Treinamento de força unilateral: efeitos sobre a taxa de desenvolvimento de força do membro contralateral

The aim of this study was to analyze the effects of unilateral isokinetic strength training at high speed (180°.s-1) of the dominant leg on the rate of force development (RFD) of the contralateral limb. The study included 18 male individuals, apparently healthy, with an average of 23 years, and without regular practice of physical activities. The subjects were divided randomly into two groups: control group (GC) and isokinetic group (GISOC). Assessments were made of the values of peak isometric torque (PT isom) and RFD of both lower limbs in the pre-training. So, the GISOC underwent an isokinetic strength training with high speed (180°.s-1) for 6 weeks, with the dominant leg only and then reassessed. It was found that there was no significant improvement in value of PT isom (p> 0.05), and the RFD for the dominant limb had a significant improvement (p< 0.05) compared to the pre-training and that there was no transfer of values to the contralateral side (p> 0.05). It can be concluded that the isokinetic training at high speed was not enough for significant cross education

A influência do alongamento prévio no pico de torque e na taxa de desenvolvimento de força

The objective of this study was to investigate the influence of previous active static stretch on the peak torque (PT) and rate of force development (TDF) during isokinetic concentric contractions at 60 and 180.s-1 in active individuals. Twelve active subjects with ages between 18 and 30 years participated of this study. The individuals were submitted in different days to the following tests: 1) Familiarization session to the isokinetic dynamometer; 2) Five maximal isokinetic concentric contractions for knee extensors at each angular velocity (60 and 180.s-1) to determine PT and TDF (Control), and; 3) Two active static stretching exercises for the dominant leg extensors (10 x 30 s for each exercise, with 20 s of rest). After the stretching, the isokinetic test was repeated (Post-Stretching). The conditions 2 and 3 were performed in random order. There was no significant modification after the stretch exercises on the PT, angle and time at which the PT was attained, at 60 and 180º.s-1. In the same way, there was no significant modification on the TDF and angle at which the maximal TDF was attained in both angular speeds. In other way, the time to attain maximal TDF (TTDF) at 180º.s-1 was significantly lower after the stretching (Pre - 98.3 ± 27.5 ms and Post - 86.6 ± 30.2 ms). There was significant modification on the torque (60 and 180º.s-1) and time (60º.s-1) at different delta of angle variations, obtained at 60º.s-1 at Control and Post-Stretching conditions. However, there was significant reduction of time after the stretching exercises on delta of angle variations of 90-88º (Pre - 46.6 ± 6.5 ms and Post - 44.1 ± 5.1 ms), 88-85º (Pre - 65.8 ± 7.9 ms and Post - 63.3 ± 4.9 ms) and 85-80º (Pre - 93.3 ± 7.7 ms and Post - 90.0 ± 4.2 ms) at 180º.s-1. With base on these data, it is possible to conclude that PT and TDF do not modify after static stretching, irrespectively on the speed...(Complete abstract click electronic access below)

Equilíbrio muscular e pico de torque após jogo de futsal

Indoor soccer is a modality of sport similar to football, which is accompanying an increasing of the number of participants. With the growth of this sport, increased as well the number of injuries, which has been requiring greater attention and care from the health professionals. AIMS: To investigate the functional balance before and after an indoor soccer game and analyze the maximum force before and after the game, in order to verify if there is a great loss of muscle strength of knee flexors and extensors during the game. METHODS: The study included seven amateur soccer players. The isokinetic evaluation was made using the Biodex 3 isokinetic dynamometer at velocities of 60°/s and 180°/s with five repetitions at each velocity for each leg. Further, the study analyzed the peak torque of each leg at each speed of the extensor muscles and flexor concentric and eccentric. RESULTS: Compared to the peak torque before and after the game, there were no significant differences. At 60°/s in the non-dominant leg, peak torque decreased after the game of the extensor concentric and eccentric. In the dominant leg there was a decrease of peak torque in eccentric flexion at 60°/s and concentric flexion to 180°/s. Comparing the peak torque between dominance, there was any significant differences in speed. However, in eccentric flexion at 60°/s before the match there was a significant difference. The peak torque of the dominant leg showed better results than the non-dominant leg. Regarding the functional balance there was no statistically significant differences between the muscles involved. CONCLUSION: From the results achieved, it is possible to conclude that the peak torque of flexor eccentric decreases depending on the length of the exercise. This muscle is stronger in the dominant leg, comparing to the non-dominant leg

