S��hk��ajoneuvojen akkujen uusiok��ytt��

T��ss�� kandidaatinty��ss�� tutkittiin s��hk��- ja hybridiajoneuvojen akkujen uusiok��ytt����. Tutkimus toteutettiin kirjallisuusty��n��. Tavoitteena oli selvitt���� voidaanko s��hk��- ja hybridiajoneuvojen akkuja uusiok��ytt����, mit�� ongelmia mahdollisesti uusiok��ytt����n liittyy, mink��laisissa sovelluksissa k��ytettyj�� akkuja voisi k��ytt���� ja uusiok��ytet����nk�� kyseisenlaisia akkuja jo nyky����n. Ty��ss�� esiteltiin my��s yleisimpi�� akkutekniikoita sek�� niiden kierr��tyst��. Tutkimuksessa havaittiin, ett�� akuissa on runsaasti kapasiteettia j��ljell�� ajoneuvok��yt��n j��lkeen. Uusiok��yt��ss�� akku voi kest���� jopa yht�� paljon k��ytt���� kuin ajoneuvok��yt��ss��. Ongelmat uusiok��yt��ss�� liittyv��t akkujen vaihtelevaan kuntoon ja kapasiteettiin. Ennen uusiok��ytt���� akut tulisi tarkastaa ja jos mahdollista, poistaa huonokuntoiset ja vialliset kennot. K��ytettyjen akkujen uusiok��ytt����n soveltuvista laitteistoista on tehty muutamia prototyyppej��, jotka ovat teholtaan ja kapasiteetiltaan hyvin vaihtelevia. Sopivalla valvontaj��rjestelm��ll�� varustettuna k��ytettyj�� akkuja voitaneen k��ytt���� my��s olemassa olevissa, akkuja sis��lt��viss�� j��rjestelmiss��. K��ytettyj�� akkuja voitaneen k��ytt���� muun muassa uusiutuvan energian varastointiin, s��hk��verkon kulutushuippujen kompensointiin ja s��hk��ajoneuvojen pikalatauksen puskurina. Etenkin litiumioniakkujen uusiok��ytt�� on j��rkev����, koska kierr��tys ei ole kovin tehokasta ainakaan viel��.

S��hk��autojen akkuteknologioiden tilannekatsaus

T��m��n kandidaatinty��n tavoitteena oli tutkia s��hk��autoissa k��ytett��vi�� akkuteknologioita ja verrata niiden ominaisuuksia kesken����n sek�� s��hk��autojen asettamien akkuvaatimusten kanssa. Akkuteknologiakartoituksen ja ominaisuusvertailun avulla tutkimuksessa oli tarkoitus selvitt���� s��hk��autojen akkujen kehityst�� menneest�� nykyhetkeen ja luoda katsaus akkuteknologian tulevaisuuteen. Tutkimuksessa painotettiin akkujen suorituskykyn��k��kulmaa, mutta tutkimuksessa otettiin kantaa my��s eri akkuteknologioiden turvallisuuteen, ymp��rist��tekij��ihin ja hintaan. Ty�� toteutettiin kirjallisuustutkimuksena ja l��htein�� k��ytettiin alan kirjallisuutta, IEEE artikkeleita, tutkimusraportteja ja verkkodokumentteja. Lis��ksi tutkimuksessa hy��dynnettiin akku- ja s��hk��autovalmistajilta saatavaa tietoa, johon suhtauduttiin varauksin. Tutkimuksessa k��vi ilmi, ett�� erilaisia litiumioniakkuteknologioita k��ytet����n t��ll�� hetkell�� eniten sek�� t��yss��hk��autoissa ett�� pistokehybrideiss��. Huomattiin, ett�� akkujen suorituskyvyn kehittyminen on nopeutunut viime vuosina. Erityisesti akkujen energianvarastointikykyyn vaikuttavat ominaisenergiatasot ovat kasvaneet selke��sti. Nykyisen kehittyneen litiumioniakkuteknologian todettiin t��ytt��v��n jo osittain l��hivuosien suorituskykytavoitteet. Tutkimuksessa tultiin siihen tulokseen, ett�� litiumrikkiakkuteknologia voi korvata litiumioniakkuteknologian ainakin t��yss��hk��autoissa parempien ominaisenergiatasojen ja halvempien valmistuskustannuksien takia. My��s litiumilma-akkuteknologialla havaittiin olevan mahdollisuuksia haastaa muut litiumakkuteknologiat seuraavalla vuosikymmenell��. Tutkimuksen johtop����t��ksen�� todetaan, ett�� s��hk��autot voivat kaupallistua laajemmin l��hivuosina akkujen suorituskykyominaisuuksien kehittyess�� jatkuvasti. Suorituskykyominaisuuksien parantuminen tulee todenn��k��isesti johtamaan siihen, ett�� t��yss��hk��autot yleistyv��t enemm��n ja pistokehybridit tulevat j����m����n s��hk��autojen v��livaiheeksi. Uusien akkuteknologioiden k��ytt����notto kaupallisiin s��hk��autoihin voi vied�� kuitenkin odotettua kauemmin, sill�� akut tarvitsevat huolellista testausta ja k��ytt����notto edellytt����, ett�� kaikki ominaisuudet ovat vaaditulla tasolla.

