Ligand series from V = O stretching frequency of oxovanadium(IV) complexes*1

A ligand series obtained from V = O stretching frequencies for different monomeric complexes of oxovanadium(IV) is shown to parallel the nephelauxetic series. The ligand series obtained from streching frequencies of other systems are also shown to compare well with the nephelauxetic series rather than the spectrochemical series.

Oxalato complexes of oxovanadium (IV)

Oxalato oxovanadium (IV) complexes with neutral ligand molecules like dimethyl sulphoxide (DMSO) and antipyrine (Apy), VOOX·2DMSO and VOOX·2Apy and complex oxalates of oxovanadium (IV)-(NH4)2[VOOX2]·2H2O, (NH4)2[(VO)2OX3]·6H2O and (NH4)2[(VO)2OX3] have been prepared and characterized by different methods. In the divanadyl complexes, V-V and V-O-V-O types of bonding are shown to be absent by magnetic and spectral data and a bridged oxalato group co-ordinated to the two vanadium atoms is shown to be present, in addition to the usual bidentate oxalate groups. The possible stereochemical arrangements are indicated for the complexes.

Raman spectra of ferro-electric crystals Part IV. Lithium hydrazinium sulphate (LiN2H5SO4)

The Raman spectrum of lithium hydrazinium sulphate has been recorded both in the single crystal form and in aqueous solutions. The crystal exhibits thirty-eight Raman lines having the frequency shifts 52, 70, 104, 146, 174, 220, 260, 302, 350, 454, 470, 610, 630, 715, 977, 1094, 1115, 1132, 1177, 1191, 1260, 1444, 1493, 1577, 1630, 1670, 2205, 2484, 2553, 2655, 2734, 2848, 2894, 2939, 3028, 3132, 3290 and 3330 cm.−1 The aqueous solution gave rise to six Raman lines at 452, 980, 1050–1200, 1260, 1425 and 1570 cm.−1 apart from a maximum at 180 cm.−1 in the ‘wing’ accompanying the Rayleigh line. The observed Raman lines have been assigned as arising from the vibrations of the SO4 ion, N2H5+ ion, Li-O4 group, hydrogen bond and the lattice. The influence of the hydrogen bond on the N-H stretching vibrations has been pointed out. The various features of the observed spectrum strongly support the hypothesis that the NH3 group in the crystal is rotating around the N-N axis at room temperature.

Studies on oxovanadium (IV) oxalate hydrates

The oxalato complexes, VOC2O4·2H2O and VOC2O4·4H2O, are described. Their magnetic moments correspond to one unpaired electron showing the tetravalency of vanadium. They are monomeric in aqueous solution. Thermal studies suggest VO2 formation when the compounds are decomposed. Infrared spectra reveal covalent bonding between the vanadium and the oxalate group and the coordinated water. The tetrahydrate has also some lattice held water. The weak band at 780 mμ and a shoulder at 600 mμ are due to d ↔ d transitions and the absorption in the ultra violet is due to charge transfer within the VO2+ group. The dihydrate is assigned a stable five co-ordinated pyramidal structure; while the tetrahydrate, a distorted octahedron with one water molecule loosely bound along the V---O axis and the other outside the co-ordination sphere.

Antipyrine complexes of titanium(IV), zirconium(iv), thorium(IV) and uranium(VI) perchlorates

Antipyrine complexes of TiO2+, ZrO2+, Zr4+, Th4+ and UO2+2 perchlorates with molecular formulae TiO(Apy)4(ClO4)2, ZrO(Apy)3(ClO4)2, Zr(Apy)6(ClO4)4, Th(Apy)7(ClO4)4 and UO2(Apy)5(ClO4)2 have been prepared and characterized. The complexes are stable in air at room temperature and decompose exothermally at ~3OO °C. The i.r. study indicates the bonding of the antipyrine to the metal ion through its carbonyl oxygen. The nature of the bonding of the perchlorate and the stereochemistry of the complexes are discussed in the light of infrared spectra, conductivity in solvents of different polarity, and molecular weight measurements. From the UO2+2 group frequencies, the force constant K and rU-o are found to be 6.29 × 105 dynes/ cm-1 and 1.74 Å, respectively.