Comparação dos parâmetros de força e propriocepção entre indivíduos com e sem instabilidade funcional de tornozelo

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

Influência do método de avaliação no diagnóstico da dor muscular de início tardio após corrida em declive

Several methods are used towards delayed onset muscle soreness appraisal. This study's goal was to investigate, amongst three commonly adopted methods, which one would be the most effective (the one that shows higher values) in the quantification of this phenomenon. 10 male subjects, of age 22.8 ± 3.1 years old, weight 80 ± 12.4 kg, height 174 ± 0.07 cm, without recent experience with strength training (lower limbs) and/or running took place in this study. All subjects carried out a muscle damage induction protocol, which consisted of 30 minute downhill running (-16% or -9.09º) at 80% speed compared to their maximum oxygen consumption. Muscle damage determinants such as isometric peak torque, knee joint range of motion and circumference of the medial portion of the thight were measured before, during, 24, 48, 72 and 96 hours after downhill running. The subjective pain perception was measured simultaneously with the other determinants through three different tests: sitting on and getting up of a chair; climbing and descending from a 45cm step; and self thigh palpation. After going through all subjective pain perception tests, the subjects filled out a visual analog scale with their perception of pain. Muscle damage changes over time were compared through variance analysis (ANOVA) one way for repeated measures. Subjective pain perception values obtained in all three different tests were compared through two way ANOVAs for repeated numbers. The significance level adopted in this study was z ≤ 0.05. The results showed that the step test was the on which better evaluated the delayed onset muscle soreness. No significant differences were found through the ADM and CIR recovery markers. Downhil running determined reduced of PTI (~22.4%). Significant links between pain were obtained for both subjective pain perception tests starting at 24 and 48 hours, where the highest registered average happened in the step test after 48h, with high...

A articulação do quadril em uma perspectiva preditora da velocidade de marcha em idosas e como foco de intervenção de duas modalidades terapêuticas: Método Pilates e Haste Vibratória

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)

Isokinetic analysis of the elbow joint in children with cerebral palsy

The joint torque is an important variable related to children with cerebral palsy. The present study analyzed kinetic parameters during elbow flexion and extension movements in healthy and cerebral palsy children. Ten healthy and 10 cerebral palsy children participated of the study. An isokinetic dynamometer was used to measure the elbow mean peak torque, mean angle peak torque, coefficient of variation and acceleration during flexion and extension movements at different angular speeds. The mean peak torque on extension movement in healthy children group was significant higher compared to the cerebral palsy group. The coefficient of variation on both flexion and extension movements was significantly higher in cerebral palsy group. However there were significantly difference on both groups compared the lowest and highest velocities. Although the results showed no difference in flexor peak torque, the acceleration is significantly lower in lowest and highest angular velocity.

Avaliação do torque de resistência passiva em atletas femininas com entorse de tornozelo

INTRODUÇÃO: A entorse de tornozelo é uma das lesões mais comuns em atletas. Uma forma de avaliar a frouxidão ligamentar pode ser através da medida da amplitude passiva dos movimentos de inversão e eversão do pé para estimar a resistência passiva das estruturas capsuloligamentares do tornozelo, o qual pode ser chamado de torque de resistência passiva. Existem poucos estudos que utilizam a avaliação do torque passivo do tornozelo para avaliar a resistência da cápsula e dos ligamentos. OBJETIVO: O objetivo deste estudo foi comparar o torque passivo dos movimentos de inversão e eversão do pé em atletas com e sem história de entorse de tornozelo. MÉTODO: Participaram do estudo 32 atletas de basquetebol e voleibol feminino (16,06 ± 0,8 anos, 67,63 ± 8,17kg, 177,8 ± 6,47cm). Seus tornozelos foram divididos em dois grupos: grupo controle (29), composto por tornozelos sem sintomas, e grupo entorse de tornozelo, composto por tornozelos que sofreram lesão (29). O torque dos movimentos passivos do tornozelo foi registrado por um dinamômetro isocinético, e a atividade dos músculos fibular longo e tibial anterior foi medida por um eletromiógrafo. As atletas realizaram duas repetições do movimento de inversão e eversão, nas velocidades de 5, 10 e 20°/s e, em seguida, o mesmo protocolo foi repetido apenas para o movimento de inversão máxima do pé. RESULTADOS: O torque de resistência passiva durante os movimentos de inversão e eversão do pé foi menor no grupo com entorse do tornozelo. Este grupo também mostrou menor torque durante o movimento de inversão máxima do pé. Não foram observadas diferenças entre o movimento de inversão e eversão. CONCLUSÕES: A entorse de tornozelo leva a um menor torque de resistência passiva, indicando redução da resistência dos ligamentos colaterais do tornozelo e uma frouxidão articular mecânica.

