Inhibitory activity of limonene against Leishmania parasites in vitro and in vivo

Limonene is a monoterpene that has antitumoral, antibiotic and antiprotozoal activity. In this study we demonstrate the activity of limonene against Leishmania species in vitro and in vivo. Limonene killed Leishmania amazonensis promastigotes and amastigotes with 50% inhibitory concentrations of 252.0 +/- 49.0 and 147.0 +/- 46.0 mu M, respectively. Limonene was also effective against Leishmania major, Leishmania braziliensis and Leishmania chagasi promastigotes. The treatment of L. amazonensis-infected macrophages with 300 mu M limonene resulted in 78% reduction in infection rates. L. amazonensis-infected mice treated topically or intrarectally with limonene had significant reduction of lesion sizes. A significant decrease in the parasite load was shown in the lesions treated topically with limonene by histopathological examination. The intrarectal treatment was highly effective in decreasing the parasite burden, healing established lesions and suppressing the dissemination of ulcers. Limonene presents low toxicity in humans and has been shown to be effective as an agent for enhancing the percutaneous permeation of drugs. Our results suggest that limonene should be tested in different experimental models of infection by Leishmania. (C) 2009 Elsevier Masson SAS. All rights reserved.

Distinct mitochondrial HSP70 homologues conserved in various Leishmania species suggest novel biological functions

We report the identification of two distinct homologues of the 70-kDa mitochondrial heat shock protein (mtHSP70) from Leishmania chagasi/Leishmania infantum (Lc2.1 and Lc2.2). in Leishmania species, multiple genes encoding Lc2.2 are present whilst single genes encode Lc2.1. Strikingly, genes encoding Lc2.1-like proteins are absent from Trypanosoma species. Lc2.2 is characterized by a poly-glutamine rich C-terminus, absent from Lc2.1 or mtHSP70 homologues outside the trypanosomatids. Lc2.1 displays unique substitutions within its peptide-binding domain which modify amino acids strictly conserved in cytoplasmic and mitochondrial HSP70 proteins alike. Affinity purified antibodies recognize mainly a single protein in extracts from promastigotes/epimastigotes of various Leishmania/Trypanosoma species. Upon differentiation of Leishmania amazonensis into amastigotes a second protein (presumably Lc2.1) is induced and becomes the predominant mtHSP70 homologue expressed. Subcellular localization of these proteins was investigated and ratified a distribution throughout the mitochondrial matrix. Our results imply novel mtHSP70 functions which evolved within the genus Leishmania. (C) 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Leishmania replication protein A-1 binds in vivo single-stranded telomeric DNA

Replication protein A (RPA) is a highly conserved heterotrimeric single-stranded DNA-binding protein involved in different events of DNA metabolism. In yeast, subunits 1 (RPA-1) and 2 (RPA-2) work also as telomerase recruiters and, in humans, the complex unfolds G-quartet structures formed by the 3' G-rich telomeric strand. In most eukaryotes, RPA-1 and RPA-2 bind DNA using multiple OB fold domains. In trypanosomatids, including Leishmania, RPA-1 has a canonical OB fold and a truncated RFA-1 structural domain. In Leishmania amazonensis, RPA-1 alone can form a complex in vitro with the telomeric G-rich strand. In this work, we show that LaRPA-1 is a nuclear protein that associates in vivo with Leishmania telomeres. We mapped the boundaries of the OB fold DNA-binding domain using deletion mutants. Since Leishmania and other trypanosomatids lack homologues of known telomere end binding proteins, our results raise questions about the function of RPA-1 in parasite telomeres. (C) 2007 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Leishmania spp. in Didelphis albiventris and Micoureus paraguayanus (Didelphimorphia: Didelphidae) of Brazil

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)

Caracterização de espécies de Leishmania isoladas de Flebotomíneos sp. de três ecótopos da Serra dos Carajás, Pará, Brasil

