A practical treatise on rail-roads : and interior communication in general ... with tables of the comparative value of canals and rail-roads, and the power of the present locomotive engines /

Mode of access: Internet.

A new universal pocket gazetteer : containing descriptions of the most remarkable empires, kingdoms, nations, states, tribes, cities, towns, villages, mountains, islands, rivers, seas, lakes, cataracts, canals, and railroads in the known world, with notices of manners, customs, religion, governments, laws, arts, commerce, manufactures, and population.

Title vignette.

Memoir on the recent surveys, observations, and internal improvements, in the United States, with brief notices of the new counties, towns, villages, canals, and rail roads, never before delineated. By H. S. Tanner. Intended to accompany his new map of the United States.

Eight pages at end contain: "A list of maps, charts, and geographical works, recently published, and for sale by H. S. Tanner ... Philadelphia."

A pocket guide for the tourist and traveller, along the line of the canals : and the interior commerce of the state of New York /

Mode of access: Internet.

Irrigation practice and engineering.

Contains bibliographies.

Report of the Board of commissioners of canals and locks of the state of Oregon to the Twenty-third Legislative assembly [regular session] 1905 ...

Report concerning canal between the Dalles and Celilo, for improvement of channel of the Columbia river.

A treatise on canals and reservoirs, and the best mode of designing and executing them; with observations on the Rochdale, Leeds and Liverpool, and Huddersfield canals ... Likewise observations on the best mode of carding, roving, drawing and spinning all kinds of cotton twist. Also instructions for designing and building a corn mill ... together with important directions on public drains.

Mode of access: Internet.

The law relating to canals : comprising a treatise on navigable rivers and canals; and including all legislation to the close of the last session of Parliament, together with the procedure and practice in private bill legislation; with a map of the existing canals in England and Wales /

Includes index.

A worldwide correlation for exponential bed particle size variation in subaerial aqueous flows

The particle size of the bed sediments in or on many natural streams, alluvial fans, laboratory flumes, irrigation canals and mine waste deltas varies exponentially with distance along the stream. A plot of the available worldwide exponential bed particle size diminution coefficient data against stream length is presented which shows that all the data lie within a single narrow band extending over virtually the whole range of stream lengths and bed sediment particle sizes found on Earth. This correlation applies to both natural and artificial flows with both sand and gravel beds, irrespective of either the solids concentration or whether normal or reverse sorting occurs. This strongly suggests that there are common mechanisms underlying the exponential diminution of bed particles in subaerial aqueous flows of all kinds. Thus existing models of sorting and abrasion applicable to some such flows may be applicable to others. A comparison of exponential laboratory abrasion and field diminution coefficients suggests that abrasion is unlikely to be significant in gravel and sand bed streams shorter than about 10 km to 100 km, and about 500 km, respectively. Copyright (C) 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Analysis of root canal organic tissue dissolution capacity according to the type of irrigation solution and agitation technique

Aim: To analyze the root canal organic tissue dissolution capacity promoted by irrigating solutions, with or without the use of different agitation techniques. Methods: Bovine pulp tissue fragments were initially weighed. The following irrigating solutions were tested: 2.5% sodium hypochlorite, 2% chlorhexidine digluconate solution, and distilled water. The irrigating protocols were: immersion, mechanical agitation with endodontic files, and ultrasonic or sonic systems (Endoactivactor® and Easy Clean®). At the end of the protocols, the pulps were weighed to determine their final weight. For comparison, the average percentage of tissue dissolution in relation to the groups was analyzed using the Kruskal-Wallis nonparametric test complemented by multiple comparisons test. The significance level was set at 5%. Results: Among the irrigation solutions, 2.5% sodium hypochlorite showed a higher dissolving power than 2% chlorhexidine digluconate and distilled water. Furthermore, ultrasonic and sonic systems were more effective irrigating protocols than immersion and mechanical agitation with endodontic files. Conclusions: The combination of sodium hypochlorite with an agitation system promotes a greater degree of tissue degradation.