Performance of polymeric reinforcements in vehicle structures submitted to frontal impact

Preformed structural reinforcements have shown good performance in crash tests, where the great advantage is their weight. These reinforcements are designed with the aim of increasing the rigidity of regions with large deformations, thus stabilising sections of the vehicle that work as load path during impact. The objective of this work is to show the application of structural reinforcements made of polymeric material PA66 in the field of vehicle safety, through finite element simulations. Simulations of frontal impact at 50 km/h and in ODB (offset deformable barrier) at 57 km/h configurations (standards such as ECE R-94 and ECE R-12) were performed in the software LS-DYNA R (R) and MADYMO (R). The simulations showed that the use of polymeric reinforcements leads to a 70% reduction in A-pillar intrusion, a 65% reduction in the displacement of the steering column and a 59% reduction in the deformation in the region of the occupant legs and feet. The level of occupant injuries was analysed by MADYMO (R) software, and a reduction of 23.5% in the chest compression and 80% in the tibia compression were verified. According to the standard, such conditions lead to an improvement in the occupant safety in a vehicle collision event.

DEVELOPMENT OF THE ECOCAR 3 PROPOSAL AND GUIDELINES FOR MODELING AND DESIGN IN YEAR ONE OF ECOCAR 3

This report summarizes the work done for the Vehicle Powertrain Modeling and Design Problem Proposal portion of the EcoCAR3 proposal as specified in the Request for Proposal from Argonne National Laboratory. The results of the modeling exercises presented in the proposal showed that: An average conventional vehicle powered by a combustion engine could not meet the energy consumption target when the engine was sized to meet the acceleration target, due the relatively low thermal efficiency of the spark ignition engine. A battery electric vehicle could not meet the required range target of 320 km while keeping the vehicle weight below the gross vehicle weight rating of 2000 kg. This was due to the low energy density of the batteries which necessitated a large, and heavy, battery pack to provide enough energy to meet the range target. A series hybrid electric vehicle has the potential to meet the acceleration and energy consumption parameters when the components are optimally sized. A parallel hybrid electric vehicle has less energy conversion losses than a series hybrid electric vehicle which results in greater overall efficiency, lower energy consumption, and less emissions. For EcoCAR3, Michigan Tech proposes to develop a plug-in parallel hybrid vehicle (PPHEV) powered by a small Diesel engine operating on B20 Bio-Diesel fuel. This architecture was chosen over other options due to its compact design, lower cost, and its ability to provide performance levels and energy efficiency that meet or exceed the design targets. While this powertrain configuration requires a more complex control system and strategy than others, the student engineering team at Michigan Tech has significant recent experience with this architecture and has confidence that it will perform well in the events planned for the EcoCAR3 competition.

