1000 resultados para Inflação - Alemanha


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Nowadays, the belief is strong in the Brazilian federal government that operational central bank independence is a basic condition to assure price stability. The literature concerning this subject highlights that a high degree of independence and a low turnover of central bank governor are associated with low inflation. This paper analyzes the relation between central bank independence and inflation in Brazil during 1980-2002. The findings denote that there is no effect on inflation due to an increase in degree of independence and a fall in turnover rate.

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After surpassed more than half a decade since the adoption of inflation targeting in Brazil, it can be seen that maintaining a high interest rate is inherent to the strategy for the conduction of the monetary policy. The objective of this paper is to show that the present policy for defining the basic interest rate of the economy, based on the response to inflation considering both market and administered prices, is onerous for the Brazilian society. Based on findings from empirical evidence in the period 1999-2004, the adoption of a core inflation, a change in the time horizon for definition of targets, and, in common agreement between Banco Central do Brasil and National Treasury, a definition of these inflation targets, as a framework to increase efficiency of the monetary regime, creates possibilities for proposing a reduction on the Selic rate.

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This paper deals with the financial crisis triggered after the default of subprime mortgages in the United States which expanded to a global systemic crisis. It is divided into a brief introduction and three sections. The first section sums up the dynamics of inflation and deflation of real estate and financial assets which characterizes finance-led cycles. The second section covers major effect of financial assets deflation on the American and European banks. The third section focuses on measures implemented by central banks in order to manage this financial crisis.

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Although inflation target regime seeks to serve as a reference for the expectation formation process of the agents, its implementation does not necessarily imply the acquisition or the best result in terms of economic growth. The present article aims the development of a model that explains, by firms' investment decisions, the product path behavior, undertaking monetary authority may present distinct situations associated with the reputation-credibility-transparency trinomial. The article also detaches different kinds of reputation and its degrees.

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In this paper two hypotheses about the relationship between monetary policy and investment in the context of the inflation target system were tested. One of these hypotheses is based on the idea of neutrality of money, and the other hypothesis is based on the reject of that idea. An investment equation for seventeen economies using a piece-wise dummy variable was estimated by the Methodology of Panel Data. The results highlight that a negative correlation between current expectation of restrictive monetary policy and current investment rose after the inflation target system implementation.

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This paper approaches the experience of monetary policy in the Greenspan period and suggests what lessons could be learnt. The adoption of inflation targeting would denote a step backward in the policymaking process in the USA, for, since the 1980s, a distinctive feature is flexibility of response to adjust to unexpected events and changing environments. The Fed was able to exercise an informed judgement in critical situations and this opens the case for the importance of not restraining policymakers' actions through the adoption of tight rules. Furthermore, that the various experiences with inflation targeting are indisputably huge successes, and that this framework represents the state of the art (therefore nothing else can alternatively be done), remains to be seen.

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The paper aims at analyzing the article by Gerson Lima on the manner by which fiscal deficit should be covered. It presents a more general dynamic model, where the principle of effective demand is explicitly used. By doing that, it is possible to treat as endogenous variables the national income and the government entries, what brings the result that the public debt must not follow an explosive path unless the very restrictive conditions of Lima's paper prevail. It also evaluates Lima's implicit inflation theory, and argues against his approximation to Friedman's framework.

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This paper aims at replying critical commentaries made by Leite, F. P., Aggio, G. O. e Angeli, E. (this Review, 2009) on two Author's theses. The first one states that, if public deficit is to be financed, then either interest rate applied is negative or government invests as if it where a profit-making business enterprise. Otherwise, public debt will mathematically follow an explosive trend. The second one says that if there is no debt and public deficit is paid with money issuing, then the monetary stock will tend to an equilibrium level.

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Interest rate, exchange rate and the system of inflation target in Brazil. In the consensus view of the Brazilian system of inflation targeting, the core of inflation is due to demand shocks; the rate of interest is set to control demand; and some variation in the exchange rate happens as "collateral damage". In this note we argue that in reality core inflation comes from cost push; the interest rate affects the exchange rate; changes in the exchange rate affect costs and prices; it is the effect of interest rates on demand that is the "collateral damage" and that the long run anchor of the system is low average real wage rigidity.

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Inflation target, real exchange rate and external crisis in a Kaleckian model. Which role should the real exchange rate play in an inflation target regime? In this paper this point is discussed from the point of view of the conditions required for avoiding an external crisis. With this objective, a dynamic Kaleckian model is presented focusing on the stability of the external debt to capital ratio. The main conclusion is that policy makers should monitor closely the evolution of the real exchange rate in order to make compatible the inflation target regime with external stability.

