Revestimento interno de tubulação por um processo de centrifugação utilizando resina éster-vinílica com adição de cargas

Being the corrosion one of the great problems facing the industry today, specifically the internal corrosion of pipes in chemical and petrochemical industries, hence this work proposes a new type of internal coating in order to avoid fouling and decrease the pressure loss in the flow. For this, we use a composition of vinyl ester resins and manometric loads, which after cleaning and preparation of the internal surface of the tube will be applied through a process of centrifugation, adjusted by a lathe. After curing the resin, a test of roughness will be realized in order to analyze the reduction of friction factor and thus be able to conclude whether there was a significant decrease in pressure drop. With test results in hand, we hope to obtain a coating that meets most of the properties required by the industry and to provide a reduction in operating costs and a visible improvement in the conditions of use of the pipe

Usinagem da liga de níquel inconel 718 com pastilhas de cerâmica

The machining of super alloys resistant to high temperatures such as nickel alloys, inconel 718 specifically, is a very difficult job to obtain improvements in the process, due to the difficulty of machining at high cutting speeds, the use of these alloys in industries showed great developments in recent years, its application in aeronautical industry spread being used in vane turbo, compressor parts, props and set elements. The automotive, chemical, medical and others also took advantage of the great features of inconel 718 and has used the material. The high temperature resistant alloys have high machining difficulty, a fact that is associated with high cutting forces generated during machining which result in high temperatures. High levels of temperatures can cause deterioration of the cutting edge, with subsequent deformation or breakage, wear most common obtained in machining such materials are flank wear the formation of built-up edge for cutting and notch wear. The experimental part of the work consists in machining of nickel-based alloy Inconel 718 heat treated for hardness, using a tool based ceramic silicon nitride Sandvik (Si3N4) in order to compare the best results obtained in the master's thesis of SANTOS (2010) who used a tool ceramics also the basis of silicon nitride which was developed in the doctoral thesis of SOUZA (2005). Assays were performed on a CNC lathe and was noted for each cutting edge results obtained. Tests were made starting from an initial condition of the tool with cutting speed of 200 m/min, feed 0.5 mm and 0.5 mm depth of cut was reduced cutting speed for the subsequent tests with the same conditions of feed and depth of cut. The tool presented wear instant under two 200 m/min and 100 m/min, premature rupture of 50 m/min and finally cut provided with difficulty... (Complete abstract click electronic access below)

Usinabilidade e integridade superficial de implantes dentários

Pós-graduação em Engenharia Mecânica - FEIS

Utilização de metaheurísticas combinada a diferentes métodos de aglutinação para a otimização de um processo de torneamento com múltiplas respostas

Pós-graduação em Engenharia Mecânica - FEG

Inlays Made From a Hybrid Material: Adaptation and Bond Strengths

The aim of this study was to evaluate the internal fit, marginal adaptation, and bond strengths of inlays made of computer-aided design/computer-aided manufacturing feldspathic ceramic and polymer-infiltrated ceramic. Twenty molars were randomly selected and prepared to receive inlays that were milled from both materials. Before cementation, internal fit was achieved using the replica technique by molding the internal surface with addition silicone and measuring the cement thicknesses of the pulpal and axial walls. Marginal adaptation was measured on the occlusal and proximal margins of the replica. The inlays were then cemented using resin cement (Panavia F2.0) and subjected to two million thermomechanical cycles in water (200 N load and 3.8-Hz frequency). The restored teeth were then cut into beams, using a lathe, for microtensile testing. The contact angles, marginal integrity, and surface patterns after etching were also observed. Statistical analysis was performed using two-way repeated measures analysis of variance (p<0.05), the Tukey test for internal fit and marginal adaptation, and the Student t-test for bond strength. The failure types (adhesive or cohesive) were classified on each fractured beam. The results showed that the misfit of the pulpal walls (p=0.0002) and the marginal adaptation (p=0.0001) of the feldspathic ceramic were significantly higher when compared to those of the polymer-infiltrated ceramic, while the bond strength values of the former were higher when compared to those of the latter. The contact angle of the polymer-infiltrated ceramic was also higher. In the present study, the hybrid ceramic presented improved internal and marginal adaptation, but the bond strengths were higher for the feldspathic ceramic.