Development of a methodology and tool to evaluate the impact of ICT measures on road transport emissions

The paper presents the main elements of a project entitled ICT-Emissions that aims at developing a novel methodology to evaluate the impact of ICT-related measures on mobility, vehicle energy consumption and CO2 emissions of vehicle fleets at the local scale, in order to promote the wider application of the most appropriate ICT measures. The proposed methodology combines traffic and emission modelling at micro and macro scales. These will be linked with interfaces and submodules which will be specifically designed and developed. A number of sources are available to the consortium to obtain the necessary input data. Also, experimental campaigns are offered to fill in gaps of information in traffic and emission patterns. The application of the methodology will be demonstrated using commercially available software. However, the methodology is developed in such a way as to enable its implementation by a variety of emission and traffic models. Particular emphasis is given to (a) the correct estimation of driver behaviour, as a result of traffic-related ICT measures, (b) the coverage of a large number of current vehicle technologies, including ICT systems, and (c) near future technologies such as hybrid, plug-in hybrids, and electric vehicles. The innovative combination of traffic, driver, and emission models produces a versatile toolbox that can simulate the impact on energy and CO2 of infrastructure measures (traffic management, dynamic traffic signs, etc.), driver assistance systems and ecosolutions (speed/cruise control, start/stop systems, etc.) or a combination of measures (cooperative systems).The methodology is validated by application in the Turin area and its capacity is further demonstrated by application in real world conditions in Madrid and Rome.

Energy consumption of passenger land transport modes

This paper shows how the methodologies used in current practice might lead to an underestimation of energy consumption by different passenger transport modes, and also offers recommendations for improvements to these methodologies. The first recommendation is related to energy consumption rates. The studies reviewed use traditional energy consumption rates based on transportation demand, such as kilowatts-hour per vehicle-kilometre or kilowatts-hour per passenger-kilometre, and include other rates based on transportation supply which might prove useful. Second, energy consumption rates are dependent on factors, and the introduction of homogeneous units which are independent of these factors therefore offers a significant improvement when comparing transport modes. Third, the use of a vehicle energy consumption equation will improve the quality of the assessments. Fourth, we propose that the coefficients which define the energy consumption equation should be broken down to determine market niches and sources for improvements in energy consumption in the vehicle categories.

Optimizaci��n del consumo de combustible de un veh��culo dependiendo de las condiciones de la carretera