Studies in bubble formation - IV: bubble formation at porous discs

Bubble formation from porous discs submerged in liquids of different physical properties has been investigated. It is found the number of sites effective for bubble formation is much smaller than the total potentially available sites. The number of effective sites is found to be a function of the surface tension, viscosity, and density of the liquid and the gas flow rate through the disc. A model proposed on the basis of bubble formation from an isolated nozzle and the close packed arrangement of the formed bubbles, explains the phenomenon adequately. © 1970.

Potential functions for hydrogen bond interactions - IV. Minimum Energy Conformation of the α-Helical Structure of PoIy-L-Alanine

Making use of the empirical potential functions for peptide NH .. O bonds, developed in this laboratory, the relative stabilities of the rightand left-handed α-helical structures of poly-L-alanine have been investigated, by calculating their conformational energies (V). The value of Vmin of the right-handed helix (αP) is about - 10.4 kcal/mole, and that of the left-handed helix (αM) is about - 9.6 kcal/mole, showing that the former is lower in energy by 0.8 kcal/mole. The helical parameters of the stable conformation of αP are n ∼ 3.6 and h ∼ 1.5 Å. The hydrogen bond of length 2.85 Å and nonlinearity of about 10° adds about 4.0 kcal/ mole to the stabilising energy of the helix in the minimum enregy region. The energy minimum is not sharply defined, but occurs over a long valley, suggesting that a distribution of conformations (φ{symbol}, ψ) of nearly the same energy may occur for the individual residues in a helix. The experimental data of a-helical fibres of poly-L-alanine are in good agreement with the theoretical results for αP. In the case of proteins, the mean values of (φ{symbol}, ψ) for different helices are distributed, but they invariably occur within the contour for V = Vmin + 2 kcal/mole for αP.

Diphenyl sulphox1de complexes of thorium(IV)

Thorium(IV) is known to form high coordination-number complexes. An attempt has therefore been made to determine the effect of anions on the coordination complexes of diphenyl sulphoxide (DPSO) with thorium(IV). The complexes formed have the formulae [Th(DPSO)6](ClO4)4, [Th(DPSO)4Cl4], [Th(DPSO)4Br4], [Th(DPSO)6I2]I2, [Th(DPSO)4(NCS)4]and [Th(DPSO)3(NO3)4]. In all the complexes, DPSO is coordinated to the metal ion through its oxygen. The electrical conductances in nitrobenzene and in nitromethane, and ebullioscopic molecular weights in acetonitrile, show that the perchlorate and iodide complexes behave as 1:4 and 1:2 electrolytes, respectively; while the other complexes are monomeric and non-electrolytes. The infrared spectra of the solid complexes indicate the ionic nature of the perchlorate, the bidentate nature of the nitrate and the coordination of the thiocyanate through its nitrogen. [Th(DPSO)4Cl4], [Th(DPSO)4Br4]and [Th-(DPSO)3 (NO3)4]decompose endothermically while [Th(DPSO)6](ClO4)4 and [Th(DPSO)4(NCS)4]decompose exothermically, both in air and in nitrogen. The perchlorate complex has octahedral symmetry around the thorium, the halo- and the thiocyanato complexes are 8-coordinate, probably with square antiprismatic structures, while the nitrate complex is 11-coordinate

Aspects of tautomerism. Part IV. A kinetic study of the dimerization reaction of pseudo-acid chlorides

The kinetics of dimerization of 4-substituted- and unsubstituted o-benzoylbenzoyl chlorides, with iodide ion can be described by the expression, rate =k2[acid chloride][iodide]. The value for the reaction in dimethylformamide solution is –0·38. The entropy of activation for the reaction is –34·2 cal mol–1 K–1 and the activation energy is 10·7 kcal mol–1. These results have been interpreted as evidence for the formation of pseudo-iodide in the rate-determining step and its fast decomposition to radicals which combine to give a mixture of stereoisomeric dilactones.

