HTLV-1 affects the adipogenic differentiation of human mesenchymal stem cells

Financial support: CTC, INCTC, FAPESP, FUNDHERP and CNPq.

Influence of INF-gamma gene polymorphism in HTLV-1 proviral load

Financial Support FAPESP, CNPq, CTC/FUNDHERP and INCTC.

HTLV-1/2 seroprevalence and coinfection rate in Brazilian first-time blood donors: an 11-year follow-up

The seroprevalence and geographic distribution of HTLV-1/2 among blood donors are extremely important to transfusion services. We evaluated the seroprevalence of HTLV-1/2 infection among first-time blood donor candidates in Ribeirão Preto city and region. From January 2000 to December 2010, 1,038,489 blood donations were obtained and 301,470 were first-time blood donations. All samples were screened with serological tests for HTLV-1/2 using enzyme immunoassay (EIA). In addition, the frequency of coinfection with hepatitis B virus (HBV), hepatitis C virus (HCV), human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), Chagas disease (CD) and syphilis was also determined. In-house PCR was used as confirmatory test for HTLV-1/2. A total of 296 (0.1%) first-time donors were serologically reactive for HTLV-1/2. Confirmatory PCR of 63 samples showed that 28 were HTLV-1 positive, 13 HTLV-2 positive, 19 negative and three indeterminate. Regarding HTLV coinfection rates, the most prevalent was with HBV (51.3%) and HCV (35.9%), but coinfection with HIV, CD and syphilis was also detected. The real number of HTLV-infected individual and coinfection rate in the population is underestimated and epidemiological studies like ours are very informative.

Prevalence of anxiety, depression and quality of life in HTLV-1 infected patients

The HAM/TSP caused by HTLV-1 infection usually affects patients to disabling states, and sometimes can lead them to paraplegia presenting symptoms of depression and anxiety, impacting on quality of life. Objective: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the frequency of depression and anxiety and its impact on quality of life in HTLV-1-infected TSP/HAM patients. Material and Methods: This was a cross-sectional study including 67 asymptomatic (control group) and 63 with TSP/HAM subjects. The instruments used were a demographic questionnaire, scales for anxiety and depression diagnosis (BDI and BAI), questionnaire for the assessment of Quality of Life of the World Health Organization (WHOQOL-Brief) and neurological scale to measure the disability level (Osame’s Disability Status Scale). All patients had HTLV-I diagnosis by serological and molecular approaches, monitored at Instituto de Infectologia Emílio Ribas from May 2008 to July 2009. Data were analyzed statistically by frequencies, the Mann-Whitney test and the Spearman correlation test. Data among groups were analyzed and correlated with functional and severity aspects. Results: The results showed that patients with HAM/TSP compared to asymptomatic carriers had higher rates of depression (p < 0.001) and anxiety (p < 0.001), and impairment on quality of life in the areas of: dissatisfaction with health (p < 0.001), physical (p < 0.001) and the environment (p = 0.003). The main factors that correlated with levels of depression and anxiety and the domains of the WHOQOL-brief were: education, family income and social class. Conclusion: A well conducted evaluation and counseling may help in treatment, for a better quality of life of these patients.

The LFA-1-associated molecule PTA-1 (CD226) on T cells forms a dynamic molecular complex with protein 4.1G and human discs large

Clustering of the T cell integrin, LFA-1, at specialized regions of intercellular contact initiates integrin-mediated adhesion and downstream signaling, events that are necessary for a successful immunological response. But how clustering is achieved and sustained is not known. Here we establish that an LFA-1-associated molecule, PTA-1, is localized to membrane rafts and binds the carboxyl-terminal domain of isoforms of the actin-binding protein 4.1G. Protein 4.1 is known to associate with the membrane-associated guanylate kinase homologue, human discs large. We show that the carboxyl-terminal peptide of PTA-1 also can bind human discs large and that the presence or absence of this peptide greatly influences binding between PTA-1 and different isoforms of 4.1G. T cell stimulation with phorbol ester or PTA-1 cross-linking induces PTA-1 and 4.1G to associate tightly with the cytoskeleton, and the PTA-1 from such activated cells now can bind to the amino-terminal region of 4.1G. We propose that these dynamic associations provide the structural basis for a regulated molecular adhesive complex that serves to cluster and transport LFA-1 and associated molecules.

Entrée des rétrovirus humains : caractérisation moléculaire de la neuropiline-1, co-facteur à l'entrée de HTLV-1, et inhibition d'entrée du VIH-1 par CCR5

Mémoire numérisé par la Direction des bibliothèques de l'Université de Montréal.