El consumo de combustible en un autom��vil es una caracter��stica que se intenta mejorar continuamente debido a los precios del carburante y a la creciente conciencia medioambiental. Esta tesis doctoral plantea un algoritmo de optimizaci��n del consumo que tiene en cuenta las especificaciones t��cnicas del veh��culo, el perfil de orograf��a de la carretera y el tr��fico presente en ella. El algoritmo de optimizaci��n calcula el perfil de velocidad ��ptima que debe seguir el veh��culo para completar un recorrido empleando un tiempo de viaje especificado. El c��lculo del perfil de velocidad ��ptima considera los valores de pendiente de la carretera as�� como tambi��n las condiciones de tr��fico vehicular de la franja horaria en que se realiza el recorrido. El algoritmo de optimizaci��n reacciona ante condiciones de tr��fico cambiantes y adapta continuamente el perfil ��ptimo de velocidad para que el veh��culo llegue al destino cumpliendo el horario de llegada establecido. La optimizaci��n de consumo es aplicada en veh��culos convencionales de motor de combusti��n interna y en veh��culos h��bridos tipo serie. Los datos de consumo utilizados por el algoritmo de optimizaci��n se obtienen mediante la simulaci��n de modelos cuasi-est��ticos de los veh��culos. La t��cnica de minimizaci��n empleada por el algoritmo es la Programaci��n Din��mica. El algoritmo divide la optimizaci��n del consumo en dos partes claramente diferenciadas y aplica la Programaci��n Din��mica sobre cada una de ellas. La primera parte corresponde a la optimizaci��n del consumo del veh��culo en funci��n de las condiciones de tr��fico. Esta optimizaci��n calcula un perfil de velocidad promedio que evita, cuando es posible, las retenciones de tr��fico. El tiempo de viaje perdido durante una retenci��n de tr��fico debe recuperarse a trav��s de un aumento posterior de la velocidad promedio que incrementar��a el consumo del veh��culo. La segunda parte de la optimizaci��n es la encargada del c��lculo de la velocidad ��ptima en funci��n de la orograf��a y del tiempo de viaje disponible. Dado que el consumo de combustible del veh��culo se incrementa cuando disminuye el tiempo disponible para finalizar un recorrido, esta optimizaci��n utiliza factores de ponderaci��n para modular la influencia que tiene cada una de estas dos variables en el proceso de minimizaci��n. Aunque los factores de ponderaci��n y la orograf��a de la carretera condicionan el nivel de ahorro de la optimizaci��n, los perfiles de velocidad ��ptima calculados logran ahorros de consumo respecto de un perfil de velocidad constante que obtiene el mismo tiempo de recorrido. Las simulaciones indican que el ahorro de combustible del veh��culo convencional puede lograr hasta un 8.9% mientras que el ahorro de energ��a el��ctrica del veh��culo h��brido serie un 2.8%. El algoritmo fusiona la optimizaci��n en funci��n de las condiciones del tr��fico y la optimizaci��n en funci��n de la orograf��a durante el c��lculo en tiempo real del perfil ��ptimo de velocidad. La optimizaci��n conjunta se logra cuando el perfil de velocidad promedio resultante de la optimizaci��n en funci��n de las condiciones de tr��fico define los valores de los factores de ponderaci��n de la optimizaci��n en funci��n de la orograf��a. Aunque el nivel de ahorro de la optimizaci��n conjunta depende de las condiciones de tr��fico, de la orograf��a, del tiempo de recorrido y de las caracter��sticas propias del veh��culo, las simulaciones indican ahorros de consumo superiores al 6% en ambas clases de veh��culo respecto a optimizaciones que no logran evitar retenciones de tr��fico en la carretera. ABSTRACT Fuel consumption of cars is a feature that is continuously being improved due to the fuel price and an increasing environmental awareness. This doctoral dissertation describes an optimization algorithm to decrease the fuel consumption taking into account the technical specifications of the vehicle, the terrain profile of the road and the traffic conditions of the trip. The algorithm calculates the optimal speed profile that completes a trip having a specified travel time. This calculation considers the road slope and the expected traffic conditions during the trip. The optimization algorithm is also able to react to changing traffic conditions and tunes the optimal speed profile to reach the destination within the specified arrival time. The optimization is applied on a conventional vehicle and also on a Series Hybrid Electric vehicle (SHEV). The fuel consumption optimization algorithm uses data obtained from quasi-static simulations. The algorithm is based on Dynamic Programming and divides the fuel consumption optimization problem into two parts. The first part of the optimization process reduces the fuel consumption according to foreseeable traffic conditions. It calculates an average speed profile that tries to avoid, if possible, the traffic jams on the road. Traffic jams that delay drivers result in higher vehicle speed to make up for lost time. A higher speed of the vehicle within an already defined time scheme increases fuel consumption. The second part of the optimization process is in charge of calculating the optimal speed profile according to the road slope and the remaining travel time. The optimization tunes the fuel consumption and travel time relevancies by using two penalty factors. Although the optimization results depend on the road slope and the travel time, the optimal speed profile produces improvements of 8.9% on the fuel consumption of the conventional car and of 2.8% on the spent energy of the hybrid vehicle when compared with a constant speed profile. The two parts of the optimization process are combined during the Real-Time execution of the algorithm. The average speed profile calculated by the optimization according to the traffic conditions provides values for the two penalty factors utilized by the second part of the optimization process. Although the savings depend on the road slope, traffic conditions, vehicle features, and the remaining travel time, simulations show that this joint optimization process can improve the energy consumption of the two vehicles types by more than 6%.