La gestión del regadío catalán: entre eficiencia, compatibilidad de usos y legitimidad

In previous years, irrigation and its management have become protagonists of a social debate that questions their economic, environmental and territorial limits in space and time. The hydraulic constructions as irrigation canals have played a central role in the attempt to “dominate” the water resources and so control the territory. However and after some time, both the modernization of traditional irrigation as the promotion of new irrigation projects are called into question due to the rise of environmental demands and promoting governance as a mechanism favourable to agreements between stakeholders. In Catalonia, the irrigation management must deal both efficiency requirements as to the compatibility between consumptive and non-consumptive water uses well as the social legitimacy of projects that exceed sectoral interest. The situation analysis of Bajo Ter and Muga historic irrigation canals and the running project of Segarra-Garrigues irrigation canal emphasize the need to promote a territorial management model capable of integrating and legitimize different competing water views

Calidad del agua en el área regadía del río Mendoza : temperatura, pH, iones solubles y sólidos

El río Mendoza riega el oasis Norte en el que se encuentra asentada la población del Gran Mendoza. El crecimiento urbano avanzó sobre áreas originalmente agrícolas, rodeándolas y atravesándolas con una intrincada red de canales y desagües de riego y colectores de desagües urbano-pluviales. Para conocer la evolución de la calidad del agua de esta cuenca se seleccionaron, estratégicamente, diversos sitios de muestreo: tres puntos (RI a RIII) a lo largo del río a partir del derivador (dique Cipolletti), cinco en la red de canales (CI a CV) y siete ubicados en los colectores de drenaje (DI a DVII). En ellos se realizó el análisis de las variables temperatura, pH, iones solubles y sólidos (en suspensión, sedimentables 10 minutos, totales, fijos y volátiles). En la red de drenaje sólo se analizaron los tres primeros parámetros. La metodología estadística incluyó el análisis descriptivo, inferencial y espacial de cada variable. Los resultados indican que en el río no hay diferencias entre los puntos de muestreo en lo que respecta a pH y sólidos totales volátiles. En cambio, sí se encuentran diferencias en todas las demás variables, y en general entre RIII y RII respecto de RI. En canales y RI no hay diferencias entre los puntos de muestreo en carbonatos y sólidos totales volátiles y sí en todas las demás variables analizadas.

