Assessment of the Association of Health with the Liberalisation of Trade in Services under the World Trade Organisation

Background: The liberalisation of trade in services which began in 1995 under the General Agreement on Trade in Services (GATS) of the World Trade Organisation (WTO) has generated arguments for and against its potential health effects. Our goal was to explore the relationship between the liberalisation of services under the GATS and three health indicators – life expectancy (LE), under-5 mortality (U5M) and maternal mortality (MM) - since the WTO was established. Methods and Findings: This was a cross-sectional ecological study that explored the association in 2010 and 1995 between liberalisation and health (LE, U5M and MM), and between liberalisation and progress in health in the period 1995–2010, considering variables related to economic and social policies such as per capita income (GDP pc), public expenditure on health (PEH), and income inequality (Gini index). The units of observation and analysis were WTO member countries with data available for 2010 (n = 116), 1995 (n = 114) and 1995–2010 (n = 114). We conducted bivariate and multivariate linear regression analyses adjusted for GDP pc, Gini and PEH. Increased global liberalisation in services under the WTO was associated with better health in 2010 (U5M: 20.358 p,0.001; MM: 20.338 p = 0.001; LE: 0.247 p = 0.008) and in 1995, after adjusting for economic and social policy variables. For the period 1995–2010, progress in health was associated with income equality, PEH and per capita income. No association was found with global liberalisation in services. Conclusions: The favourable association in 2010 between health and liberalisation in services under the WTO seems to reflect a pre-WTO association observed in the 1995 data. However, this liberalisation did not appear as a factor associated with progress in health during 1995–2010. Income equality, health expenditure and per capita income were more powerful determinants of the health of populations.

Racism, Other Discriminations and Effects on Health

We study the probability of perceived racism/other forms of discrimination on immigrant and Spanish populations within different public spheres and show their effect on the health of immigrants using a cross-sectional design (ENS-06). Variables: perceived racism/other forms of discrimination (exposure), socio-demographic (explicative), health indicators (dependent). Frequencies, prevalences, and bivariate/multivariate analysis were conducted separately for men (M) and women (W). We estimated the health problems attributable to racism through the population attributable proportion (PAP). Immigrants perceived more racism than Spaniards in workplace (ORM = 48.1; 95 % CI 28.2–82.2), and receiving health care (ORW = 48.3; 95 % CI 24.7–94.4). Racism and other forms of discrimination were associated with poor mental health (ORM = 5.6; 95 % CI 3.9–8.2; ORW = 7.3; 95 % CI 4.1–13.0) and injury (ORW = 30.6; 95 % CI 13.6–68.7). It is attributed to perceived racism the 80.1 % of consumption of psychotropics (M), and to racism with other forms of discrimination the 52.3 % of cases of injury (W). Racism plays a role as a health determinant.

Self-rated health and hospital services use in the Spanish National Health System: a longitudinal study

Background: Self-rated health is a subjective measure that has been related to indicators such as mortality, morbidity, functional capacity, and the use of health services. In Spain, there are few longitudinal studies associating self-rated health with hospital services use. The purpose of this study is to analyze the association between self-rated health and socioeconomic, demographic, and health variables, and the use of hospital services among the general population in the Region of Valencia, Spain. Methods: Longitudinal study of 5,275 adults who were included in the 2005 Region of Valencia Health Survey and linked to the Minimum Hospital Data Set between 2006 and 2009. Logistic regression models were used to calculate the odds ratios between use of hospital services and self-rated health, sex, age, educational level, employment status, income, country of birth, chronic conditions, disability and previous use of hospital services. Results: By the end of a 4-year follow-up period, 1,184 participants (22.4 %) had used hospital services. Use of hospital services was associated with poor self-rated health among both men and women. In men, it was also associated with unemployment, low income, and the presence of a chronic disease. In women, it was associated with low educational level, the presence of a disability, previous hospital services use, and the presence of chronic disease. Interactions were detected between self-rated health and chronic disease in men and between self-rated health and educational level in women. Conclusions: Self-rated health acts as a predictor of hospital services use. Various health and socioeconomic variables provide additional predictive capacity. Interactions were detected between self-rated health and other variables that may reflect different complex predictive models, by gender.

