Mating system and exclusive postzygotic paternal care in a Neotropical harvestman (Arachnida: Opiliones)

This study tests predictions of the hypothesis of evolution of paternal care via sexual selection by using the Neotropical harvestman Pseudopucrolia sp. as the model organism. Females use natural cavities in roadside banks as nesting sites, which are defended by males against other males. Females leave the nests after oviposition, and all postzygotic parental care is accomplished by males, which protect the eggs and nymphs from predators. We provided artificial mud nests to individuals in the laboratory and conducted observations on the reproduction of the species. Male reproductive success was directly related to nest ownership time: the longer a male held a nest, the higher his chances of obtaining copulations. All males that succeeded in mating and obtaining one clutch eventually mated with additional females that added eggs to the clutch. Thus, desirable males were not limited to monogamy by paternal care. Experimental manipulations demonstrated that guarding males were more attractive to females than were nonguarding males and also that males guarded unrelated eggs. Finally, we found that females and nonguarding males spent more time foraging than guarding males. We use our data to contrast hypotheses on the origin and maintenance of paternal care and to provide a critical assessment of the hypothesis of the evolution of paternal care via sexual selection. (C) 2009 The Association for the Study of Animal Behaviour. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Oviposition site selection by the bromeliad-dweller harvestman Bourguyia hamata (Arachnida : Opiliones)

Bourguyia hamata females oviposit almost exclusively inside the rosette formed by the curled leaves of the epiphytic bromeliad Aechmea nudicaulis. We investigated whether the architecture of the individual bromeliads influences oviposition site selection by this harvestman species. We collected data on the presence of clutches inside bromeliads, rosette length, rosette slope in relation to tree trunks, and the amount of debris inside the rosette. Additionally, we measured the water volume inside the rosettes as well as the variation in the humidity inside and outside bromeliads with long and short rosettes. Longer rosettes were preferred as oviposition site possibly because they accumulate more water and maintain lower internal humidity variation than the external environment. Although the slope of the rosettes did not influence the occurrence of oviposition, the probability of debris accumulation inside the rosettes increased with their slope, and the frequency of clutches was greater in bromeliads with small amounts of debris. A field experiment showed that bromeliads with water inside the rosette were more frequently used as oviposition sites than bromeliads without water. In conclusion, females oviposit predominantly in bromeliads that accumulate more water and have small amounts of debris inside the rosettes, probably because these characteristics promote a more adequate microhabitat for egg development.

Canga renatae, a new genus and species of Cyphophthalmi from Brazilian Amazon caves (Opiliones: Neogoveidae)

A new genus and species of Cyphophthalmi, Canga renatae gen. nov., sp. nov., is described in the family Neogoveidae from a system of caves in the Serra de Carajas, Para State, Brazil. Canga can be easily distinguished from other neogoveid genera by the presence of a dentate claw on leg I, a unique character among known cyphophthalmid species, and by the free coxa II, which is fused to coxae III and IV in all the other neogoveid species except for the North American Metasiro. The new genus also differs from other Neotropical neogoveids in the lack of a dorsal crest on the chelicerae and in the lack of opisthosomal glands. The finding of a neogoveid in the Para State greatly increases the known distribution of South American cyphophtalmids into the Eastern Brazilian Amazon forest.

Caves as a Winter Refuge by a Neotropical Harvestman (Arachnida, Opiliones)

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

A new micro-whip scorpion species from Brazilian Amazonia (Arachnida, Schizomida, Hubbardiidae), with the description of a new synapomorphy for Uropygi

Surazomus uarini n. sp. is described and illustrated based on specimens collected by beating on understory vegetation of Amazonian ""terra firme"" upland rain forests. A new cuticular structure, possibly a gland opening, is described on the female tarsus I and terminal flagellum. A putatively homologous structure is reported from the same body parts in all Undescribed species of Rowlandius Reddell and Cokendolpher 1995; Stenochrus portoricensis Chamberlin 1922; Mastigoproctus maximus (Tarnani 1889), and Thelyphonellus amazonicus (Butler 1872); suggesting it new synapomorphy for the clade Uropygi (i.e., Schizomida + Thelyphonida).