A leishmaniose tegumentar americana (LTA) é uma doença infecciosa, sendo uma zoonose de alta freqüência, endêmica na região Amazônica, transmitidas por flebotomíneos dos gêneros Psychodopygus e Lutzomyia. A Serra dos Carajás, situada no Sudeste do Pará, é amplamente explorada por empresas extrativistas e como resultado, concerniu-se que a LTA transformar-se-ia em um dos principais perigos de saúde para os trabalhadores, devido à prática de desmatamento e a construção de estradas de acesso e escoamento do minério. Assim, o objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a infecção natural por Leishmania em flebotomíneos da região da Serra dos Carajás através da técnica PCR. As capturas de flebotomíneos foram realizadas em três diferentes ecótopos, Parque Zoobotânico de Quarentena, APA do Gelado e Tapirapé-Aquirí, com auxílio de armadilhas de luz tipo CDC e Shannon, durante o período noturno a partir do crepúsculo vespertino. Os flebotomíneos capturados foram identificados de acordo com Young & Duncan, 1994 e congelados em N2. Foram congelados 5.947 flebotomíneos, com 3.495 fêmeas, dentre estas, 550 espécimes foram testadas. Foi realizada as extrações de DNA das amostras utilizando-se SDS e KOAc e precipitação com etanol 96%. Foi realizada a PCR, amplificando-se a região do gene do mini-exon com os iniciadores S1629 (5’GGGAATTCAATAWAGTACAGAAACTG3’) e S1630 (5’GGGAAGCTTCTGTACTWTATTGGTA 3’). O DNA de Leishmania foi detectado em 36 (6,5%) flebotomíneos, sendo 34 do subgênero Viannia detectados em 30 Psychodopygus wellcomei/complexus, três Lutzomyia whitmani e um Lutzomyia shawi. Duas infecções por Leishmania amazonensis foram detectados em Psychodopygus wellcomei/complexus. Tapirapé – Aquirí, APA do Gelado e Parque Zoobotânico de Quarentena apresentaram altas taxas de infecção natural em flebotomíneos 6,54 %, 5,96 % e 7,92%, respectivamente. Psychodopygus wellcomei/complexus ainda apresenta destacado papel de vetor de Leishmania causadoras de LTA na região em questão. Estudos sobre o poder vetorial das espécies Lu. whitmani e Lu. shawi infectados naturalmente por Leishmania na Serra dos Carajás devem ser intensificados, verificando se essas espécies podem estar atuando no ciclo de transmissão da LTA na Serra dos Carajás. Estudos que melhor esclareçam a variação da prevalência de diferentes espécies de flebotomíneos e o conhecimento das taxas de infecção também devem ser intensificadas na região da Serra dos Carajás.

Estudo do microcultivo in vitro para o isolamento de Leishmania sp no estado do Pará

Os parasitas do gênero Leishmania apresentam uma variabilidade de espécies na região Amazônica e para sua correta identificação é necessário o isolamento dos mesmos. Atualmente para o isolamento do parasita e posterior diagnóstico da doença têm se utilizado a técnica de microcultivo in vitro. O objetivo de nosso trabalho foi otimizar a técnica de microcultivo in vitro para o isolamento de Leishmania sp. Para o isolamento, além do microcultivo, foi analisado a técnica de vácuo-aspiração adaptada e a viabilidade do parasita a temperaturas abaixo de 25ºC. No total foram utilizados 18 hamsters, infectados com amostras de casos clínicos de Leishmaniose tegumentar americana, sendo 3 de Leishmania.(Leishmania) amazonensis e 2 de Leishmania.(Viannia) braziliensis o qual foram realizados 56 cultivos por vácuo-aspiração em meio NNN, 12 em microtubos e 23 por microcapilares com RPMI suplementado, mantidos entre 25º e 31ºC. Para a segunda etapa, participaram 7 pacientes, totalizando 6 culturas por vácuo-aspiração e 42 por microcapilares. Conservou-se a baixa temperatura 7 tubos com NNN que foram mantidas a 5ºC. Foi observado que os isolamentos por vácuo-aspiração de amostras de L. (L.) amazonensis e L. (V.) braziliensis em hamsters foram sensíveis a adaptação da técnica, diferente das amostras de pacientes. A positividade variou entre 2 a 8 dias e 4 e 5 dias respectivamente. Os microtubos apresentaram positividade para as mesmas amostras de hamsters no período de 5 a 8 dias. Para as amostras dos pacientes, 2/12 tubos por vácuo-aspiração foram positivos e para isolamento em microcapilares 6/42, valores inferiores aos encontrados na literatura. A amostras conservadas a 5ºC apresentaram viabilidade até o 30º dia. Com estes resultados foi observado que o microcultivo é viável para uso dentro de nossa região, entretanto se mostrou limitado para o isolamento de amostras provenientes de pacientes. Devem-se utilizar outros meios de cultivo, de modo a observar o comportamento do parasito e também aperfeiçoar a coleta do material da lesão a fim de melhorar os resultados de isolamento.