Health of entrepreneurs versus employees in a national representative sample

Prior research has found entrepreneurs to experience significantly higher job control and job demands compared with employees. This suggests that entrepreneurs have so-called active jobs and thus may benefit from positive health consequences. The present research compared entrepreneurs' health with employees' health in a national representative sample with regard to the International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems, 10th revision (ICD-10) diagnoses of somatic diseases, the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 4th edition (DSM-IV) diagnoses of mental disorders, blood pressure, well-being (life-satisfaction) as well as behavioural health indicators (sick days, physician visits). Entrepreneurs showed significantly lower overall somatic and mental morbidity, lower blood pressure, lower prevalence rates of hypertension, and somatoform disorders, as well as higher well-being and more favourable behavioural health indicators. The results are discussed with regard to the active job hypothesis and recommendations for future research are provided.

Iowa Department of Public Health, Occupational Health & Safety Surveillance Program Annual Report, July 1, 2013- June 30, 2014, August 1, 2014

The mission of the Iowa OHSSP is to promote and protect the health and safety of Iowans in the workplace. The fundamental or core program provides administrative coordination and continuity across all IDPH OHSSP projects, explores options to improve the surveillance and data translation capacity of the entire program, and provides outreach, dissemination, and evaluation functions to support each project. The core program is also responsible for the Occupational Health Indicators project and Adult Blood Lead Epidemiology and Surveillance (ABLES), as well as working with external partner projects and reports.

Coping as a moderator of the influence of economic stressors on psychological health

Since 2008, there has been a decline in the economy of several European countries, including Portugal. In the literature, it is emphasized that periods of economic uncertainty propitiate the appearance of mental health problems and diminish populations’ well-being. The aim of the present study, with 729 Portuguese participants, 33.9% (n=247) males and 66.1% (n=482) females with an average age of 37 years old (M=36.99; SD=12.81), was to examine the relationship between economic hardship, financial threat, and financial well-being (i.e., economic stressors) and stress, anxiety, and depression (i.e., psychological health indicators), as well as to test the moderation effect of coping in the aforementioned relationship. To achieve these goals, a cross-sectional design was implemented and structural equation modeling (SEM) was used to analyze the obtained data. Our results underline that coping affects the relationship between economic stressors and psychological health since subjects with lower coping levels are more vulnerable to economic stress factors than those with higher coping levels. The moderation effect was more evident in the relationships between economic hardship and stress, anxiety, and depression. The main implications of this study are presented, as well as its’ limitations and suggestions for future research.

Indicators for Traumatic Brain Injury, December 2008

Although it is not a cause or intent of injury, traumatic brain injury (TBI) is included as a specific indicator due to its deadly and debilitating nature. Although the death and hospitalization rates of TBI injuries in Iowa (17.3/100,000 and 56.8/100,000, respectively) is lower than the national NCIPC states’ 2004 average (17.9/100,000 and 74.2/100,000, respectively), the TBI death rate is still the highest among all the specific indicators for death in Iowa. On average, there are 1.5 TBI‐related deaths/day, 5 hospitalizations, and nearly 40 TBI‐related ED visits per day in all of Iowa.

Aboriginal dietary intake and a successful nutrition intervention project in a Northern Territory community

This paper summarises the development and testing of the 'store-turnover' method, a non-invasive dietary survey methodology for quantitative measurement of food and nutrient intake in remote, centralised Aboriginal communities. It then describes the use of the method in planning, implementation and evaluation of a community-based nutrition intervention project in a small Aboriginal community in the Northern Territory. During this project marked improvements in both the dietary intake of the community and biological indicators of nutritional health (including vitamin status and the degree and prevalence of several risk factors for non-communicable disease) were measured in the community over a 12-month period following the development of intervention strategies with the community. Although these specific strategies are presented, emphasis is directed towards the process involved, particularly the evaluation procedures used to monitor all stages of the project with the community.