Estudo comparativo in vitro do efeito da ciclagem térmica sobre a resistência à tração de copings metálicos cimentados sobre dentes naturais, utilizando se de dois agentes cimentantes

Pós-graduação em Odontologia Restauradora - ICT

Estudo da resistência à tração de cápsulas e troqueis metálicos cimentados, em função de alívio e retenção para o cimento

Pós-graduação em Odontologia Restauradora - ICT

Análise comparativa do uso de ferramentas de metal duro sem revestimento e revestidas com diboreto de titânio na usinagem da madeira

Pós-graduação em Engenharia Mecânica - FEB

Efeito das diferentes direções de aplicação de jato de fluido de corte no torneamento de um aço de difícil usinagem

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)

Torneamento da liga de alumínio da classe 6005 utilizando ferramenta cerâmica

Machining processes are one of the most important manufacturing processes in the modern world. In these processes, there are many elements which will influence in the final result of the machined part. Among them, the tools are the principal factor of the rising cost, because its global influence on the process. In aeronautical industries, this can be more evidenced due the need to machining several alloys, between them, aluminum alloys. These alloys have to demonstrate a specific surface finishing to be used in aircraft's fuselage. This kind of industry is one of the segments which is still rising in Brazil, and they are looking viable alternatives in the manufacturing processes of materials, due the need to produce more and more parts and equipment, with costs increasingly reduced. The purpose of this project is the development of a ceramic with differentiated properties. The ceramics were developed using a pre-sintering at 1200 °C, with posterior sintering at 1600°C, and subjected to dry turning process on aluminum alloy 6005. The characterizations showed that ceramics presented with toughness on the center of 1700 MPa and on the surface of 1950 MPa, density 98,5 ±0,14. g/cm³. Ceramics were grinded and faceted, according to ISO standard 1832, and subjected to turning tests in a ROMI lathe brand, model GL240M, using cutting speeds of 500, 800 and 1000 m/min with different feed rates. The machining results showed low occurrence of flank wear to all cutting speeds, and better surface finishing average values of Ra = 0,4935 μm and Rt = 8,112 μm. In general, it could be seen that the tool presents important potential to machining 6005 alloy, and that the use of correct parameters can decrease and/or eliminate subsequent processes, providing important reductions in costs related to the machining processes

Torneamento da liga de alumínio da classe 6005 utilizando ferramenta cerâmica

Machining processes are one of the most important manufacturing processes in the modern world. In these processes, there are many elements which will influence in the final result of the machined part. Among them, the tools are the principal factor of the rising cost, because its global influence on the process. In aeronautical industries, this can be more evidenced due the need to machining several alloys, between them, aluminum alloys. These alloys have to demonstrate a specific surface finishing to be used in aircraft's fuselage. This kind of industry is one of the segments which is still rising in Brazil, and they are looking viable alternatives in the manufacturing processes of materials, due the need to produce more and more parts and equipment, with costs increasingly reduced. The purpose of this project is the development of a ceramic with differentiated properties. The ceramics were developed using a pre-sintering at 1200 °C, with posterior sintering at 1600°C, and subjected to dry turning process on aluminum alloy 6005. The characterizations showed that ceramics presented with toughness on the center of 1700 MPa and on the surface of 1950 MPa, density 98,5 ±0,14. g/cm³. Ceramics were grinded and faceted, according to ISO standard 1832, and subjected to turning tests in a ROMI lathe brand, model GL240M, using cutting speeds of 500, 800 and 1000 m/min with different feed rates. The machining results showed low occurrence of flank wear to all cutting speeds, and better surface finishing average values of Ra = 0,4935 μm and Rt = 8,112 μm. In general, it could be seen that the tool presents important potential to machining 6005 alloy, and that the use of correct parameters can decrease and/or eliminate subsequent processes, providing important reductions in costs related to the machining processes

