Rural electrification revisited : the case of Bihar, India

This study describes the dynamic processes of electrification. Some electrified villages have experienced de-electrification, mainly due to technical issues. Some villages were re-electrified through various efforts. Our econometric exercise indicates that small villages in remote locations tend to not be prioritized in the electrification process. It also finds that the cumulative number of ever-electrified villages is higher among villages having a higher ratio of socially advanced classes. However, some of these experienced de-electrification, rendering ambiguous the impact of village social characteristics on electrification.

Las decisiones de proyecto y los costes de construcción en la vivienda rural, aplicado al estudio de la vivienda autopromovida en la provincia de Cáceres

En la coyuntura actual, en la que existe por un lado, exceso en la oferta de vivienda (de alto precio o de segunda residencia), y aparece por otro demanda de vivienda (de bajo precio y/o social), el mercado inmobiliario se encuentra paradójicamente bloqueado. Así, surge esta investigación como fruto de este momento histórico, en el cual se somete a debate económico el producto vivienda, no solo como consecuencia de la profunda crisis económica, sino también para la correcta gestión de los recursos desde el punto de vista de lo eficiente y sostenible. Se parte de la hipótesis de que es necesario determinar un estimador de costes de construcción de vivienda autopromovida como una de las soluciones a la habitación en el medio rural de Extremadura, para lo cual se ha tomado como modelo de análisis concretamente la Vivienda Autopromovida subvencionada por la Junta de Extremadura en el marco de la provincia de Cáceres. Con esta investigación se pretende establecer una herramienta matemática precisa que permita determinar la inversión a los promotores, el posible margen de beneficios a los contratistas y el valor real de la garantía en el préstamo a las entidades financieras. Pero el objetivo de mayor proyección social de esta investigación consiste en facilitar una herramienta sencilla a la Junta de Extremadura para que pueda establecer las ayudas de una manera proporcional. De este modo se ayuda a optimizar los recursos, lo cual en época de crisis resulta aun más acuciante, ya que conociendo previamente y con bastante exactitud el importe de las obras se pueden dirigir las ayudas de forma proporcional a las necesidades reales de la ejecución. De hecho, ciertas características difíciles de cuantificar para determinar las ayudas en materia de vivienda, como la influencia del número de miembros familiares o la atención a la discapacidad, se verían contempladas de forma indirecta en el coste estimado con el método aquí propuesto, ya que suponen siempre un aumento de las superficies construidas y útiles, de los huecos de fachadas o del tamaño de locales húmedos y por tanto se contemplan en la ecuación del modelo determinado. Por último, contar con un estimador de costes potencia la forma de asentamiento de la construcción mediante autopromocion de viviendas ya que ayuda a la toma de decisiones al particular, subvencionado o no. En efecto, la herramienta es valida en cierta medida para cualquier autopromocion, constituye un sistema de construcción con las menores posibilidades especulativas y lo más sostenible, es abundante en toda Extremadura, y consigue que el sector de la construcción sea un sistema más eficiente al optimizar su proceso económico de producción. SUMMARY Under the present circumstances, in which there is, on one hand, an excess in the supply of housing (high-price or second-home), and on the other hand a demand for housing (low cost and/or social), paradoxically the property market is at a standstill. This research has come about as a result of this moment in time, in which the product: housing, is undergoing economic debate, not only on account of this serious economic crisis, but for the proper management of resources from the point of view of efficiency and sustainability. A building-costs estimator for owner-developed housing is deemed necessary as one of the solutions for the rural environment that is Extremadura. To this end, it is the Owner-Developed House which has been taken as analysis model. It is subsidized by the Extremadura Regional Government in Caceres Province. This research establishes an accurate mathematical tool to work out the developers’ investment, the builder’s potential profit margin and the reality of the loan for the Financial Institution. But the result of most social relevance in this research is to provide the Extremadura Regional Government with a simple tool, so that it can draw up the Subventions proportionally. Thus, the resources are optimized, an even more vital matter in times of economic slump, due to the fact that if the cost of the building works is known with some accuracy beforehand, the subventions can be allocated in a way that is proportional to the real needs of execution. In fact certain elements related to housing subventions which are hard to quantify, such as the influence of number of family members or disability support, would be covered indirectly in cost estimate with the proposed method, since they inevitably involve an increase in built area, exterior wall openings and the size of plumbed rooms. As such they are covered in the determined model equation. Lastly, the availability of a cost-estimator reinforces the ownerdeveloped building model, since it assists decision-making by the individual, whether subsidized or not. This is because the tool is valid to some extent in any owner-development, and this building scheme, which is common in Extremadura, is the most sustainable, and the least liable to speculation. It makes the building sector more efficient by optimizing the economic production process.

Housing of the agricultural labourer, with special reference to the county of Essex /

Mode of access: Internet.

Low cash cost housing.

Mode of access: Internet.

How Wisconsin's population is changing : size of farms, farm income, farm ownership, labor saving machinery, size of families, off-farm work, housing conveniences, migration to cities : selected population data by counties, Wisconsin 1950, part II /

"February 1955"

Interest rate levels of FmHA loan programs [microform] : hearing before the Subcommittee on Agricultural Credit and Rural Electrification and the Subcommittee on Rural Development of the Committee on Agriculture, Nutrition, and Forestry, United States Senate, Ninety-sixth Congress, second session, June 10, 1980.

Reuse of record except for individual research requires license from Congressional Information Service, Inc.