Enhanced Ion Anisotropy by Nonconventional Coordination Geometry: Single-Chain Magnet Behavior for a [{(FeL)-L-II}(2){Nb-IV(CN)(8)}] Helical Chain Compound Designed with Heptacoordinate Fe-II

Nonconventional heptacoordination in combination with efficient magnetic exchange coupling is shown to yield a 1-D heteronuclear {(FeNbIV)-Nb-II} compound with remarkable magnetic features when compared to other Fe(II)-based single chain magnets (SCM). Cyano-bridged heterometallic {3d-4d} and {3d-5d} chains are formed upon assembling Fe(II) bearing a pentadentate macrocycle as the blocking ligand with octacyano metallates, [M(CN)(8)](4-) (M = Nb-IV, Mo-IV, W-IV.) X-ray diffraction (single-crystal and powder) measurements reveal that the [{(H2O)Fe(L-1)}{M(CN)(8)}{Fe(L-1)}](infinity) architectures consist of isomorphous 1-D polymeric structures based on the alternation of {Fe(L-1)}(2+) and {M(CN)(8)}(4-) units (L-1 stands for the pentadentate macrocycle). Analysis of the magnetic susceptibility behavior revealed cyano-bridged {Fe-Nb} exchange interaction to be antiferromagnetic with J = -20 cm(-1) deduced from fitting an Ising model taking into account the noncollinear spin arrangement. For this ferrimagnetic chain a slow relaxation of its magnetization is observed at low temperature revealing a SCM behavior with Delta/k(B) = 74 K and tau(0) = 4.6 x 10(-11) s. The M versus H behavior exhibits a hysteresis loop with a coercive field of 4 kOe at 1 K and reveals at 380 mK magnetic avalanche processes, i.e., abrupt reversals in magnetization as H is varied. The origin of these characteristics is attributed to the combination of efficient {Fe-Nb} exchange interaction and significant anisotropy of the {Fe(L-1)) unit. High field EPR and magnetization experiments have revealed for the parent compound [Fe(L-1)(H2O)(2)]Cl-2 a negative zero field splitting parameter of D approximate to -17 cm(-1). The crystal structure, magnetic behavior, and Mossbauer data for [Fe(L-1)(H2O)(2)]Cl-2 are also reported.

Enhanced Ion Anisotropy by Nonconventional Coordination Geometry: Single-Chain Magnet Behavior for a [{(FeL)-L-II}(2){Nb-IV(CN)(8)}] Helical Chain Compound Designed with Heptacoordinate Fe-II

Nonconventional heptacoordination in combination with efficient magnetic exchange coupling is shown to yield a 1-D heteronuclear {(FeNbIV)-Nb-II} compound with remarkable magnetic features when compared to other Fe(II)-based single chain magnets (SCM). Cyano-bridged heterometallic {3d-4d} and {3d-5d} chains are formed upon assembling Fe(II) bearing a pentadentate macrocycle as the blocking ligand with octacyano metallates, [M(CN)(8)](4-) (M = Nb-IV, Mo-IV, W-IV.) X-ray diffraction (single-crystal and powder) measurements reveal that the [{(H2O)Fe(L-1)}{M(CN)(8)}{Fe(L-1)}](infinity) architectures consist of isomorphous 1-D polymeric structures based on the alternation of {Fe(L-1)}(2+) and {M(CN)(8)}(4-) units (L-1 stands for the pentadentate macrocycle). Analysis of the magnetic susceptibility behavior revealed cyano-bridged {Fe-Nb} exchange interaction to be antiferromagnetic with J = -20 cm(-1) deduced from fitting an Ising model taking into account the noncollinear spin arrangement. For this ferrimagnetic chain a slow relaxation of its magnetization is observed at low temperature revealing a SCM behavior with Delta/k(B) = 74 K and tau(0) = 4.6 x 10(-11) s. The M versus H behavior exhibits a hysteresis loop with a coercive field of 4 kOe at 1 K and reveals at 380 mK magnetic avalanche processes, i.e., abrupt reversals in magnetization as H is varied. The origin of these characteristics is attributed to the combination of efficient {Fe-Nb} exchange interaction and significant anisotropy of the {Fe(L-1)) unit. High field EPR and magnetization experiments have revealed for the parent compound [Fe(L-1)(H2O)(2)]Cl-2 a negative zero field splitting parameter of D approximate to -17 cm(-1). The crystal structure, magnetic behavior, and Mossbauer data for [Fe(L-1)(H2O)(2)]Cl-2 are also reported.