Prototype emitter for use in subsurface drip irrigation: Manufacturing, hydraulic evaluation and experimental analyses

The current research aims to analyse theoretically and evaluate a self-manufactured simple design for subsurface drip irrigation (SDI) emitter to avoid root and soil intrusion. It was composed of three concentric cylindrical elements: an elastic silicone membrane; a polyethylene tube with two holes drilled on its wall for water discharge; and a vinyl polychloride protector system to wrap the other elements. The discharge of the emitter depends on the change in the membrane diameter when it is deformed by the water pressure. The study of the operation of this emitter is a new approach that considers mechanical and hydraulic principles. Thus, the estimation on the membrane deformation was based on classical mechanical stress theories in composite cylinders. The hydraulic principles considered the solid deformation due to force based on water pressure and the general Darcy–Weisbach head-loss equation. Twenty emitter units, with the selected design, were handcrafted in a lathe and were used in this study. The measured pressure/discharge relationship for the emitters showed good agreement with that calculated by the theoretical approach. The variation coefficient of the handcrafted emitters was high compared to commercial emitters. Results from field evaluations showed variable values for the relative flow variation, water emission uniformity and relative flow rate coefficients, but no emitter was obstructed. Therefore, the current emitter design could be suitable for SDI following further studies to develop a final prototype.

Diseño y construcción de una mini-turbina eólica

Dado que es difícil imaginar en el futuro una sociedad moderna donde la energía no juegue un papel fundamental y puesto que numerosos estudios han demostrado que el ritmo actual de consumo de combustibles es insostenible y perjudicial para la vida del planeta, es fundamental concienciar a la humanidad de que un cambio de tendencia no solo es necesario sino que es imperativo. No se trata de erradicar por completo el uso de fuentes de carácter fósil, pues en muchos países es su principal o incluso su única forma de obtener energía, sino de avanzar hacia un equilibrio en la generación, para lo que será vital permitir el desarrollo de energías limpias, aumentar la eficiencia de la tecnología y reducir el consumo. En este contexto se ha decidido construir un rotor eólico de pequeñas dimensiones que servirá como herramienta de estudio para alumnos de ingeniería. Para diseñar la turbina se ha desarrollado un modelo de programación informática que, basado en conceptos aerodinámicos, permite calcular la geometría de las palas en función de unas condiciones iniciales, estimar la potencia del rotor y obtener sus curvas de funcionamiento. Uno de los principales problemas de la tecnología eólica es su alta variabilidad, por ello se ha implementado un sistema de regulación de velocidad; se trata de un mecanismo que actúa sobre la orientación de las palas y permite regular la potencia de un generador eléctrico acoplado al rotor. Los aerogeneradores actuales recurren a este tipo de sistemas para tratar de suavizar los desequilibrios de potencia que puedan producir las ráfagas de viento. Se ha recurrido a un software de diseño asistido por ordenador para dibujar tanto el rotor como el sistema de regulación de velocidad. La mayoría de las piezas del rotor se han fabricado con ayuda de una impresora 3D, otras, las metálicas, se han tallado en aluminio mediante un torno. Aunque el programa informático que realiza los cálculos aerodinámicos devuelve datos teóricos a cerca del comportamiento del rotor, se ha creído necesario probar el molino mediante ensayos de laboratorio a fin de obtener un resultado más realista.Abstract Given that it’s difficult to imagine any modern society in the future where energy does not play a crucial role, and as many studies have shown that the actual rate of fuel consumption is unsustainable and harmful to life on the planet, it is essential to raise mankind’s awareness that a change in the current trend is not only necessary, but is also imperative. It is not a question of completely eradicating the use of fossil fuels, as in many countries they are the main or even the only way of generating energy, but rather working towards a balance in generation. To do so it is vital to encourage the development of clean energies, increase technological efficiency and reduce consumption. In view of this we have decided to build a small scale wind turbine rotor which can be used as a study tool for engineering students. To design the turbine a software programme was developed based on aerodynamic concepts, which allows us to calculate the geometry of the blades depending on certain initial conditions, estimate the power of the turbine, and obtain performance curves. One of the main issues with wind technology is its high variability, and therefore we implemented a speed regulation system consisting of a mechanism that varies the orientation of the blades and thus allows us to regulate the power of an electric generator attached to the turbine. Current wind powered generators use this type of system to try to smooth out spikes in power that may be caused by gusts of wind. We have used CAD software to design both the turbine itself and the speed regulation system. Most of the turbine parts have been manufactured with the aid of a 3D printer, while the other metallic parts have been turned on made a lathe in aluminum. Although the software programme which calculates the aerodynamics provide us theoretical data about the operation of the rotor. We consider it necessary to test the wind turbine in a lab to obtain more accurate results.