Systematic revision and cladistic analysis of the Brazilian subfamily Sodreaninae (Opiliones: Gonyleptidae)

Sodreaninae is reviewed and all ten species are combined under its type genus, Sodreana Mello-Leitao, 1922, according to a cladistic analysis of morphological characters, which revealed a pectinate pattern of clades. The subfamily is endemic to the Brazilian Atlantic rainforest from Santa Catarina state to Rio de Janeiro state. Sodreana is herein considered a senior synonym of Stygnobates Mello-Leitao, 1927, Zortalia Mello-Leitao, 1936, Gertia B. Soares & H. Soares, 1946 and Annampheres H. Soares, 1979. The following new combinations are proposed: Sodreana barbiellinii (Mello-Leitao, 1927), Sodreana hatschbachi (B. Soares & H. Soares, 1946), Sodreana inscripta (Mello-Leitao, 1939), Sodreana leprevosti (B. Soares & H. Soares, 1947b), Sodreana bicalcarata (Mello-Leitao, 1936). Sodreana granulata (Mello-Leitao, 1937) is revalidated from the synonymy of Sodreana sodreana Mello-Leitao, 1922. Three new species are described: Sodreana glaucoi from Ilhabela and Boraceia, Sao Paulo state; S. curupira from Parque Nacional da Serra dos Orgaos, Rio de Janeiro state, and S. caipora from Ubatuba, Sao Paulo state. Sodreaninae species are restricted to forested areas and most occur in the southern part of the coastal Atlantic rainforest, one species occurs in interior Atlantic rainforest. The biogeographical analysis (Brooks Parsimony Analysis) resulted in a single and fully resolved most parsimonious tree with three main: components: northern (Bahia and Serra do Espinhaco), southern (Santa Catarina, Parana, Serra do Mar of Sao Paulo), and central (Espirito Santo, Serra da Bocaina, southern state of Rio de Janeiro, Serra dos Orgaos, Serra da Mantiqueira, Serra do Mar of Sao Paulo).

Araneofauna (Arachnida; Araneae) relacionada à cultura do arroz (Oryza sativa L.) e áreas adjacentes ao agroecossistema no município de Cachoeirinha, RS, Brasil