The clinical effectiveness and cost-effectiveness of exercise referral schemes: A systematic review and economic evaluation

- Background Exercise referral schemes (ERS) aim to identify inactive adults in the primary-care setting. The GP or health-care professional then refers the patient to a third-party service, with this service taking responsibility for prescribing and monitoring an exercise programme tailored to the needs of the individual. - Objective To assess the clinical effectiveness and cost-effectiveness of ERS for people with a diagnosed medical condition known to benefit from physical activity (PA). The scope of this report was broadened to consider individuals without a diagnosed condition who are sedentary. - Data sources MEDLINE; EMBASE; PsycINFO; The Cochrane Library, ISI Web of Science; SPORTDiscus and ongoing trial registries were searched (from 1990 to October 2009) and included study references were checked. - Methods Systematic reviews: the effectiveness of ERS, predictors of ERS uptake and adherence, and the cost-effectiveness of ERS; and the development of a decision-analytic economic model to assess cost-effectiveness of ERS. - Results Seven randomised controlled trials (UK, n = 5; non-UK, n = 2) met the effectiveness inclusion criteria, five comparing ERS with usual care, two compared ERS with an alternative PA intervention, and one to an ERS plus a self-determination theory (SDT) intervention. In intention-to-treat analysis, compared with usual care, there was weak evidence of an increase in the number of ERS participants who achieved a self-reported 90-150 minutes of at least moderate-intensity PA per week at 6-12 months' follow-up [pooled relative risk (RR) 1.11, 95% confidence interval 0.99 to 1.25]. There was no consistent evidence of a difference between ERS and usual care in the duration of moderate/vigorous intensity and total PA or other outcomes, for example physical fitness, serum lipids, health-related quality of life (HRQoL). There was no between-group difference in outcomes between ERS and alternative PA interventions or ERS plus a SDT intervention. None of the included trials separately reported outcomes in individuals with medical diagnoses. Fourteen observational studies and five randomised controlled trials provided a numerical assessment of ERS uptake and adherence (UK, n = 16; non-UK, n = 3). Women and older people were more likely to take up ERS but women, when compared with men, were less likely to adhere. The four previous economic evaluations identified suggest ERS to be a cost-effective intervention. Indicative incremental cost per quality-adjusted life-year (QALY) estimates for ERS for various scenarios were based on a de novo model-based economic evaluation. Compared with usual care, the mean incremental cost for ERS was £169 and the mean incremental QALY was 0.008, with the base-case incremental cost-effectiveness ratio at £20,876 per QALY in sedentary people without a medical condition and a cost per QALY of £14,618 in sedentary obese individuals, £12,834 in sedentary hypertensive patients, and £8414 for sedentary individuals with depression. Estimates of cost-effectiveness were highly sensitive to plausible variations in the RR for change in PA and cost of ERS. - Limitations We found very limited evidence of the effectiveness of ERS. The estimates of the cost-effectiveness of ERS are based on a simple analytical framework. The economic evaluation reports small differences in costs and effects, and findings highlight the wide range of uncertainty associated with the estimates of effectiveness and the impact of effectiveness on HRQoL. No data were identified as part of the effectiveness review to allow for adjustment of the effect of ERS in different populations. - Conclusions There remains considerable uncertainty as to the effectiveness of ERS for increasing activity, fitness or health indicators or whether they are an efficient use of resources in sedentary people without a medical diagnosis. We failed to identify any trial-based evidence of the effectiveness of ERS in those with a medical diagnosis. Future work should include randomised controlled trials assessing the cinical effectiveness and cost-effectivenesss of ERS in disease groups that may benefit from PA. - Funding The National Institute for Health Research Health Technology Assessment programme.

The Rocky Road of Social Sustainability : The Impact of Integrated Biodiversity Conservation and Development on the Local Realities in Ranomafana National Park, Madagascar

