Bi-Dimensional Characterization of a Wimax Radio Channel at 3.5GHz

This paper presents the characterization of an indoor Wimax radio channel using the Finite-Difference Time-Domain (FDTD) [1] method complemented with the Convolutional Perfect Matched Layer (CPML) technique [2]. An indoor 2D scenario is simulated in the 3.5GHz band (IEEE 802.16d-2004 and IEEE 802.16e-2005 [3]). In this study, we used two complementary techniques in both analysis, technique A and B for fading based on delay spread and technique C and D for fading based on Doppler spread. Both techniques converge to the same result. Simulated results define the channel as flat, slow and without inter-symbolic interference (ISI), making the application of the spatial diversity the most appropriate scheme.

Caracterização bidimensional de um canal rádio Wimax

Com o crescimento previsível e exponencial das redes de comunicações móveis motivado pela mobilidade, flexibilidade e também comodidade do utilizador levam a que este se torne na fatia mais importante do mundo das telecomunicações dos dias que correm. Assim é importante estudar e caracterizar canais rádio para as mais diversas gamas de frequências utilizadas nas mais variadas tecnologias. O objectivo principal desta dissertação de Mestrado é caracterizar um canal rádio para a tecnologia sem fios Worldwide Inter-operability for Microwave Access (Wimax para as frequências de 3,5 GHz e 5 GHz) actualmente vista pela comunidade científica como a tecnologia sem fios com maiores perspectivas de sucesso. Para tal, determinaram-se o Perfil de Atraso de Potência (PAP) e também a Potência em Função da Distância (PFD) recorrendo ao método computacional de simulação Finite-Difference Time-Domain (FDTD). De forma a estudar e caracterizar o canal rádio, em termos de desvanecimento relativo ao espalhamento de atraso, usaram-se dois métodos alternativos que têm como entrada o PAP. Para caracterizar o canal quanto ao desvanecimento baseado em espalhamento de Doppler, recorreu-se também a duas técnicas alternativas tendo como entrada o PFD. Em ambas as situações os dois métodos alternativos convergiram para os mesmos resultados. A caracterização é feita em dois cenários diferentes: um em que consideramos que a maioria dos obstáculos são condutores eléctricos perfeitos (CEP) e que passaremos a designar Cenário PEC, e um segundo cenário em que os obstáculos têm propriedades electromagnéticas diferentes, e que passará a ser designado por Cenário MIX. Em ambos os cenários de análise concluiu-se que o canal é plano, lento e sem ISI.

Visible range plasmonic effect produced by aluminium nanoparticles embedded in amorphous silicon

We present results, obtained by means of an analytic study and a numerical simulation, about the resonant condition necessary to produce a Localized Surface Plasmonic Resonance (LSPR) effect at the surface of metal nanospheres embedded in an amorphous silicon matrix. The study is based on a Lorentz dispersive model for a-Si:H permittivity and a Drude model for the metals. Considering the absorption spectra of a-Si:H, the best choice for the metal nanoparticles appears to be aluminium, indium or magnesium. No difference has been observed when considering a-SiC:H. Finite-difference time-domain (FDTD) simulation of an Al nanosphere embedded into an amorphous silicon matrix shows an increased scattering radius and the presence of LSPR induced by the metal/semiconductor interaction under green light (560 nm) illumination. Further results include the effect of the nanoparticles shape (nano-ellipsoids) in controlling the wavelength suitable to produce LSPR. It has been shown that is possible to produce LSPR in the red part of the visible spectrum (the most critical for a-Si:H solar cells applications in terms of light absorption enhancement) with aluminium nano-ellipsoids. As an additional results we may conclude that the double Lorentz-Lorenz model for the optical functions of a-Si:H is numerically stable in 3D simulations and can be used safely in the FDTD algorithm. A further simulation study is directed to determine an optimal spatial distribution of Al nanoparticles, with variable shapes, capable to enhance light absorption in the red part of the visible spectrum, exploiting light trapping and plasmonic effects. © 2015 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim.

Analysis of an iterative deconvolution approach for estimating the source wavelet during waveform inversion of crosshole ground-penetrating radar data

A major issue in the application of waveform inversion methods to crosshole georadar data is the accurate estimation of the source wavelet. Here, we explore the viability and robustness of incorporating this step into a time-domain waveform inversion procedure through an iterative deconvolution approach. Our results indicate that, at least in non-dispersive electrical environments, such an approach provides remarkably accurate and robust estimates of the source wavelet even in the presence of strong heterogeneity in both the dielectric permittivity and electrical conductivity. Our results also indicate that the proposed source wavelet estimation approach is relatively insensitive to ambient noise and to the phase characteristics of the starting wavelet. Finally, there appears to be little-to-no trade-off between the wavelet estimation and the tomographic imaging procedures.