Entrée des rétrovirus humains : caractérisation moléculaire de la neuropiline-1, co-facteur à l'entrée de HTLV-1, et inhibition d'entrée du VIH-1 par CCR5

Mémoire numérisé par la Direction des bibliothèques de l'Université de Montréal.

Differential activation of proliferation and cytotoxicity in human T-cell lymphotropic virus type I Tax-specific CD8 T cells by an altered peptide ligand.

Human T-cell leukemia virus type I (HTLV-I) gives rise to a neurologic disease known as HTLV-I-associated myelopathy/tropical spastic paraparesis (HAM/TSP). Although the pathogenesis of the disease is unknown, the presence of a remarkably high frequency of Tax-specific, cytotoxic CD8 T cells may suggest a role of these cells in the development of HAM/TSP. Antigen-mediated signaling in a CD8 T-cell clone specific for the Tax(11-19) peptide of HTLV-I was studied using analog peptides substituted in their T-cell receptor contact residues defined by x-ray crystallographic data of the Tax(11-19) peptide in the groove of HLA-A2. CD8 T-cell stimulation with the wild-type peptide antigen led to activation of p56lck kinase activity, interleukin 2 secretion, cytotoxicity, and clonal expansion. A Tax analog peptide with an alanine substitution of the T-cell receptor contact residue tyrosine-15 induced T-cell-mediated cytolysis without activation of interleukin 2 secretion or proliferation. Induction of p56lck kinase activity correlated with T-cell-mediated cytotoxicity, whereas interleukin 2 secretion correlated with [3H]thymidine incorporation and proliferation. Moreover, Tax peptide analogs that activated the tyrosine kinase activity of p56lck could induce unresponsiveness to secondary stimulation with the wild-type peptide. These observations show that a single amino acid substitution in a T-cell receptor contact residue of Tax can differentially signal CD8 T cells and further demonstrate that primary activation has functional consequences for the secondary response of at least some Tax-specific CD8 T cells to HTLV-I-infected target cells.

Infection of donor lymphocytes with human T lymphotrophic virus type 1 (HTLV-I) following allogeneic bone marrow transplantation for HTLV-I positive adult T-cell leukaemia

Human T lymphotrophic virus type 1 (HTLV-I) associated leukaemia has a poor prognosis even with chemotherapy. We describe a patient with adult T-cell leukaemia treated with allogeneic bone marrow transplantation from an HTLV-I negative identical sibling donor. During follow-up after bone marrow transplantation, HTLV-I could be repeatedly isolated inspite of anti-viral prophylaxis. The patient died of an acute encephalitis and HTLV-I could be detected in autopsy material from the brain. By a PCR-based technique using short tandem repeats (STRs) it was shown that the patient's haemopoiesis was of donor origin. This shows the infection of donor cells in vivo by an aetiological agent which has been implicated in the leukaemogenic process for adult T-cell leukaemia.

Association of Human T Lymphotropic Virus 1 Amplification of Periodontitis Severity with Altered Cytokine Expression in Response to a Standard Periodontopathogen Infection

Background. Periodontal diseases (PDs) are infectious diseases in which periodontopathogens trigger chronic inflammatory and immune responses that lead to tissue destruction. Recently, viruses have been implicated in the pathogenesis of PDs. Individuals infected with human T lymphotropic virus 1 (HTLV-1) present with abnormal oral health and a marked increased prevalence of periodontal disease. Methods. In this study, we investigated the patterns of periodontopathogen infection and local inflammatory immune markers in HTLV-1-seropositive individuals with chronic periodontitis (CP/HTLV-1 group) compared with HTLV-1 -seronegative individuals with chronic periodontitis (CP group) and periodontally healthy, HTLV-1 -seronegative individuals (control group). Results. Patients in the CP/HTLV-1 group had significantly higher values of bleeding on probing, mean probing depth, and attachment loss than patients in the CP group. The expression of tumor necrosis factor a and interleukin (IL) 4 was found to be similar in the CP and CP/HTLV-1 groups, whereas IL-12 and IL-17 levels trended toward a higher expression in the CP/HTLV-1 group. A significant increase was seen in the levels of IL-1 beta and interferon gamma in the CP/HTLV-1 group compared with the CP group, whereas expression of the regulatory T cell marker FOXp3 and IL-10 was significantly decreased in the lesions from the CP/HTLV-1 group. Interestingly, similar frequency and/or load of periodontopathogens (Porphyromonas gingivalis, Tannerella forsythia, Treponema denticola, and Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans) and frequency of viruses (herpes simplex virus 1, human cytomegalovirus, and Epstein-Barr virus) characteristically associated with PDs were found in the CP/HTLV and CP groups. Conclusions. HTLV-1 may play a critical role in the pathogenesis of periodontal disease through the deregulation of the local cytokine network, resulting in an exacerbated response against a standard periodontopathogen infection.