Research in crashworthiness of vehicle structures. Volume I of V.

National Highway Safety Bureau, Washington, D.C.

MODELING AND HARDWARE-IN-THE-LOOP SIMULATION OF POWER-SPLIT HYBRID ELECTRIC VEHICLES

Conventional vehicles are creating pollution problems, global warming and the extinction of high density fuels. To address these problems, automotive companies and universities are researching on hybrid electric vehicles where two different power devices are used to propel a vehicle. This research studies the development and testing of a dynamic model for Prius 2010 Hybrid Synergy Drive (HSD), a power-split device. The device was modeled and integrated with a hybrid vehicle model. To add an electric only mode for vehicle propulsion, the hybrid synergy drive was modified by adding a clutch to carrier 1. The performance of the integrated vehicle model was tested with UDDS drive cycle using rule-based control strategy. The dSPACE Hardware-In-the-Loop (HIL) simulator was used for HIL simulation test. The HIL simulation result shows that the integration of developed HSD dynamic model with a hybrid vehicle model was successful. The HSD model was able to split power and isolate engine speed from vehicle speed in hybrid mode.

Analysis and detection of partial discharges in an electric motor of a hybrid supercar.

The objective of this thesis was the development of a new detection method of partial discharge (PD) activity in the stator of an electrical hybrid supercar fed by a silicon carbide converter, for which detection with common methods make it very difficult to separate PD pulses from switching noise. This work focused on the analysis and detection of partial discharges making use of an antenna, a peak detector, and an oscilloscope capable of capturing the electromagnetic pulses emitted during PD activity. Validation of the proposed method was done by comparing the partial discharge inception voltage (PDIV) detected by this system with the one obtained from an optical method of proven accuracy, with different rise times and samples. Further development of this method, if proved successful on a full stator, can help increasing the overall reliability of the car, potentially allowing for real time detection of PD activity and predictive maintenance before failure of the insulation system in a hybrid vehicle.

Sustainable exploitation of offshore renewable energy sources

Energy transition is the response of humankind to the concerning effects of fossil fuels depletion, climate change and energy insecurity, and calls for a deep penetration of renewable energy sources (RESs) in power systems and industrial processes. Despite the high potentials, low impacts and long-term availability, RESs present some limits which need to be overcome, such as the strong variability and difficult predictability, which result in scarce reliability and difficult applicability in steady-state processes. Some technological solutions relate to energy storage systems, equipment electrification and hybrid systems deployment, thus accomplishing distributed generation even in remote sites as offshore. However, all of these actions cannot disregard sustainability, which represents a founding principle for any project, bringing together economics, reliability and environmental protection. To entail sustainability in RESs-based innovative projects, previous knowledge and tools are often not tailored or miss the novel objectives. This research proposes three methodological approaches, bridging the gaps. The first contribute adapts literature-based indicators of inherent safety and energy efficiency to capture the specificities of novel process plants and hybrid systems. Minor case studies dealing with novel P2X processes exemplify the application of these novel indicators. The second method guides the conceptual design of hybrid systems for the valorisation of a RES in a site, by considering the sustainability performances of alternative design options. Its application is demonstrated through the comparison of two offshore sites where wave energy can be valorised. Finally, ���OHRES���, a comprehensive tool for the sustainable optimisation of hybrid renewable energy systems is proposed. ���OHRES��� hinges on the exploitation of multiple RESs, by converting ex-post sustainability indicators into discrimination markers screening a large number of possible system configurations, according to the location features. Five case studies demonstrate ���OHRES��� versatility in the sustainable valorisation of multiple RESs.