Housing conditions and housing options for older residents : a question of need, a question of acceptable alternatives : final report /

The primary goal of this project is to learn more about the housing conditions of the rural elderly in Illinois. By using questions similar to those included in the American Housing Survey (AHS) used by the Bureau of the Census, comparisons can be made between Illinois residents and a national sample. The questions used in this Housing Conditions and Housing Options for Older Residents Survey (2002) (Appendix B) focus specifically on issues related to the availability and condition of plumbing, heating, electricity, and upkeep using guidelines extablished by the AHS. ... There are three objectives for this study (1) to determine the type and condition of housing occupied by older residents in three regions of Illinois, (2) to determine the types of housing elderly residents would choose from a list of options and what conditions would cause them to choose that type of housing, and (3) to examine whether regional variations exist in housing conditions and housing options among rural residents of Illinois.

1960 census of housing, taken as a part of the eighteenth decennial census of the United States.

Errata slips inserted.

1970 census of population and housing. Employment profiles of selected low-income areas.

Each report presents data relating to neighborhoods in a different city or rural area.

Development of guides for urbanization in rural areas affected by building of industrial plants; an interim report.

At head of cover title: Housing research.

Accessibility, deprivation and rural planning policies.

Since the Second World War a range of policies have been implemented by central and local government agencies, with a view to improving accessibility to facilities, housing and employment opportunities within rural areas. It has been suggested that a lack of reasonable access to a range of such facilities and opportunities constitutes a key aspect of deprivation or disadvantage for rural residents. Despite considerable interest, very few attempts have been made to assess the nature and incidence of this disadvantage or the reaction of different sections of the population of rural areas to it. Moreover, almost all previous assessments have relied on so-called 'objective' measures of accessibility and disadvantage and failed to consider the relationship between such measures and 'subjective' measures such as individual perceptions. It is this gap in knowledge that the research described in this thesis has addressed. Following a critical review of relevant literature the thesis describes the way in which data on 'objective' and 'subjective' indicators of accessibility and behavioural responses to accessibility problems was collected, in six case study areas in Shropshire. Analysis of this data indicates that planning and other government policies have failed to significantly improve rural resident's accessibility to their basic requirements, and may in some cases have exacerbated it, and that as a result certain sections of the rural population are relatively disadvantaged. Moreover, analysis shows that .certain aspects of individual subjective' assessments of such accessibility disadvantage are significantly associated with more easily-obtained 'objective' measures. By using discriminant analysis the research demonstrates that it is possible to predict the likely levels of satisfaction with access to facilities from a range of 'objective' measures. The research concludes by highlighting the potential practical applications of such indicators in policy formulation, policy appraisal and policy evaluation.

Commodification of retirement and the emergence of rural gated communities: The associated challenges for rural planning

Abstract:
This paper combines demographic ageing and retirement lifestyles with rural in-migration processes and suggests the emergence of a specific rural form of gated community; namely, park homes. All year round or permanent (as opposed to seasonal) residential mobile homes (resembling detached bungalows in design and appearance) are commonly referred to as 'park homes'. With a growing proportion of the UK population aged 65 and over, combined with increasing longevity, meeting the residential preferences and lifestyle aspirations of an ageing population is potentially 'big business' for the private sector. Park home living, with their resident age restrictions (normally 50 years and over), is increasingly marketed as a retirement option in rural and coastal locations of the UK. However, many areas are often remote with declining populations and limited community services. Operators have sought to tap into retiree aspirations for a 'place in the country' and 'sell' the concept of park home living as a specific form of housing, community and lifestyle. Park homes are frequently marketed as a means to release equity from the sale of a large family home to fund a retirement lifestyle and as friendly communities of like-minded people, always willing to lend support or provide assistance if required. The physical and social composition of such sites represent a form of rural gated community. This paper seeks to identify the rural planning issues which emerge from such developments and asks: who are moving to park home sites and why? do park homes provide those who otherwise could not afford a 'place in the country' the option of rural living? does park home living live-up to residents' expectations of the rural idyll or retirement lifestyle? do they give rise to issues of gentrification and geriatrification of the countryside? what are the prospects for residents to 'age in place'? might ageing residents become financially trapped in such developments giving rise to park ghettoization? what are the associated challenges for rural policy-makers and public service providers?

O impacto da urbanização na violência : Contraste urbano e rural

A urbanização mais recente em Portugal caracterizou-se por uma bipolarização concentrada em Lisboa e no Porto acompanhada também pelo crescimento de população ao longo do litoral norte e por fim pelo crescimento de algumas cidades mais pequenas. A construção de habitações sociais para albergar famílias mais carenciadas e com dificuldades económicas veio acompanhada também, ao longo do tempo, por um crescimento da violência urbana. Contudo, pode-se constatar que a criminalidade violenta e grave tem diminuído, pelo menos desde 2010. Este estudo tem o objetivo de descrever as diferenças existentes na criminalidade entre uma área predominantemente urbana e outra área predominantemente rural entre 2010 e 2015 com a finalidade de perceber o que existe nas áreas urbanas que não existe nas áreas rurais, para poder estabelecer uma relação com a criminalidade violenta e grave em ambientes urbanos. Para tal, foi calculada a taxa de criminalidade violenta e grave da área do Subdestacamento Territorial de Alcabideche e do Posto Territorial de Merceana, para perceber a incidência criminal deste fenómeno no período de estudo. Foram também conduzidos inquéritos por entrevista a comandantes e militares responsáveis pela investigação criminal em ambos os locais que exerceram funções entre 2010 e 2015. Chegou-se à conclusão que a criminalidade violenta e grave é bastante mais significativa nas áreas urbanas e a principal causa e fonte da maior parte desta criminalidade poderão ser os bairros de habitação social, no caso de Alcabideche, que albergam algumas pessoas de famílias desestruturadas, onde se concentram muitos indivíduos num mesmo local que poderão praticar crimes, nomeadamente, a crimes violentos e graves.