Doença neurológica pelo vírus linfotrópico de célula T humana - HTLV: achados clínico-funcionais e virológicos de pacientes do Núcleo de Medicina Tropical

Os vírus linfotrópicos de células T humano do tipo 1 e 2 (HTLV-1 e 2) são retrovírus que causam o Leucemia / Linfoma de células T do adulto (LLTA) e a Paraparesia Espástica Tropical ou Mielopatia associada ao HTLV-1(PET/MAH). Outras manifestações neurológicas também têm sido atribuídas ao vírus, tais como distúrbios sensoriais e reflexos hiperativos. A prevalência da infecção pelo HTLV-1 no Brasil é alta (0,8% a 1,8%); os HTLV 1 e 2 são endêmicos na região Amazônica. A infecção pelo HTLV e suas doenças associadas ainda são pouco conhecidas dos profissionais de saúde. Trata-se de um estudo descritivo transversal, tipo caso-controle com uma amostra de 76 pacientes portadores do HTLV-1/2 assistidos no Núcleo de Medicina Tropical, em Belém-Pará. Foram submetidos a avaliações clínico-funcional (OMDS), neurológica, laboratoriais (contagem de linfócitos T CD4+, quantificação da carga proviral) e exame de imagem de ressonância magnética (RNM). Os pacientes com HTLV-1com avaliação neurológica foram considerados casos (n=19) e os pacientes assintomáticos sem alteração neurológica foram os controles (n=40). O sexo feminino foi mais prevalente (66,1%), a média de idade foi de 50.7 anos. A distribuição média da contagem de linfócitos T CD4+ nos dois grupos esteve dentro da faixa da normalidade, a carga proviral mostrou-se mais elevada no grupo de casos, a pesquisa do anticorpo anti-HTLV-1 no LCR foi positiva em 93,3% dos casos. A avaliação neurológica revelou 16 (84.2%) pacientes com PET/MAH (p<0.0001). Em 73.7% (14) dos casos, a duração da doença ficou entre 4 a 9 anos. A pesquisa da força muscular em flexão e extensão dos joelhos mostrou que 63.2% dos casos apresentavam grau 3 e 68.4% grau 4, respectivamente (p<0.0001). Normorreflexia em MMSS, além de hiperreflexia no patelar e no Aquileu, em 78.9% e 73.7%, respectivamente. Sinal de Babinski bilateral foi visto em 73.7% dos casos e o sinal de Hoffman em 26.3%. Clônus bilateral esteve presente em 13 pacientes. Sensibilidade tátil alterada (31.6%), hipertonia de MMII (63.2%) e sintomas urinários foram observados em 89.5% dos casos. Das 17 RNM realizadas, 13 (76.47) tinham alteração de imagem em medula torácica. Não houve associações entre carga proviral, OMDS, duração da doença e RNM. A maioria dos casos de doença neurológica associada ao HTLV-1 era compatível com PET/MAH; a carga proviral elevada perece ser um marcador de desenvolvimento de doença.

Transmissão intrafamiliar do HTLV: investigação sorológica em familiares de pacientes acompanhados no ambulatório do Núcleo de Medicina Tropical da UFPA

