Adaptation and Constraint in the Plant Reproductive Phase

Conservatism is a central theme of organismic evolution. Related species share characteristics due to their common ancestry. Some concern have been raised among evolutionary biologists, whether such conservatism is an expression of natural selection or of a constrained ability to adapt. This thesis explores adaptations and constraints within the plant reproductive phase, particularly in relation to the evolution of fleshy fruit types (berries, drupes, etc.) and the seasonal timing of flowering and fruiting. The different studies were arranged along a hierarchy of scale, with general data sets sampled among seed plants at the global scale, through more specific analyses of character evolution within the genus Rhamnus s.l. L. (Rhamnaceae), to descriptive and experimental field studies in a local population of Frangula alnus (Rhamnaceae). Apart from the field study, this thesis is mainly based on comparative methods explicitly incorporating phylogenetic relationships. The comparative study of Rhamnus s.l. species included the reconstruction of phylogenetic hypotheses based on DNA sequences. Among geographically overlapping sister clades, biotic pollination was not correlated with higher species richness when compared to wind pollinated plants. Among woody plants, clades characterized by fleshy fruit types were more species rich than their dry-fruited sister clades, suggesting that the fleshy fruit is a key innovation in woody habitats. Moreover, evolution of fleshy fruits was correlated with a change to more closed (darker) habitats. An independent contrast study within Rhamnus s.l. documented allometric relations between plant and fruit size. As a phylogenetic constraint, allometric effects must be considered weak or non-existent, though, as they did not prevail among different subclades within Rhamnus s.l. Fruit size was correlated with seed size and seed number in F. alnus. This thesis suggests that frugivore selection on fleshy fruit may be important by constraining the upper limits of fruit size, when a plant lineage is colonizing (darker) habitats where larger seed size is adaptive. Phenological correlations with fruit set, dispersal, and seed size in F. alnus, suggested that the evolution of reproductive phenology is constrained by trade-offs and partial interdependences between flowering, fruiting, dispersal, and recruitment phases. Phylogenetic constraints on the evolution of phenology were indicated by a lack of correlation between flowering time and seasonal length within Rhamnus cathartica and F. alnus, respectively. On the other hand, flowering time was correlated with seasonal length among Rhamnus s.l. species. Phenological differences between biotically and wind pollinated angiosperms also suggested adaptive change in reproductive phenology.

Ogawa Mimei's Children's Stories: A Case Study of the Rise of Childhood in the Context of Westernization and Japanese Modernization

In this thesis, I examine the influences of westernization, the tension between Japanese modernity and tradition, and the stories of Hans Christian Andersen on Ogawa Mimei’s children’s stories. I begin the body of my thesis with a brief historical background of Japan, beginning with the start of the Meiji period in 1868. Within the historical section, I focus on societal and cultural elements and changes that pertain to my thesis. I also include the introduction of Hans Christian Andersen in Japan. I wrap up the historical section by a description of Ogawa’s involvement in the Japanese proletarian literature movement and the rise of the Japanese proletarian children’s literature movement. Then, I launch into an analysis of Ogawa’s works categorized by thematic elements. These elements include westernization, class conflict, nature and civilization, religion and morals, and children and childhood. When relevant, I also compare and contrast Ogawa’s stories with Andersen’s. In the westernization section, I show how some of Ogawa’s stories demonstrate contact between Japan and the West. In the Class Conflict section, I discuss how Ogawa views class through a socialist lens, whereas Andersen does not dispute class distinctions, but encourages his readers to attempt an upward social climb. In the nature and civilization section, I show how Ogawa and Andersen share common opinions on the impact of civilization on nature. In the religion and morals section, I show how Ogawa incorporates religion, including Christianity, into vii his works. Andersen utilizes religion in a more overt manner in order to convey morals to his audience. Both authors address religious topics like the concept of the afterlife. Finally, in children and childhood, I demonstrate how both Ogawa and Andersen treat their child protagonists and use them and their situations to instruct their readers. Through this case study, I show how westernization and the tensions between Japanese modernization and tradition led to the rise of the proletarian children’s literature movement, which is exemplified by Ogawa’s stories. The emergence of the proletarian children’s literature movement is an indication of the establishment of a new concept of childhood in Japan. Writers like Ogawa Mimei attempted to write children’s stories that represented the new Japanese culture that was a result of adapting Western ideals to fit Japanese society. Some of Ogawa’s stories are a direct commentary on his opinion of Japanese interaction with the West. By comparing Ogawa’s and Andersen’s stories, I demonstrate how Ogawa borrows certain Western elements and possibly responds directly to Andersen. Ogawa also addresses some of the same topics as Andersen, yet their reactions are not always the same. What I find in my analysis supports my thesis that Ogawa is able to maintain Japanese tradition while infusing his children’s stories with Western and modern elements. In doing so, he reflects a largely popular social and cultural practice of his time.