The objective of this study is to examine the social impacts of the integrated conservation and development project (ICDP) aimed at biodiversity conservation and local socio-economic development in the Ranomafana National Park (RNP), Madagascar. Furthermore, the study explores social sustainability and justice of the ICDP in Ranomafana. This ethnographically informed impact study uses of various field methods. The research material used consists of observation, interviews (key-person and focus group), school children's writings, official statistics and project documents. Fieldwork was conducted in three phases in 2001, 2002 and 2004 in twelve villages around the park, as well as in neighbouring areas of Ranomafana. However, four of those twelve villages were chosen for closer study. This study consists of five independent articles and a concluding chapter. Social impacts were studied through reproductive health indicators as well as a life security approach. Equity and distribution of benefits and drawbacks of ICDP were analysed and the actors related to the conservation in Ranomafana were identified. The children and adolescents' environmental views were also examined. The reproductive health indicators studied showed a poor state of reproductive health in the park area. Moreover, the existing social capital in the villages seemed to be fragmented due to economic difficulties that were partly caused by the conservation regulations. The ICDP in Ranomafana did not pay attention to the heterogeneity of the affected communities even though the local beneficiaries of the ICDP varied according to their ethnicity, living place, wealth, social position and gender. In addition, various conservation actors (local people in various groups, local authorities, tourist business owners, conservation NGOs and scientists) contest their interests over the forest, conservation and its related activities. This study corroborates the same type of evidence and conclusions discussed in other similar cases elsewhere: so called social conservation programmes still cannot meet the needs of the people living near the protected areas; on the contrary, they even have a reverse impact on the people's lives. A fundamental misunderstood assumption in the conservation process in Ranomafana was to consider the local people as a problem for biodiversity conservation. Major reasons for the failure of the ICDP in Ranomafana include a lack of local institutions that would have been able to communicate as equals with the conservation NGOs as well as to transfer the tradition of the authoritarian governance in conservation management together with the over-appreciation of scientific biodiversity, and lack of will to understand the local people's rights to use the forest for their livelihoods.

Exploring primary school sex education in Greece : policies and praxis

This study examines how sex education is currently developed and implemented in Greek primary schools. The four publications that comprise it explore the following themes: (1) the position and visibility of sex education as one of the topics for health education programme development; (2) the inhibiting and enhancing factors in the development and implementation of primary school sex education programmes; (3) how issues of sex, sexuality, the human body and romantic relationships are visually and textually represented in primary school textbooks; (4) the impact of sex education on teachers and pupils; and (5) teachers experiences as practitioners who deal with sexuality- related issues at school. -- The research was based on conducting multiple sub-studies using a mixed-methods approach. Specifically, qualitative and quantitative data were collected and analysed. The initial quantitative data that had been obtained by questionnaire was followed by the collection and analysis of qualitative data. The qualitative data were acquired by way of examining one particular case, various texts, interviews with teachers and self-reflective material. The results of the sub-studies are presented in a more detailed manner in the study s four publications. -- In general, the sub-studies found that sex education as an educational activity occupies a marginal place within the instructional practices of Greek primary school teachers, since the subject is hardly mentioned in classroom material, such as textbooks. However, engaging in the provision of sex education programmes can become a meaningful and rewarding experience for many teachers as well as pupils and their families. Further, teachers classroom experiences pointed to school settings as sexualized environments. These contextual factors and conditions nevertheless affected teachers practices and perceptions on a personal and professional level.Health indicators in Greece provide a picture of a population that faces various sexual health related problems. However, as many studies (including this work) indicate, sex education programmes that meet specific standards can have a positive impact on students overall health and well-being. Sex education teaching has always been a controversial issue. Its successful implementation in Greece demands knowledgeable educators and responsible policy-makers. The findings of this study suggest that the content of Greek primary school textbooks needs to be revised in order to include texts and pictures that deal with the human body and human sexuality, encourage pupils to become involved in designing the content and methods of programmes and give teachers the opportunity to reflect on and discuss their experiences. Keywords: sex education, primary school, Greece

Utilização de indicadores de resultados para a avaliação da qualidade em hospitais de Agudos : mortalidade hospitalar após cirurgia de revascularização do miocárdio em hospitais brasileiros