O Vírus Linfotrópico Humano de Células T é um oncoretrovírus responsável por doenças linfoproliferativas, inflamatórias, degenerativas do Sistema Nervoso Central e por algumas alterações imunológicas do ser humano. Embora tenha associações com várias outras patologias, a Paraparesia Espástica Tropical ou Mielopatia Associada ao HTLV (PET/MAH), doença progressiva e incapacitante do Sistema Nervoso, e a Leucemia/Linfoma de Células T do Adulto (LLcTA), doença linfoproliferativa maligna e letal, são os principais agravos consistentemente definidos como provocados pelo HTLV-1. A propagação do vírus acontece de forma silenciosa, especialmente de mãe para filhos e pela via sexual. No Brasil, onde existem regiões de alta prevalência, ainda são escassas informações oficiais sobre essa transmissão. O objetivo do presente trabalho foi determinar a soroprevalência de anticorpos contra o Vírus Linfotrópico Humano de Células T – tipos 1 e 2 (HTLV-1/2) entre familiares de portadores confirmados do vírus, matriculados no ambulatório do Núcleo de Medicina Tropical (NMT), para estudar as características da transmissão do HTLV nos grupos familiares da região metropolitana de Belém do Pará. Foi realizado um estudo transversal, de base ambulatorial, envolvendo 82 pacientes matriculados no NMT e seus respectivos familiares, os quais foram submetidos à pesquisa de anticorpos anti-HTLV-1/2, utilizando-se o teste de ELISA (Ortho Diagnostic System Inc., US), no período entre junho de 2007 e novembro de 2009. A Soroprevalência da infecção pelo HTLV-1/2 foi observada em 40,2 % (33/82) das famílias e 24,0 % (50/208) no total de familiares pesquisados. A transmissão de mãe para filho(a) ocorreu em 23,2 % (19/82) das famílias, com taxas de soropositividade de 22,4 % (17/76) para filhas e 15,2 % (7/46) para filhos (p > 0.05). A transmissão sexual provável ocorreu em 25,6 % (21/82) das famílias e em 42,0 % (21/50) dos casais, com taxas de soropositividade de esposas e maridos de 53,1 % (18/34) e 18,8 % (3/16), respectivamente (p < 0.05). Não houve diferença significativa de soroprevalência entre familiares de portadores sintomáticos e assintomáticos e entre HTLV-1 e HTLV-2. Conclui-se que existe agregação da infecção nas famílias investigadas e que os dados obtidos estão em acordo com os previamente relatados na literatura. Os serviços de atendimento precisam realizar, rotineiramente, a educação dos indivíduos portadores de HTLV e manter ativas as medidas de controle dos comunicantes familiares, para evitar a propagação do vírus principalmente através do contacto sexual e amamentação.

Platelet endothelial cell adhesion molecule-1 regulates collagen-stimulated platelet function by modulating the association of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase with Grb-2-associated binding protein-1 and linker for activation of T cells

Background: Platelet activation by collagen depends on signals transduced by the glycoprotein (GP)VI–Fc receptor (FcR)-chain collagen receptor complex, which involves recruitment of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K) to phosphorylated tyrosines in the linker for activation of T cells (LAT). An interaction between the p85 regulatory subunit of PI3K and the scaffolding molecule Grb-2-associated binding protein-1 (Gab1), which is regulated by binding of the Src homology 2 domain-containing protein tyrosine phosphatase-2 (SHP-2) to Gab1, has been shown in other cell types to sustain PI3K activity to elicit cellular responses. Platelet endothelial cell adhesion molecule-1 (PECAM-1) functions as a negative regulator of platelet reactivity and thrombosis, at least in part by inhibiting GPVI–FcR-chain signaling via recruitment of SHP-2 to phosphorylated immunoreceptor tyrosine-based inhibitory motifs in PECAM-1. Objective: To investigate the possibility that PECAM-1 regulates the formation of the Gab1–p85 signaling complexes, and the potential effect of such interactions on GPVI-mediated platelet activation in platelets. Methods: The ability of PECAM-1 signaling to modulate the LAT signalosome was investigated with immunoblotting assays on human platelets and knockout mouse platelets. Results: PECAM-1-associated SHP-2 in collagen-stimulated platelets binds to p85, which results in diminished levels of association with both Gab1 and LAT and reduced collagen-stimulated PI3K signaling. We therefore propose that PECAM-1-mediated inhibition of GPVI-dependent platelet responses result, at least in part, from recruitment of SHP-2–p85 complexes to tyrosine-phosphorylated PECAM-1, which diminishes the association of PI3K with activatory signaling molecules, such as Gab1 and LAT.

Clonagem e expressão da glicoproteína transmembrana do vírus linfotrópico de células T humanas em sistema procarioto

HTLV-1 is the virus that causes T cell lymphoma/leukemia in adults and a neurological disorder known as HTLV-associated myelopathy or tropical spastic paraparesis. One of the transmission means is through contaminated blood and its byproducts. Because of the risk of HTLV-associated infections, screening for HTLV was introduced for Brazilian blood donors in 1993. Most of the diagnostic kits used in the national blood banks are bought from foreign companies. Brazil does not have the technology to produce this material and there is a need to produce diagnostic systems with national technology. In this study, we show the expression of gp21/HTLV-1 in Escherichia coli and its reactivity towards monoclonal antibodies and the antibodies of infected patients. Expressing these proteins is the first step towards obtaining diagnostic kits with Brazilian biotechnology.