Dano muscular: resposta inflamatória sistêmica após ações excêntricas máximas

O objetivo deste estudo foi analisar a resposta inflamatória induzida por grande número de ações excêntricas (AE) máximas realizadas pelos flexores do cotovelo. Participaram do estudo nove homens jovens, que realizaram 35 séries de seis AE nos flexores de cotovelo, com intervalo de um minuto, utilizando um dinamômetro isocinético em uma velocidade de 210º.s-1. As variáveis mensuradas foram: a contração isométrica voluntaria máxima (CIVM), a amplitude de movimento (AM), a dor muscular de inicio tardio (DMIT), a interleucina-6 (IL-6) e o fator de necrose tumoral alfa (TNF-α). Alterações significantes foram observadas para os marcadores indiretos de dano muscular (CIVM, AM e DMIT), entretanto não houve modificações para os marcadores inflamatórios (IL-6 e TNF-α). Em conclusão, os resultados demonstraram que mesmo com alterações nos marcadores indiretos de dano muscular após a realização de um grande número de AE não foram observadas alterações na resposta inflamatória sistêmica.

Análise isocinética da articulação do cotovelo em crianças com paralisia cerebral

A quantidade de torque aplicado na articulação é uma medida de aptidão física importante para crianças com paralisia cerebral. O presente estudo analisou parâmetros cinéticos na articulação do cotovelo em crianças saudáveis e com paralisia cerebral. Participaram 10 crianças com paralisia cerebral e 10 crianças sem comprometimento neurológico. Avaliou-se a média do pico de torque, média do ângulo do pico de torque, coeficiente de variação do torque e aceleração angular do movimento de flexo-extensão do cotovelo nas velocidades com um dinamômetro isocinético. A média de pico de torque (extensão), aceleração (flexão) e coeficiente de variação (flexão e extensão) são diferentes entre grupos. Conclui-se que o torque e aceleração sofreram interferências no movimento de flexo-extensão; as principais diferenças encontradas foram entre os extremos das velocidades; não houve diferenças no ângulo do pico de torque. A espasticidade não interferiu na força dos músculos agonistas do movimento de flexão da articulação do cotovelo.

Efeito tardio do kinesio taping na função do membro inferior e no desempenho neuromuscular do quadríceps femoral de mulheres saudáveis: ensaio clínico e randomizado

Introduction: Kinesio Taping (KT) has been used in healthy people to improve neuromuscular performance, however, few studies have evaluated its chronic effects, despite being suggested. Objective: To analyze the chronic effects of KT on neuromuscular performance of the quadriceps, the oscillation of the center of pressure and lower limb function in healthy women. Methods: blinded, randomized, controlled trial, composed of 60 women (mean age 21.9 ± 3.3 years and BMI 22.3 ± 2.2 kg / m2) submitted to the evaluation of oscillation of the center of pressure through the baropodometry, the lower limb function by the hop test, isokinetic knee performance, the electromyographic activity of the vastus lateralis (VL) and joint position sense of the knee (JPS). Then, participants were randomly divided into three groups of twenty: control - did not apply the KT; placebo - application of KT without tension on the quadriceps; Kinesio Taping - application of KT with tension in the same muscle group. The evaluations were conducted in five moments: prior to application of KT, immediately after the application, 24h, 48h after application and 24 hours after its removal (72h). SPSS 20.0 was used for statistical analysis. The KS test was used to verify the data normality, the Levene test for homogeneity of variances and a mixed-model ANOVA 3x5 to check intra and inter-group differences. Results: there was no difference in peak torque, the power, nor the electromyographic activity or SPA (p> 0.05) between groups. The displacement speed of center of pressure reduced immediately after the application on kinesio taping group (p <0.001), but with no differences between the groups (p = 0.28). There was a reduction in the time of peak torque among the three groups in the evaluations after KT application (p <0.001) and an increase in single hop in all groups (p <0.001), but with no differences between them. Conclusion: KT can not change, in a chronic way, the lower limb function, the oscillation of the center of pressure, the isokinetic performance, the JPS of the knee and the electromyographic activity of VL muscle in healthy women.