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Inflation targeting, Taylor rule and money neutrality: a post-Keynesian critic. This paper critically discusses the inflation targeting regime proposed by orthodox economists, in particular the Taylor Rule. The article describes how the Taylor Rule assumes the argument of money neutrality inherited from the Quantitative Theory of Money. It discusses critically the ways of operation of the rule, and the negative impacts of the interest rate over the potential output. In this sense, the article shows the possible vicious circles of the monetary policy when money is not neutral, as is the case for post-keynesian economists. The relation of interest rates, potential output and the output gap is illustrated in some estimates using the methodology of Vector Auto-Regressive in the Brazilian case.

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The paper analyzes the contributions of Mário Henrique Simonsen to the construction of the concept of inertial inflation and to its connected literature. Simonsen's curve, in which the idea of inertial inflation was implicit, is analyzed, alongside with the feedback model (modelo de realimentação) and it's shown how Simonsen built a model which considered inflationary inertia, neutralization possibilities and possible problems and costs of stabilization, anticipating many of the issued that guided the debate in the 1980s.

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Dando continuidade a uma tradição de 150 anos, a Alemanha vem sendo palco de diversas exposições de paisagismo, viveiros e arquitetura - cuja importância não está tanto na exposição em si, mas sim no impulso que geram para o desenvolvimento das cidades que as hospedam. Surgidas de exposições privadas, e organizadas por amantes de plantas, essas exposições expandiram-se continuamente até tornarem-se grandes exposições florísticas e de paisagismo. Estas foram ficando cada vez maiores e acontecendo em intervalos cada vez mais curtos, até virem a ser oficialmente programadas; dando início às chamadas “Gartenschau”. As “Gartenschau” são sempre feitas através de competição - tanto para a escolha da cidade quanto para o projecto arquitectónico. Isso faz com que o país conte com uma bem sucedida tradição, tornando essas competições um instrumento para a constante renovação de idéias. Este artigo descreve os princípios básicos de uma “Gartenschau” ilustrados com alguns exemplos e analisa os efeitos benéficos que estas geram para o desenvolvimento urbano.

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O presente trabalho é uma análise experimental que procura investigar os efeitos dos fatores carga por eixo, pressão de inflação e tipo de pneu sobre o desempenho de pavimentos. Os dados e informações existentes sobre o quadro de cargas por eixo praticada pela frota de veículos pesados é razoável. A ação conjunta dos referidos fatores é ainda uma questão pouco explorada. Assim, para compensar a escassez de dados sobre pressão de inflação e tipo de construção de pneus utilizados na frota de carga, programou-se uma pesquisa de campo na rodovia estadual RS/240. As informações oriundas da pesquisa demonstram que há um acréscimo generalizado no valor da pressão dos pneus e um aumento de uso dos pneus de fabricação radial em relação aos pneus convencionais. Os dados de campo subsidiaram a programação de um experimento fatorial cruzado executado na Área de Pesquisas e Testes de Pavimentos da UFRGS/DAER. A variação dos níveis dos fatores deu-se através de um simulador linear de tráfego atuando sobre uma pista experimental com 20 m de comprimento por 3,5 m de largura. Tendo como resposta estrutural do pavimento a máxima deflexão superficial recuperável medida com uma viga Benkelmam, determinou-se como significantes os efeitos dos fatores carga por eixo e pressão de enchimento dos pneus. Os cálculos estatísticos indicam também que não há diferenças significativas entre os pneus tipo 9.00R20 e 9.00x20 e que todas interações não exercem efeitos significativos sobre a variável de resposta. Em seqüência, determinaram-se as áreas de contato do rodado duplo do simulador de tráfego com a superfície do pavimento ensaiado para as combinações dos níveis dos fatores. Pode-se, então, comparar área de contato medida com área circular calculada, considerada em muitos modelos de dimensionamento de pavimentos. Relacionou-se a variação da pressão de contato com a deflexão recuperável e procedeu-se uma comparação da mesma com a pressão de inflação nominal dos pneus. Apresenta-se um modelo de análise do desempenho do pavimento em função da carga por eixo e da pressão de inflação, nos limites do experimento. Os dados decorrentes do experimento viabilizaram a determinação dos Fatores de Equivalência de Cargas para os níveis dos fatores, considerando-se o pavimento ensaiado. Avaliou-se, via evolução das deflexões e dos Fatores de Equivalência de Cargas, a redução da vida do pavimento, obtendo-se, para a combinação de níveis mais críticos de carregamento, resultados significativos de até 88 % de redução. Propõe-se, por último, uma formulação para o Fator de Equivalência de Cargas que considere também a ação da pressão de inflação.