INVESTIGATIONS ON SLOT-LOADED SQUARE MICROSTRIP PATCH ANTENNAS FOR COMPACT DUAL FREQUENCY DUAL POLARIZED OPERATIONS

The thesis is the outcome of the experimental and theoretical investigations carried out on a novel slotted microstrip antenna.The antenna excites two resonance frequencies and provides orthogonal polarization. The radiation characteristics of the antenna are studied in detail. The antenna design is optimized using IE3D electromagnetic simulation tool. The frequency-Difference Time-Domain (FDTD) method is employed for the analysis of the antenna.The antenna can be used for personal and satellite communication applications.

DEVELOPMENT AND ANLAYSIS OF BROADBAND L·STRIP FED MICROSTRIP ANTENNAS

The thesis is the outcome of the experimental and theoretical Investigations on novel feeding techniques for bandwidth enhancement of microstrip patches. The new feeding techniques provide bandwidth enhancement without deteriorating the radiation characteristics of the antenna. The antenna is analysed using finite Difference Time Domain (FDTD) method. The predicated results are compared with the experimental results and excellent agreement is observed. The results are also verified using IE3D simulation software. The antenna is suitable for personal and broadband communications.

Development and Analysis of Microstrip Antennas For Dual Band Microwave Communication

The thesis explores the outcome of the exhaustive theoretical and experimental investigations performed on Octagonal Microstrip Antenna configurations. Development of the MATLAB TM backed 3D-Conformal Finite Difference Time Domain (CFDTD)Modeller for the numerical computation of the radiation characteristics of the antenna is the theme of the work. The predicted results are verified experimentally and by IE3D TM simulation. The influence of the patch dimensions,feed configurations,feed dimensions and feed positions upon the radiation performance of the antenna is studied in detail. Octagonal Microstrip Antenna configurations suitable for Mobile-Bluetooth application is dealt in detail. A simple design formula for the regular Octagonal geometry is also presented. A compact planar multi band antenna for GPS/DCS/2.4/5.8GHz WLAN application is included as appendix A. Planar near field measurement technique is explained in appendix B.

Development and Analysis of a Compact Dual-Band Coplanar Antenna

The coplanar wave guide is an attractive device in microwave integrated circuits due to its uniplanar nature, ease of fabrication and low production cost. Several attempts are already done to explore the radiating modes in coplanar wave guide transmission lines. Usually coplanar wave guides are excited by an SMA connector with its centre conductor connected to the exact middle of the centre strip and the outer ground conductor to the two ground strips. The mode excited on it is purely a bound mode. The E-field distribution in the two slots are out of phase and there for cancels at the far field. This thesis addresses an attempt to excite an in phase E-field distribution in the two slots of the co planar wave guide by employing a feed asymmetry, in order to get radiation from the two large slot discontinuities of the coplanar waveguide. The omni directional distribution of the radiating energy can be achieved by widening the centre strip.The first part of the thesis deals with the investigations on the resonance phenomena of conventional coplanar waveguides at higher frequency bands. Then an offset fed open circuited coplanar waveguide supporting resonance/radiation phenomena is analyzed. Finally, a novel compact co planar antenna geometry with dual band characteristics, suitable for mobile terminal applications is designed and characterized using the inferences from the above study.

Printed Monopole Antenna for Ultra Wide Band (UWB) Applications

The thesis is the outcome of the exhaustive theoretical and experimental investigations performed on Printed Monopole Antennas loaded with different geometries .The work presented in this thesis describes the development of a 3D- FDTD(Finite Difference Time Domain) Modeller using MATLAB for the numerical computation of the radiation characteristics of the antenna. The predicted results are verified experimentally and also through simulation using Ansoft HFSS.The effect of top loading of the monopole with different geometries ,the dimensions of the loading patch and ground plane and the material parameters of the dielectric substrate upon the radiation performance of the antenna is studied in detail. Optimized Printed Monopole antennas suitable for Ultra Wide Band (UWB) applications have been developed.

Hexagonal dielectric resonator antenna - A novel DR antenna for wireless communication

In this thesis, the author proposes a new geometry DR antenna-the Hexagonal Dielectric Resonator Antenna(HDRA)-capable of multiple frequency operation on a single feed of excitation.This avoids the conventional use of miniaturizes the structure.The properties of the HDRA on microstrip as well as coaxial feeding have been studied.The analysis of radiation characteristics indicates a gain comparable with other shapes.The antenna is capable of providing efficiency around 98%.The simulation using HFSS also yields results in conformity with the experimental results.Mode analysis is carried out and the modes are identified.The determination of the reflection characteristics through theoretical analysis using FDTD validates the multifrequency operation of the antenna,The antenna finds application in DCT,PCS and WLAN bands.