First detection of Leishmania spp. DNA in Brazilian bats captured strictly in urban areas

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

The 2',4'-dihydroxychalcone could be explored to develop new inhibitors against the glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase from Leishmania species

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

Leishmania (Viannia) braziliensis is the main species causing cutaneous leishmaniasis in the Federal District of Brazil

The first autochthonous case of American cutaneous leishmaniasis was reported in the Federal District in 1980, and the species involved in this type of leishmaniasis was unknown. This study aimed to identify the species that causes the disease in the Federal District and to investigate its clinical and epidemiological aspects. Between 2000 and 2007, 71 autochthonous cases of leishmaniasis were reported in the Federal District. Leishmania species were identified by means of direct immunofluorescence reactions using monoclonal antibodies and restriction fragment length polymorphism. The species of 40 (56.33%) out of 71 samples were identified. Thirty-six (90%) were identified as Leishmania (Viannia) braziliensis and four (10%) were identified as Leishmania (Leishmania) amazonensis. In this area, the disease had clinical and epidemiological characteristics similar to those found in other Brazilian regions.

Leishmania Metacyclogenesis Is Promoted in the Absence of Purines

Leishmania parasites, the causative agent of leishmaniasis, are transmitted through the bite of an infected sand fly. Leishmania parasites present two basic forms known as promastigote and amastigote which, respectively, parasitizes the vector and the mammalian hosts. Infection of the vertebrate host is dependent on the development, in the vector, of metacyclic promastigotes, however, little is known about the factors that trigger metacyclogenesis in Leishmania parasites. It has been generally stated that "stressful conditions" will lead to development of metacyclic forms, and with the exception of a few studies no detailed analysis of the molecular nature of the stress factor has been performed. Here we show that presence/absence of nucleosides, especially adenosine, controls metacyclogenesis both in vitro and in vivo. We found that addition of an adenosine-receptor antagonist to in vitro cultures of Leishmania amazonensis significantly increases metacyclogenesis, an effect that can be reversed by the presence of specific purine nucleosides or nucleobases. Furthermore, our results show that proliferation and metacyclogenesis are independently regulated and that addition of adenosine to culture medium is sufficient to recover proliferative characteristics for purified metacyclic promastigotes. More importantly, we show that metacyclogenesis was inhibited in sand flies infected with Leishmania infantum chagasi that were fed a mixture of sucrose and adenosine. Our results fill a gap in the life cycle of Leishmania parasites by demonstrating how metacyclogenesis, a key point in the propagation of the parasite to the mammalian host, can be controlled by the presence of specific purines.

Increasing the activity of copper(II) complexes against Leishmania through lipophilicity and pro-oxidant ability

Copper complexes with fluorinated beta-diketones were synthesized and characterized in terms of lipophilicity and peroxide-assisted oxidation of dihydrorhodamine as an indicator of redox activity. The biological activity of the complexes was tested against promastigotes of Leishmania amazonensis. Inhibition of trypanosomatid-specific trypanothione reductase was also tested. It was found that the highly lipophilic and redox-active bis(trifluoroacetylacetonate) derivative had increased toxicity towards promastigotes. These results indicate that it is possible to modulate the activity of metallodrugs based on redox-active metals through the appropriate choice of lipophilic chelators in order to design new antileishmanials. Further work will be necessary to improve selectivity of these compounds against the parasite.

Antimicrobial and cytotoxic activities of medicinal plants of the Brazilian cerrado, using Brazilian cachaca as extractor liquid

