambito delle politiche comunitarie di prodotto, una delle applicazioni più significative della valutazione del ciclo di vita si ha nella dichiarazione ambientale di prodotto o EPD (Environmental Product Declaration). L’EPD è uno schema di certificazione volontaria che rappresenta un marchio di qualità ecologica per i prodotti, permettendo di comunicare informazioni oggettive, confrontabili e credibili relative alla prestazione ambientale degli stessi. Per essere convalidabili, le prestazioni ambientali presenti nelle EPD devono rispettare i requisiti stabiliti dal PCR- Product Category Rules, un documento nel quale sono presenti le regole per lo studio di una certa categoria di prodotto. Il presente lavoro può essere suddiviso in cinque step successivi. Il primo prevede la descrizione della metodologia LCA, adottata per la quantificazione dell’impatto ambientale, analizzandone singolarmente le quattro fasi principali che la caratterizzano; il secondo presenta la descrizione dell’Azienda vitivinicola e del Passito di Pantelleria, oggetto della valutazione, mettendo in evidenza anche le particolarità ambientali del territorio Pantesco in cui il prodotto prende vita; il terzo fornisce una descrizione delle caratteristiche principali dello strumento applicativo utilizzato per l’analisi, SimaPro nella versione 7.3; il quarto descrive le diverse attività di lavorazione svolte nel complesso processo di produzione della bottiglia di Passito, focalizzando l’attenzione sui componenti primari dell’oggetto di valutazione ed il quinto riguarda la descrizione dell’analisi LCA applicata alla singola bottiglia di Passito.

Flat roofs renovation: a life cycle approach for environmental impact assessment and economic effectiveness

The high energy consumption caused by the building sector and the continuous growth and ageing of the existing housing stock show the importance of housing renovation to improve the quality of the environment. This research compares the environmental performance of flat roof systems (insulation, roofing membrane and covering layer) using Life Cycle Assessment (LCA). The aim is to give indications on how to improve the environmental performance of housing. This research uses a reference building located in the Netherlands and considers environmental impacts related to materials, energy consumption for heating and maintenance activities. It indicates impact scores for each material taking into account interconnections between the layers and between the different parts of the life cycle. It compares the environmental and economic performances of PV panels and of different materials and thermal resistance values for the insulation. These comparisons show that PV panels are convenient from an environmental and economic point of view. The same is true for the insulation layer, especially for materials as PIR (polyisocyanurate) and EPS (expanded polystyrene). It shows that energy consumption for heating causes a larger share of impact scores than production of the materials and maintenance activities. The insulation also causes larger impact scores comparing to roofing membrane and covering layer. The results show which materials are preferable for flat roof renovation and what causes the largest shares of impact. This gives indication to the roofers and to other stakeholders about how to reduce the environmental impact of the existing housing stock.

Life Cycle Assessment di un impianto integrato di trattamento della frazione organica dei rifiuti. Il caso di Voltana di Lugo (RA)

La metodologia Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) è un metodo oggettivo di valutazione e quantificazione dei carichi energetici ed ambientali e degli impatti potenziali associati ad un processo o attività produttiva lungo l’intero ciclo di vita. Il lavoro presentato in questa tesi ha avuto come obiettivo l’analisi del ciclo di vita dell’impianto di trattamento della FORSU (la frazione organica di rifiuti solidi urbani) di Voltana di Lugo, in provincia di Ravenna. L’impianto attuale si basa sull'utilizzo accoppiato di digestione anaerobica a secco (sistema DRY) e compostaggio. Si è voluto inoltre effettuare il confronto fra questo scenario con quello antecedente al 2012, in cui era presente solamente il processo di compostaggio classico e con uno scenario di riferimento in cui si è ipotizzato che tutto il rifiuto trattato potesse essere smaltito in discarica. L’unità funzionale considerata è stata “le tonnellate di rifiuto trattate in un mese“, pari a 2750 t. L’analisi di tutti i carichi energetici ed ambientali dell’impianto di Voltana di Lugo è stata effettuata con l’ausilio di “GaBi 5”, un software di supporto specifico per gli studi di LCA. Dal confronto fra lo scenario attuale e quello precedente è emerso che la configurazione attuale dell’impianto ha delle performance ambientali migliori rispetto alla vecchia configurazione, attiva fino a Dicembre 2012, e tutte e due sono risultate nettamente migliori rispetto allo smaltimento in discarica. I processi che hanno influenzato maggiormente gli impatti sono stati: lo smaltimento del sovvallo in discarica e la cogenerazione, con produzione di energia elettrica da biogas. Il guadagno maggiore, per quanto riguarda lo scenario attuale rispetto a quello precedente, si è avuto proprio dal surplus di energia elettrica prodotta dal cogeneratore, altrimenti prelevata dal mix elettrico nazionale.