Mobi_System: A Personal Travel Assistance for Electrical Vehicles in Smart Cities

In this work it is proposed the design of a mobile system to assist car drivers in a smart city environment oriented to the upcoming reality of Electric Vehicles (EV). Taking into account the new reality of smart cites, EV introduction, Smart Grids (SG), Electrical Markets (EM), with deregulation of electricity production and use, drivers will need more information for decision and mobility purposes. A mobile application to recommend useful related information will help drivers to deal with this new reality, giving guidance towards traffic, batteries charging process, and city mobility infrastructures (e. g. public transportation information, parking places availability and car & bike sharing systems). Since this is an upcoming reality with possible process changes, development must be based on agile process approaches (Web services).

Projeto e implementa����o de um prot��tipo para microprodu����o de energia el��trica destinado a alimentar um sistema de ilumina����o decorativa exterior

Com o presente trabalho �� pretendido demonstrar a possibilidade de alimenta����o de um sistema de ilumina����o decorativa com recurso a solu����es alternativas renov��veis. O estudo �� focado essencialmente na produ����o local de energia solar fotovoltaica e e��lica. Inicialmente �� efetuado o estudo t��cnico-econ��mico da implementa����o de um sistema fotovoltaico. Posteriormente �� efetuado o estudo da viabilidade t��cnico-econ��mica da implementa����o do sistema hibrido, composto por um sistema fotovoltaico e um sistema e��lico, optando pelo que mais se adequa �� alimenta����o do sistema de ilumina����o decorativa exterior. Esta disserta����o descreve a metodologia que procura melhorar a efici��ncia do sistema de led com o aux��lio de ensaios em laborat��rio e simula����o em software, com o objetivo de adaptar os sistemas de led instalados pela empresa ao sistema hibrido dimensionado. Finalmente, �� efetuada a an��lise comparativa entre o atual sistema de ilumina����o decorativa e o sistema renov��vel dimensionado mais favor��vel para alimentar sistemas de ilumina����o decorativa. Procura-se assim com este projeto para al��m de apresentar um estudo te��rico, proporcionar uma orienta����o �� implementa����o de sistemas de microprodu����o destinados a alimentar sistemas de ilumina����o decorativa exterior.

Day-ahead Resource Scheduling Including Demand Response for Electric Vehicles

The energy resource scheduling is becoming increasingly important, as the use of distributed resources is intensified and massive gridable vehicle (V2G) use is envisaged. This paper presents a methodology for day-ahead energy resource scheduling for smart grids considering the intensive use of distributed generation and V2G. The main focus is the comparison of different EV management approaches in the day-ahead energy resources management, namely uncontrolled charging, smart charging, V2G and Demand Response (DR) programs i n the V2G approach. Three different DR programs are designed and tested (trip reduce, shifting reduce and reduce+shifting). Othe r important contribution of the paper is the comparison between deterministic and computational intelligence techniques to reduce the execution time. The proposed scheduling is solved with a modified particle swarm optimization. Mixed integer non-linear programming is also used for comparison purposes. Full ac power flow calculation is included to allow taking into account the network constraints. A case study with a 33-bus distribution network and 2000 V2G resources is used to illustrate the performance of the proposed method.