Gradus ad Parnassum sive Bibliotheca Musarum vel novus synonymorum, epithetorum phrasium poeticarum, ac versuum thesaurus : tomus primus.

Barbier,

Clericus curatus arca obligationes restitutionis quoad bona fortunae theologicè [et] practice instructus /

Mode of access: Internet.

Clericus curatus circa obligationes restitutionis quoad bona fortunae theologicè & practicè instructus /

Mode of access: Internet.

Gradus ad parnassum sive Novus synonymorum epithetorum, phrasium poeticarum, ac versuum thesaurus ... accedunt quae ex historiâ, fabulâ & geographiâ ad poëticam artem conferunt ... inseruntur descriptiones et comparationes ex optimis poëtis excerptae

Mode of access: Internet.

Gradus ad Parnassum, sive Bibliotheca Musarum : vel novus synonymorum, epithetorum, phrasium poeticarum, ac versuum thesaurus [tomus primus-secundus]

[Dedicatoria de] Pedro de Ville. Prólogo, p. I-IV. Prosodia / compuesta por don Geronimo Grayas, p. V-XXXVIII. Gradus ad Parnassum, p. 1-588.

Gradus ad Parnassum sive Bibliothecae musarum vel Novi Synonymorum, Epithetorum, phrasium poeticarum ac versuum Thesauri tomus secundus.

Vocabulario español y latino, pp. 503-632.

Anteloquia Cogitationum in Salomonis Canticorum canticum : historica simul [et] concionatoria : volumen primum /

Mode of access: Internet.

Refutatio elenchi calendarii gregoriani a Setho Calvisio conscripti : et opera Dauidis Origani editi: qua libris quatuor Calendarium Gregorianum vere Ecclesiasticum /

Mode of access: Internet.

Namn och bygd.

Vols. 3-8 include "Nordisk ortnamnslitteratur ... Bibliografisk förteckning av Oskar Lundberg", 1913-19.

Pauli Leonardi ... Responsionum ad expostulationes recentium quorumdam theologorum contra scientiam mediam liber singularis : in tres partes tributus.

Mode of access: Internet.

Commentariorum R.P. Pauli Laymanni Societatis Iesu Repertorium seu Compendiosa per alphabeticum ordinem descriptio, in gratiam lectoris facta ab alio ex eadem societate

Mode of access: Internet.

Holberg og England /

Holberg i 1706 til London & Oxford -- London som det var i 1706 -- Holbergs liv og studier i Oxford 1706-08 -- Holbergs England og Holbergs engelsmænd -- Englands historie og engelske historieskrivere -- Politikeren Holberg -- Om religionen udi Engeland -- Holbergs emancipation -- Holbergs fortielse, særlig 1720-40, af sin engelske samtid -- To repræsentanter for den eng. literaturs guldalder, under dronning Anna -- Befrugtning og suggestion: skole, mønstre, efterligning -- Holberg forlader England sommeren 1708 -- Kilder. Henvisninger. Tillæg.

Pulaski vindicated from an unsupported charge, inconsiderately or malignantly introduced in Judge Johnson's Sketches of the life and correspondence of Major Gen. Nathaniel Greene.

Authorship has also been claimed by Paul Bentalou.