Active Microwave Imaging for Breast Cancer Detection

Active microwave imaging is explored as an imaging modality for early detection of breast cancer. When exposed to microwaves, breast tumor exhibits electrical properties that are significantly different from that of healthy breast tissues. The two approaches of active microwave imaging — confocal microwave technique with measured reflected signals and microwave tomographic imaging with measured scattered signals are addressed here. Normal and malignant breast tissue samples of same person are subjected to study within 30 minutes of mastectomy. Corn syrup is used as coupling medium, as its dielectric parameters show good match with that of the normal breast tissue samples. As bandwidth of the transmitter is an important aspect in the time domain confocal microwave imaging approach, wideband bowtie antenna having 2:1 VSWR bandwidth of 46% is designed for the transmission and reception of microwave signals. Same antenna is used for microwave tomographic imaging too at the frequency of 3000 MHz. Experimentally obtained time domain results are substantiated by finite difference time domain (FDTD) analysis. 2-D tomographic images are reconstructed with the collected scattered data using distorted Born iterative method. Variations of dielectric permittivity in breast samples are distinguishable from the obtained permittivity profiles.

Development of a Novel Wideband Cylindrical Dielectric Resonator Antenna

The author presents the development of a new dielectric resonator antenna(DRA) suitable for wideband wireless communication applications.The design comprises of a simple cylindrical dielectric resonator (DR) and a microstrip feed, in a low radiation-Q structure,enabling wide impedance bandwidth.The radiation pattern is conical shaped,resulted from thew low-Q structure.Dielectric constant of the DR,its dimensions and topological parameters of the feed line are the major design parameters of the antenna.By proper selection of these parameters,the DRA can be operated over a wideband width covering multiple wireless applications.The antenna is simulated using Ansoft HFSS TM and measured using HP 8510C vector network analyser.Some of the measured results are confirmed by using the Finite Difference Time Domain(FDTD) technique implemented in MATLAB.

Investigations On A Microstrip Excited Rectangular Dielectric Resonator Antenna

The thesis relates to the investigations carried out on Rectangular Dielectric Resonator Antenna configurations suitable for Mobile Communication applications. The main objectives of the research are to: - numerically compute the radiation characteristics of a Rectangular DRA - identify the resonant modes - validate the numerically predicted data through simulation and experiment 0 ascertain the influence of the geometrical and material parameters upon the radiation behaviour of the antenna ° develop compact Rectangular DRA configurations suitable for Mobile Communication applications Although approximate methods exist to compute the resonant frequency of Rectangular DRA’s, no rigorous analysis techniques have been developed so far to evaluate the resonant modes. In this thesis a 3D-FDTD (Finite Difference Time Domain) Modeller is developed using MATLAB® for the numerical computation of the radiation characteristics of the Rectangular DRA. The F DTD method is a powerful yet simple algorithm that involves the discretimtion and solution of the derivative form of Maxwell’s curl equations in the time domain.

Octagonal Microstrip Patch Antenna For Dual Band Applications

A dual port dual polarized octagonal microstrip patch antenna suitable for dual band applications is discussed theoretically and experimentally. The antenna exhibits good impedance bandwidth, gain and broad radiation patterns. Parameters predicted by the Conformal Finite Difference Time Domain algorithm show good agreement with the simulated results and experimental observations

Estudos e projetos de filtro interdigital em microfita para aplicação prática ao transponder do satélite ITASAT

This work shows a theoretical analysis together with numerical and experimental results of transmission characteristics from the microstrip bandpass filters with different geometries. These filters are built over isotropic dielectric substrates. The numerical analysis is made by specifical commercial softwares, like Ansoft Designer and Agilent Advanced Design System (ADS). In addition to these tools, a Matlab Script was built to analyze the filters through the Finite-Difference Time-Domain (FDTD) method. The filters project focused the development of the first stage of filtering in the ITASAT s Transponder receptor, and its integration with the others systems. Some microstrip filters architectures have been studied, aiming the viability of implementation and suitable practical application for the purposes of the ITASAT Project due to its lowspace occupation in the lower UHF frequencies. The ITASAT project is a Universityexperimental project which will build a satellite to integrate the Brazilian Data Collect System s satellite constellation, with efforts of many Brazilian institutes, like for example AEB (Brazilian Spatial Agency), ITA (Technological Institute of Aeronautics), INPE/CRN (National Institute of Spatial Researches/Northeastern Regional Center) and UFRN (Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte). Comparisons were made between numerical and experimental results of all filters, where good agreements could be noticed, reaching the most of the objectives. Also, post-work improvements were suggested.