Hybridil��mmityksen vaikutus s��hk��n- ja l��mm��ntuotantoon

T��m��n tutkimuksen tarkoituksena on selvitt���� kaukol��mmityksen rinnalla k��ytett��v��n toisen l��mmitysmuodon, t��ss�� tapauksessa s��hk��l��mmityksen, vaikutusta s��hk��n- ja l��mm��ntuotantoon. T��m�� tutkimus liittyy ��Kehittyv�� kaukol��mp�� -hankkeen pilottiosaan. Hankkeen pilottiosassa tutkitaan hybridil��mmityksen kannattavuutta ja vaikutuksia sek�� kuluttajan ett�� yhdyskunnan kannalta. T��m��tutkimus jatkaa jo aikaisemmin tehty�� tutkimusta 'Hybridil��mmityksen kustannusvaikutukset', jossa tutkittiin kaukol��mmityksen taloudellisuutta kuluttajan kannalta elinkaarianalyysin avulla. T��m��n tutkimuksen tarkoituksena on m����ritt���� hybridil��mmityksen niin taloudelliset kuin ymp��rist��lliset vaikutukset yhdyskunnan kannalta. Yhdyskunnan osalta vaikutuksia tarkasteltiin referenssikaupungin avulla. Referenssikaupungin alkuarvot perustuvat jo aiemmin t��h��n pilottiosaan tehtyyn tutkimukseen 'Hybridil��mmityksen kustannusvaikutukset'. N��it�� arvoja hyv��ksi k��ytt��en referenssikaupungille perustettiin kaksi energian tuotantorakennemallia ja molemmille malleille kaksi eri skenaariota hybridil��mmityksen kasvamisesta. Skenaarioissa otettiin huomioon my��s p����st��kaupan vaikutukset. Molemmat skenaariot osoittivat p����st��kaupan vaikutukset mukaan luettuna, ettei s��hk��l��mmityksen k��ytt��minen kaukol��mmityksen ohella tuo ainoastaan yhdyskunnalle lis���� tuotantokustannuksia, vaan se lis���� my��s p����st��j��. Tulevaisuuden ep��varmuutta analysoitiin herkkyysanalyysin avulla. Tutkimusta varten laadittiin tuontienergian ja kotimaisten polttoaineiden hinnoille kaksi skenaariota, joilla laskettiin vuositason tuotantokustannukset. Jokainen skenaario toi huomattavan lis��n niin tuotantokustannuksiin kuin p����st��ihin. Eri skenaarioilla oli vaikutus kaukol��mm��n pysyvyysk��yr��n muotoon ja n��in my��s voimalaitoksien k��ytt��tunteihin. Laitoksien huipun k��ytt��tunnit pienenev��t ja tuotantokustannukset tuotettua energiayksikk���� kohden kasvavat. Tapauksessa, jossa on edullista k��ytt���� peruskuormalaitoksia mahdollisimman paljonvuoden aikana, hybridil��mmityksen k��ytt��minen siirsi tilannetta p��invastaiseen suuntaan. T��m�� suunta tarkoittaa sit��, ett�� halpaa peruskuormatuotantoapit���� korvata kalliimmalla ja enemm��n p����st��j�� aiheuttavalla erillistuotannolla. T��m��n tutkimuksen tulokset osoittavat, ett�� mik��li s��hk��l��mmityksen yleistyminen kaukol��mmityksen rinnalla lis����ntyy, aiheuttaa se yhdyskunnalle huomattavia lis��kustannuksia ja p����st��j��. Yksi s��hk��l��mmityksen k��ytt���� lis����v�� tekij�� on kuluttajien mielikuva. Kuluttajien mielikuva s��hk��l��mmityksest�� on, ett�� se on asennuskustannuksiltaan edullinen ja helppo asentaa. Todellisuudessa s��hk��l��mmityksen k��ytt��minen tuo odottamattomia lis��kustannuksia kuluttajille energiantuotantolaitoksien omien lis����ntyvien tuotantokustannusten kautta. N��m�� kustannukset voivat realisoitua esimerkiksi kohonneiden s��hk��n ja kaukol��mm��n energiamaksujen tai s��hk��n siirtomaksujen muodossa. Ainoastaan kuluttajien mielikuvien muuttamisella voidaan p����st�� yhdyskunnan kannalta taloudellisempaan ja ymp��rist��yst��v��llisemp����n energiantuotantomalliin.