Não tem sido frequentes no Brasil estudos de avaliação da qualidade dos serviços de saúde. Tem sido adotado entendimento de qualidade como o grau em que processo de assistência aumenta a probabilidade de resultados favoráveis e diminui a probabilidade de resultados desfavoráveis, dado o estado do conhecimento médico. Indicadores de resultados de efeitos adversos do processo de assistência costumam ser empregados e, entre eles, para aquelas condições e procedimentos onde óbitos ocorrem com frequência, estão as taxas de mortalidade hospitalar. Entre esses procedimentos inclui-se a cirurgia de revascularizaçäo do miocárdio. Apesar de frequentes na literatura, particularmente norte-americana, não há estudos de escala realizados no Brasil. Para estudos deste tipo bases de dados administrativas tem sido empregadas. No Brasil recentemente tem sido exploradas as potencialidades dos bancos de dados do Sistema de Informações Hospitalares do Sistema Único de Saúde do Ministério da Saúde (SIH-SUS) em diversos estudos. Como há registro de óbitos hospitalares no sistema é possível utilizá-lo para a obtenção de dados sobre mortalidade hospitalar. Os bancos de dados do SIH-SUS de 1996 a 1998 foram integrados e as variáveis disponíveis no banco obtido examinadas quanto a possibilidade de inclusão do estudo descritivo de características da cirurgia coronária no país. Foram identificadas aquelas variáveis que poderiam ser utilizadas para proceder algum grau de ajuste de risco para os casos atendidos pelos diferentes hospitais. Para que se obtivesse uma comparação do comportamento do ajuste obtido com essas variáveis com modelos mais completos que incorporassern mais variáveis, inclusive variáveis clínicas, foram estudadas para o mesmo período, as internações realizadas no Hospital Universitário Pedro Ernesto da Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, utilizando dados de banco específico do Serviço de Cirurgia Cardíaca. Além do estudo descritivo foram desenvolvidos para os casos deste hospital modelos de regressão logística incorporando variáveis pré-operatórias e com as variáveis disponíveis no SIH-SUS para avaliar as diferentes capacidades de ajuste de risco. Após a escolha de um modelo de risco com maior capacidade de ajuste, foram calculadas as taxas de mortalidade hospitalar e obtidos os valores de taxas esperadas após o ajuste de risco. Os hospitais forma ordenados de acordo com as razões entre as taxas observadas e esperadas e identificados aqueles hospitais que apresentavam razões estatisticamente significativas superiores e inferiores a média nacional. Estudou-se também o efeito do volume de casos sobre a mortalidade hospitalar. Foram obtidas informações de 41.989 cirurgias codificadas como cirurgia coronária com circulação extracorpórea realizadas em 131 hospitais brasileiros, em 22 unidades da federaçâo. A taxa anual por 100000 habitantes foi de 8,7 para o Brasil, com São Paulo apresentando taxa de 16,6. Para efeitos de comparação a taxa em anos em torno de 1997 foi de 144,5 nos EUA, 54,4 no Canadá, 90,0 na Austrália e 31,5 em Portugal. A taxa de mortalidade no período foi de 7,2 % (EUA, 2,8%; Canadá, 2,5%: França, 3,2%). A maioria de pacientes operados foi do sexo masculino (67,5%) e a idade média foi de 59,9 anos.

Validade e confiabilidade do Questionário de Qualidade de Vida para Pacientes Orto-cirúrgicos (B-OQLQ)

O Orthognathic Quality of Life Questionnaire (OQLQ) foi desenvolvido em 2000 e validado em 2002, com o objetivo de analisar os impactos e benefícios do tratamento orto-cirúrgico na qualidade de vida dos pacientes. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a validade de construto e confiabilidade da versão brasileira deste instrumento, B-OQLQ, para verificar se, no processo de adaptação transcultural, as propriedades psicométricas do questionário original foram mantidas. Para tal, foi realizado um estudo seccional com uma amostra composta por cento e um pacientes com necessidade de tratamento ortodôntico-cirúrgico no Hospital Universitário Pedro Ernesto (HUPE) e na Faculdade de Odontologia da Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro (UERJ), utilizando o B-OQLQ na forma de autopreenchimento. A média de idade dos pacientes foi de 26,51 (dp= 9,25), sendo a maioria do sexo feminino (58,42%; n=59) e maior que 21 anos (n=68, 67,33%). Quanto ao tipo de cirurgia, 42,57% (n=43) da amostra necessitavam fazer procedimento cirúrgico que envolveria as duas bases ósseas, 16,83% (n=17) necessitavam operar apenas uma das bases ósseas e para 40,59% (n=41) dos pacientes ainda não era possível definir qual o tipo de cirurgia seria necessária. Uma ortodontista treinada examinou os dentes dos pacientes para registrar o Índice de Dentes Cariados, Perdidos e Obturados (CPOD). A validade de construto foi acessada através do teste de correlação de Spearman entre as pontuações do B-OQLQ e do questionário Oral Health Impact Profile (OHIP-14) e das pontuações do B-OQLQ com as pontuações obtidas através de indicadores subjetivos e objetivos de saúde. A confiabilidade foi acessada em termos de consistência interna e estabilidade (teste-reteste), utilizando-se o alfa de Cronbach e o Coeficiente de Correlação Intraclasse (CCI), respectivamente. Os escores do B-OQLQ se correlacionaram significativamente com: o escore total do OHIP-14 (rs=0,70, p<0,001), a saúde bucal percebida (rs=-0,24, p=0,02), a qualidade de vida medida por um item único de avaliação (rs=-0,29, p=0,03), a satisfação com a aparência física (rs=-0,40, p<0,001) e a satisfação com a aparência facial (rs=-0,39, p=0,0001). Foi encontrada uma associação entre a faixa etária e o escore total do B-OQLQ (p=0,0012), sendo que pacientes maiores de 21 anos obtiveram escores mais elevados que pacientes mais novos. A associação entre o escore total do B-OQLQ e o tipo de cirurgia não foi estatisticamente significativa. O alfa de Cronbach e o CCI foram 0,95 e 0,90, respectivamente. Os domínios do B-OQLQ que mais causaram impacto na qualidade de vida foram aspectos sociais da deformidade (13,0; dp= 10,54) e estética facial (11,81; dp= 6,23). A versão brasileira do questionário OQLQ se mostrou um instrumento válido e confiável, com boas propriedades psicométricas podendo, portanto, ser considerada um instrumento apropriado para acessar o impacto da deformidade dentofacial na qualidade de vida de pacientes portadores desta condição.