Ethnopharmacological importance: Many species of plants in the Brazilian cerrado (savanna) are widely used in ethnomedicine. However, the safety and effectiveness of medicinal plants used in communities with little or no access to manufactured drugs should be evaluated. Aim of the study: Evaluate the antimicrobial and cytotoxic activities of extracts from eight plant species, obtained using Brazilian cachaca as the extractor liquid. Materials and methods: The extracts were tested against Bacillus subtilis, Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Candida albicans, Candida parapsilosis, promastigote forms of Leishmania amazonensis, and poliovirus. In addition, cytotoxic activity was assayed in Vero cells and in human erythrocytes. Results: The plant species Curatella americana, Sclerolobium aureum, and Plathymenia reticulata showed the best activity against yeasts, especially the crude extract of C. americana and its ethyl-acetate fraction. Kielmeyera lathrophyton showed a minimum inhibitory concentration of 250 mu g/ml against S. aureus, and was inactive against Gram-negative bacteria. The extract obtained from Annona coriacea showed the best activity against the promastigote forms of Leishmania amazonensis (IC(50) = 175 mu g/ml). Only C. americana showed potential for antipoliovirus activity. The concentrations of the crude extracts that showed toxicity to VERO cells had CC(50) between 31 and 470 mu g/ml, and the lyophilized Brazilian cachaca showed a CC(50) of 307 mu g/ml. None of the extracts showed toxicity against human erythrocytes. Conclusions: Among the plant species studied. C americana proved to be effective against microorganisms, especially as an antifungal. The results will help in the search for alternative drugs to be used in pharmacotherapy, and will contribute to establish safe and effective use of phytomedicines in the treatment of infectious diseases. (C) 2010 Elsevier Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved.

Synthesis, characterization and evaluation of antileishmanial activity of copper(II) with fluorinated alpha-hydroxycarboxylate ligands

In this study, Cu(II) complexes with fluorinated ligands were produced aiming at the development of new, less toxic antileishmanial metallodrugs. Complexes of the general formula CuL(2) (L = lactate, trifluorolactate, 2-hydroxyisobutyrate, trifluoro-2-hydroxyisobutyrate) were synthesized in methanolic medium, purified by crystallization and characterized by elemental analysis and electronic and infrared spectroscopies. In vitro experiments with Leishmania amazonensis promastigotes showed that the trifluorolactate derivative more active than its non-fluorinated counterpart. Our results indicate that fluorinated chelators may be interesting to increase metal toxicity and/or open new paths for metallodrug chemotherapy against leishmaniasis.

Inhibition of in vivo leishmanicidal mechanisms by tempol: Nitric oxide down-regulation and oxidant scavenging

Tempol (4-hydroxy-2,2,6,6-tetramethyl-1-piperidinyloxy) has long been known to protect experimental animals from the injury associated with oxidative and inflammatory conditions. In the latter case, a parallel decrease in tissue protein nitration levels has been observed. Protein nitration represents a shift in nitric oxide actions from physiological to pathophysiological and potentially damaging pathways involving its derived oxidants such as nitrogen dioxide and peroxynitrite. In infectious diseases, protein tyrosine nitration of tissues and cells has been taken as evidence for the involvement of nitric oxide-derived oxidants in microbicidal mechanisms. To examine whether tempol inhibits the microbicidal action of macrophages, we investigated its effects on Leishmania amazonensis infection in vitro (RAW 264.7 murine macrophages) and in vivo (C57B1/6 mice). Tempol was administered in the drinking water at 2 mM throughout the experiments and shown to reach infected footpads as the nitroxide plus the hydroxylamine derivative by EPR analysis. At the time of maximum infection (6 weeks), tempol increased footpad lesion size (120%) and parasite burden (150%). In lesion extracts, tempol decreased overall nitric oxide products and expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase to about 80% of the levels in control animals. Nitric oxide-derived products produced by radical mechanisms, such as 3-nitrotyrosine and nitrosothiol, decreased to about 40% of the levels in control mice. The results indicate that tempol worsened L. amazonensis infection by a dual mechanism involving down-regulation of iNOS expression and scavenging of nitric oxide-derived oxidants. Thus, the development of therapeutic strategies based on nitroxides should take into account the potential risk of altering host resistance to parasite infection. (c) 2008 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

Crystal structure and theoretical calculations of Julocrotine, a natural product with antileishmanial activity

Julocrotine, N-(2,6-dioxo-l-phenethyl-piperidin-3-yl)-2-methyl-butyramide, is a potent antiproliferative agent against the promastigote and amastigote forms of Leishmania amazonensis (L.). In this work, the crystal structure of Julocrotine was solved by X-ray diffraction, and its geometrical parameters were compared with theoretical calculations at the B3LYP and HF level of theory. IR and NMR spectra also have been obtained and compared with theoretical calculations. IR absorptions calculated with the B3LYP level of theory employed together with the 6-311G+(d,p) basis set, are close to those observed experimentally. Theoretical NMR calculations show little deviation from experimental results. The results show that the theory is in accordance with the experimental data. (C) 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.