Efeitos do Kinesio Taping® sobre os marcadores clínicos indiretos de dano muscular induzido pelo exercício excêntrico: ensaio clínico randomizado

Objective: analyze the effect of Kinesio Taping (KT) on the indirect clinical markers of muscle damage induced by eccentric exercises in the elbow flexors in healthy individuals. Materials and methods: It is a randomized controlled trial involving sixty volunteers at age group between 18 and 28 years randomly selected. The sample into three groups with twenty participants: control group (CG) – eccentric protocol without KT, KT group – eccentric with tensioned KT, placebo group – eccentric protocol KT with no tension. The evaluations took place at four moments; the first one was the basis line (AV1), after the second protocol (AV2) and the following two groups 24 (AV3) and 48 hours (AV4) after the intervention protocol. The muscle damage was induced by sixteen maximum eccentric contractions of the elbow flexors from the non-dominant limb, divided in two sets of eight repetitions, at 60º/s, with two minutes interval. The variables analyzed were: the joint amplitude in rest, the level of pain, the joint position sense (JPS) followed of isokinetic checking with electromyographic sign capitation. These data were analyzed in software SPSS 20.0. The normality was identified by Kolmogorov-Smimov examination and then, being used the ANOVA mixed model with significance of 5%. Outcomes: a decrease was observed at joint amplitude moreover, an immediate increase of pain wich increased after 24 and remained until 48 hours at all groups searched. There was not difference at the JPS. The variables peak torque, average peak torque, total work and mean power mean reduced until 48 hours after muscle lesion in all groups. Among the groups, there was no difference in EMG values and for any of the variables. Conclusion: The KT did not influence at the indirect clinical markers of muscle lesion induced by eccentric exercises in the elbow flexors in healthy people.

Efeitos do Kinesio Taping® sobre os marcadores clínicos indiretos de dano muscular induzido pelo exercício excêntrico: ensaio clínico randomizado

Objective: analyze the effect of Kinesio Taping (KT) on the indirect clinical markers of muscle damage induced by eccentric exercises in the elbow flexors in healthy individuals. Materials and methods: It is a randomized controlled trial involving sixty volunteers at age group between 18 and 28 years randomly selected. The sample into three groups with twenty participants: control group (CG) – eccentric protocol without KT, KT group – eccentric with tensioned KT, placebo group – eccentric protocol KT with no tension. The evaluations took place at four moments; the first one was the basis line (AV1), after the second protocol (AV2) and the following two groups 24 (AV3) and 48 hours (AV4) after the intervention protocol. The muscle damage was induced by sixteen maximum eccentric contractions of the elbow flexors from the non-dominant limb, divided in two sets of eight repetitions, at 60º/s, with two minutes interval. The variables analyzed were: the joint amplitude in rest, the level of pain, the joint position sense (JPS) followed of isokinetic checking with electromyographic sign capitation. These data were analyzed in software SPSS 20.0. The normality was identified by Kolmogorov-Smimov examination and then, being used the ANOVA mixed model with significance of 5%. Outcomes: a decrease was observed at joint amplitude moreover, an immediate increase of pain wich increased after 24 and remained until 48 hours at all groups searched. There was not difference at the JPS. The variables peak torque, average peak torque, total work and mean power mean reduced until 48 hours after muscle lesion in all groups. Among the groups, there was no difference in EMG values and for any of the variables. Conclusion: The KT did not influence at the indirect clinical markers of muscle lesion induced by eccentric exercises in the elbow flexors in healthy people.