Cyp7b, a novel brain cytochrome P450, catalyzes the synthesis of neurosteroids 7α-hydroxy dehydroepiandrosterone and 7α-hydroxy pregnenolone

Steroids produced locally in brain (neurosteroids), including dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA), influence cognition and behavior. We previously described a novel cytochrome P450, Cyp7b, strongly expressed in rat and mouse brain, particularly in hippocampus. Cyp7b is most similar to steroidogenic P450s and potentially could play a role in neurosteroid metabolism. To examine the catalytic activity of the enzyme mouse Cyp7b cDNA was introduced into a vaccinia virus vector. Extracts from cells infected with the recombinant showed NADPH-dependent conversion of DHEA (Km, 13.6 μM) and pregnenolone (Km, 4.0 μM) to slower migrating forms on thin layer chromatography. The expressed enzyme was less active against 25-hydroxycholesterol, 17β-estradiol and 5α-androstane-3β,17β-diol, with low to undetectable activity against progesterone, corticosterone, and testosterone. On gas chromatography and mass spectrometry of the Cyp7b metabolite of DHEA the retention time and fragmentation patterns were identical to those obtained with authentic 7α-hydroxy DHEA. The reaction product also comigrated on thin layer chromatography with 7α-hydroxy DHEA but not with 7β-hydroxy DHEA; when [7α-3H]pregnenolone was incubated with Cyp7b extracts the extent of release of radioactivity into the medium suggested that hydroxylation was preferentially at the 7α position. Brain extracts also efficiently liberated tritium from [7α-3H]pregnenolone and converted DHEA to a product with a chromatographic mobility indistinguishable from 7α-hydroxy DHEA. We conclude that Cyp7b is a 7α-hydroxylase participating in the synthesis, in brain, of neurosteroids 7α-hydroxy DHEA, and 7α-hydroxy pregnenolone.

Variegated transgene expression in mouse mammary gland is determined by the transgene integration locus.

Mice carrying an ovine beta-lactoglobulin (BLG) transgene secrete BLG protein into their milk. To explore transgene expression stability, we studied expression levels in three BLG transgenic mouse lines. Unexpectedly, two lines exhibited variable levels of transgene expression. Copy number within lines appeared to be stable and there was no evidence of transgene rearrangement. In the most variable line, BLG production levels were stable within individual mice in two successive lactations. Backcrossing demonstrated that genetic background did not contribute significantly to variable expression. Tissue in situ hybridization revealed mosaicism of transgene expression within individual mammary glands from the two variable lines; in low expressors, discrete patches of cells expressing the transgene were observed. Transgene protein concentrations in milk reflected the proportion of epithelial cells expressing BLG mRNA. Furthermore, chromosomal in situ hybridization revealed that transgene arrays in both lines are situated close to the centromere. We propose that mosaicism of transgene expression is a consequence of the chromosomal location and/or the nature of the primary transgene integration event.