Atenção à saúde bucal: avaliação dos serviços no âmbito da 15 Regional de Saúde do Estado do Paraná.

Esta dissertação analisou a atenção à saúde bucal nos trinta municípios que compõem a 15 Regional de Saúde do Estado do Paraná, a partir do processo de descentralização, das políticas públicas de saúde e das diretrizes da Política Nacional de Saúde Bucal (PNSB). Neste trabalho buscou-se contextualizar a implantação das Estratégias de Agentes Comunitários de Saúde, Saúde da Família e Saúde Bucal. Para que tal objetivo fosse alcançado foram feitas pesquisas junto às bases de nacionais, estaduais e municipais, além de entrevistas com os Coordenadores Municipais de Saúde Bucal (CMSB) para conhecer a realidade de cada um dos municípios. Foram entregues questionários contendo questões a respeito dos modelos de prática, de organização, de gestão e de formação dos profissionais envolvidos na atenção à saúde bucal. A metodologia utilizada inicialmente por Mendes-Silva (2007), na Regional de Saúde de Bauru SP, serviu de base para compararmos os resultados obtidos nas duas Regionais com relação aos principais indicadores sociais, a organização da atenção à saúde e o perfil profissional dos CMSB. Sem perder de vista as diferenças regionais e também o panorama nacional, conclui-se que os indicadores sociais, o percentual de gastos com a saúde e o perfil dos CMSB são muito parecidos. Com relação à PNSB, a 15 RS-PR apresenta números maiores de cobertura populacional nas três estratégias (ACS, SF e SB) e, ainda que com limitações, a análise dos dados provenientes do DATASUS mostra melhores indicadores de saúde bucal no Pacto de Atenção Básica.

Programa Saúde da Família e procedimentos de atenção à criança nos municípios do Estado do Rio de Janeiro

O Programa de Saúde da Família (PSF) incorpora e reafirma os princípios do SUS e está estruturado a partir da Unidade de Saúde da Família, que se propõe a organizar suas ações sob os princípios da integralidade e hierarquização, territorialidade e cadastramento da clientela, a partir de uma equipe multiprofissional. O objetivo do estudo foi avaliar através de gráficos de tendências, se a expansão do PSF foi acompanhada por melhoras na saúde infantil nos municípios do estado do Rio de Janeiro, entre 1998 e 2010. A análise foi feita relacionando graficamente a utilização de serviços hospitalares como internações por pneumonias e desidratação na infância, procedimentos pediátricos, como taxas de aleitamento materno, utilização da terapia de reidratação oral e consultas de puericultura, com a taxa de cobertura do programa. A expansão do PSF pareceu estar relativamente pouco associada com aumento no número de consultas de puericultura, nas taxas de aleitamento materno e na utilização da terapia de reidratação oral e com diminuição nas internações por pneumonia e desidratação. Essas associações aparentemente fracas sugerem que o PSF pode não estar gerando os resultados desejáveis. Evidentemente, estudos adicionais são necessários a fim de analisar essas associações.