Neuromuscular adaptations in football athletes with prior history of hamstring strain injury

Background: Hamstring strain injuries (HSI) are one of the most common injuries in a wide variety of running-sports, resulting in a considerable loss of competition and training time. One of the most problematic consequences regarding HSI is the recurrence rate and its non-decrease over the past decades, despite increasing evidence. Recent studies also found several maladaptations post-HSI probably due to neuromuscular inhibition and it has been proposed that these adaptations post-injury may contribute as risk factors for the injury-reinjury cycle and high recurrence rates. Furthermore it has been recently proposed not to disregard the inter-relationship between these adaptations and risk-factors post-injury in order to better understand the mechanisms of this complex injury. Objective: To determine, analyze and correlate neuromuscular adaptations in amateur football players with prior history of HSI per comparison to uninjured athletes in similar conditions. Methodology: Every participant was subjected to isokinetic concentric (60 and 240deg.sec) and eccentric (30 and 120deg.sec¯¹) testing, and peak torque, angle of peak torque and hamstrings to quadriceps (H:Q) conventional ratios were measured, myoelectrical activity of Bicep Femoris (BF) and Medial Hamstrings (MH) were also measured during isokinetic eccentric testing at both velocities and muscle activation percentages were calculated at 30, 50 and 100ms after onset of contraction. Furthermore active and passive knee extension, knee joint position sense (JPS) test, triple-hop distance (THD) test and core stability (flexors and extensors endurance, right and left side bridge test) were used and correlated. Results: Seventeen players have participated in this study: 10 athletes with prior history of HSI, composing the Hamstring injury group (HG) and 7 athletes without prior severe injuries as control group (CG). We found statistical significant differences between HG injured and uninjured sides in the BF myoelectrical activity at almost all times in both velocities and between HG injured and CG non-dominant sides at 100ms in eccentric 120deg.sec¯¹ velocity (p<.05). We found no differences in MH activity. Regarding proprioception we found differences between the HG injured and uninjured sides (p=.027). We found no differences in the rest of used tests. However, significant correlation between myoelectrical activation at 100ms in 120deg.sec¯¹ testing and JPS with initial position at 90º (r-.372; p=0.031) was found, as well as between isokinetic H:Q ratio at 240deg.sec and THD score (r=-.345; p=.045). Conclusion: We found significant differences that support previous research regarding neuromuscular adaptations and BF inhibition post-HSI. Moreover, to our knowledge, this was the first study that found correlation between these adaptations, and may open a door to new perspectives and future studies.

Análise da relação entre a activação electromiográfica do quadricípite e a posição articular da anca durante a extensão do joelho

Introdução: A avaliação da força muscular é um parâmetro importante para a área de atuação da Fisioterapia como meio de diagnóstico, prognostico, planeamento de tratamentos e avaliação das intervenções terapêuticas. Objetivo: Esta pesquisa teve como objetivo determinar qual a melhor posição da anca para que haja a produção do máximo momento de força muscular e a sua relação com o maior sinal electromiográfico. Participantes: A realização do presente estudo contou com a participação de 30 indivíduos saudáveis, correspondendo a 60 membros inferiores, de ambos os sexos com idades compreendidas entre os 18 e 22 anos sem restrição quanto à prática ou não de atividade física. Metodologia: O protocolo experimental que decorreu no laboratório de fisioterapia da ESTeSC, constou na recolha de informação acerca de parâmetros eletromiográficos de três porções musculares do quadricípite e de picos de momento de força durante as contrações isométricas. A tarefa consistiu na extensão do joelho, numa posição fixa de 5º de flexão, com a anca posicionada em três ângulos clínicos de 25º, 55º e 85º de flexão contra uma resistência externa, oferecida pelo dinamómetro isocinético Biodex System 3. Resultados/Conclusão: Verificou-se que o quadricípite manifestou um maior momento de força na posição de 25º de flexão da anca. Observou-se que apenas a porção muscular do Reto Femoral foi influenciada pela variação da posição articular da anca, manifestando uma maior percentagem de sinal electromiográfico na posição de 25º de flexão da anca e que a relação eletromiográfica/força teve valores mais elevados na posição de 25º de flexão da anca.