Infiltración y erosión

Esta monografía se enmarca en el manejo de los recursos hídricos en grandes redes de riego. En ella se describe el caso del río Mendoza, en la provincia homónima, el que fuera regulado en el año 2002. Este río nace en la Cordillera de los Andes, y presenta un importante arrastre de sólidos en suspensión, los que actualmente son retenidos en gran medida por el embalse Potrerillos. Las “aguas claras" que se erogan del embalse producen problemas erosivos, los que a su vez estarían ocasionando una mayor infiltración en los canales, y con ello un incremento en la recarga de acuíferos en ciertas zonas, así como problemas derivados del ascenso de la freática en otras. Se citan procesos ocurridos en otros distritos de riego frente a la regulación de los ríos, para concluir que el del río Mendoza es un caso susceptible de sufrir ciertos per-juicios, ya señalados en la Manifestación General de Impacto Ambiental del embalse Potrerillos, los que actualmente se están presentando en la red de riego. A partir de los estudios de sedimentología en el río Mendoza, se hace un análisis técnico de los fenómenos asociados al cambio de las características físicas del agua. Luego se describen los procesos erosivos, de acuerdo con la hidráulica clásica. Se define la Eficiencia de conducción (Ec), la infiltración en canales y su importancia en distintos distritos de riego, para luego mencionar los estudios realizados en el área del río Mendoza. Se analiza el desarrollo espacial que ha tenido el oasis, la escasa programación que tuvo su traza y la antigüedad de la misma. La descripción de los suelos permite concluir acerca de la importancia de su estructura y del papel que juegan las porciones finas, aún en minoría, que integran las distintas clases texturales con respecto a la Ec. Se describen los criterios con que se distribuye el agua en Mendoza, analizándose los caudales distribuidos actualmente, para relacionarlos con los niveles freáticos. Se mencionan además distintas acciones encaradas por la provincia para mitigar los efectos de las aguas claras. El análisis de los métodos utilizados para medir la Ec, permite apreciar el estado de la ciencia al respecto. Un análisis de las ventajas y de las desventajas de los distintos métodos, y de los resultados que con ellos se obtienen, permite concluir que el método de entradas y salidas es el que mejor se adapta en Mendoza, incluyendo además aspectos metodológicos de la medición. También se concluye en que la Ec. está insuficientemente evaluada; las fracciones finas de los suelos en muchos casos gravitan más que la textura frente a la Ec; por ello, se considera que el estudio de la Ec en las distintas áreas de manejo es necesario para entender los procesos de revenición y recarga de acuíferos, y que las pérdidas administrativas pueden gravitar más que la Ec. Se recomienda continuar con los trabajos de evaluación de Ec, al ser necesarios para todas las actividades en la cuenca; se desaconseja en este río el ajuste de modelos de predicción de Ec; las características de los suelos obligan a interpretar y aplicar con criterio la bibliografía internacional, pero aún así no se pueden hacer generalizaciones acerca de de la Ec en Mendoza.

A Hydrogeologic Evaluation of the Waterloo Area in the Upper Jefferson River Valley, Montana

The Upper Jefferson River is one of the most dewatered rivers in Montana. The river exists in an intermontane basin filled with sediment transported from the Highland Mountains to the west, the Tobacco Root Mountains to the east, and the Jefferson River from the south. The Upper Jefferson River Valley is highly dependent on the Jefferson River as the main industry in the valley is agriculture. A majority of the valley is irrigated and used to grow crops, and a good portion is also used for cattle grazing. The residents of the Upper Jefferson River Valley use the aquifer as the main source of potable water. The Jefferson River is also widely used for recreation. This study took place in the Waterloo area of the Upper Jefferson River Valley, approximately 20 miles south of Whitehall, Montana. The Waterloo area provides significant groundwater base flow to the Jefferson River, which is particularly important during the late irrigation season when the river is severely dewatered, and elevated surface-water temperatures occur, creating irrigation water shortages and poor trout habitat. This area contains two springfed streams, Willow Springs and Parson’s Slough, which discharge to the Jefferson River providing cool water in the late season as well as providing the most important trout spawning habitat in the valley. The area is bordered on both the east and west by irrigation ditches, and about 60% of the study area is irrigated. Tile drains were installed in the study area in close proximity to Parsons Slough causing some concern by neighboring residents. This study evaluated relationships between surface water, groundwater, and irrigation practices so that water managers and others can make informed management decisions about the Upper Jefferson River. Data was collected via a network of groundwater wells and surface-water sites. Additionally, water-quality samples were taken and an aquifer test was conducted to determine aquifer properties. The field data were analyzed and a groundwater budget was created in order to evaluate the aquifer. Results of the groundwater budget show that seepage from the irrigation canals and irrigation recharge have the biggest influence on recharge of the aquifer. There is significant groundwater outflow from the aquifer in the spring-fed streams as well as discharge to the Jefferson River. In comparing previous study results to this study’s results, there is no evidence of the water table decreasing due to irrigation practice changes or tile drain installation. However, given the amount of recharge irrigation practices contribute to the aquifer, if significant changes were made, they may affect groundwater elevations. Also lining the irrigation ditches would have a significant impact on the aquifer, as the amount of seepage would be greatly reduced.

Statistics of Irrigation, Water Distribution and Working of Distributaries of the Canals in the Punjab.

Mode of access: Internet.