Com a intenção de conhecer a identidade e a diversidade da araneofauna relacionada com a cultura do arroz e as áreas entorno da lavoura, foi realizado um inventário, na Estação Experimental do Arroz (EEA), do Instituto Rio Grandense do Arroz (IRGA), Cachoeirinha, RS (50o58’21’’W; 29o55’30’’S), procurando contribuir com o conhecimento deste agroecossistema. Procurou-se avaliar a riqueza de espécies, abundância e similaridade da fauna de aranhas entre as formações e períodos escolhidos para a amostragem. Foram realizadas saídas de 20/10/2004 a 6/6/2005; o local de estudo (EEA) foi dividido em três áreas; a primeira um campo, que durante muitos anos foi utilizado para o cultivo do arroz, mas atualmente está “desativado” (em pousio), a segunda área a lavoura de arroz, subdividida em duas subáreas (arroz 1 e 2), e por fim, a terceira área na borda de um fragmento de mata próximo ao campo. Em cada área foram efetuadas coletas em transectos, dois em cada área, totalizando oito a cada coleta. Nos transectos foram realizadas coletas matinais utilizando a metodologia de rede de varredura (35 cm de diâmetro), para amostrar a araneofauna da vegetação herbácea e subarbustiva, tanto na cultura do arroz, no campo e na borda da mata. Em cada transecto foram efetuados 50 golpes com a rede em movimentos de avanço pendulares. Três períodos foram avaliados: antes do arroz ser semeado, durante o desenvolvimento do arroz e após a colheita. Foram coletadas um total de 2717 aranhas, incluindo jovens e adultos. A partir do exame de todas as amostragens realizadas, houve uma maior abundância de aranhas no campo, diferindo significativamente das outras áreas. A comunidade de aranhas das áreas estudadas constitui-se de 85 morfoespécies, pertencentes a 15 famílias, predominando, no geral, Oxyopidae, Araneidae e Tetragnathidae; no campo e borda ocorreu predomínio de Oxyopidae e no arroz (1 e 2) foi Araneidae. O grupo funcional com maior abundância de aranhas, que prevaleceu em todas as áreas, foi das caçadoras emboscadoras, seguido das construtoras de teias orbiculares. Entre as morfoespécies as mais abundantes foram: Oxyopes salticus Hentz, 1845, Alpaida veniliae (Keyserling, 1865) e Misumenops pallidus (Keyserling, 1880). A família que registrou o maior número de morfoespécies foi Linyphiidae. A única morfoespécie registrada em todos os períodos amostrais foi Oxyopes salticus, sendo a mais abundante no campo e borda; no arroz foi Alpaida veniliae. A maioria das morfoespécies foram raras, ocorrendo em somente uma ou duas coletas. Dos estimadores de riqueza de espécies o que mais se aproximou da riqueza observada foi Bootstrap nas áreas de campo (estimando 30,55 espécies; 85,1% das espécies amostradas), arroz 1 (31,41; 82,8%) e borda (79,02; 78,5%); no arroz 2 foi Chao 1 (39; 82,1%). Abundância e riqueza foram significativamente diferentes entre as áreas e os períodos. Ocorreu predomínio expressivo de aranhas jovens (imaturas). Entre as aranhas adultas, não existiu diferença significativa nos tamanhos médios entre as espécies das diferentes áreas. Dos fatores abióticos, somente a temperatura teve relação com a maior abundância na borda. Houve diferença significativa para a similaridade entre as áreas e os períodos. São apresentados aspectos da fenologia das morfoespécies mais abundantes registradas nesta pesquisa e outros resultados encontrados sugerem a importância de estudos da biodiversidade nos agroecossistemas.

Population Fluctuations of Formicidae (Hymenoptera) and Araneae (Arachnida) in Two Tillage Systems in the Region of Guaíra-SP

The objective of this study was to elucidate population fluctuations of spider and ant species in forest fragments and adjacent soybean and corn crops under no-tillage and conventional tillage systems, and their correlations with meteorological factors. From Nov 2004 to Apr 2007 sampling of these arthropods at Guaira, São Paulo state was done biweekly during the cropping season and monthly during the periods between crops. To obtain samples at each experimental site, pitfall traps were distributed in 2 transects of 200 m of which 100 m was in the crop, and 100 m was in the forest fragment. Temperature and rainfall were found to have major impacts on fluctuations in population densities of ants of the genus, Pheidole, in soybean and corn crops both grown with conventional tillage and no tillage systems.

Actinedida e Acaridida (Arachnida: Acari) edáficos de Piracicaba, estado de São Paulo

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

Gamasida (Arachnida: Acari) Edáficos de Piracicaba, Estado de São Paulo

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

Tropical dermatology: Venomous arthropods and human skin Part II. Diplopoda, Chilopoda, and Arachnida

Members of arthropod classes Chilopoda (centipedes), Diplopoda (millipedes), and Arachnida (spiders and scorpions) cause tissue injury via bites, stings, and/or a release of toxins. A few members of the Acari subclass of Arachnida (mites and ticks) can transmit a variety of infectious diseases, but this review will cover the noninfectious manifestations of these vectors. Dermatologists should be familiar with the injuries caused by these arthropods in order to initiate proper treatment and recommend effective preventative measures. (J Am Acad Dermatol 2012;67:347.e1-9.)

A cladistic analysis of the Stygnicranainae Roewer, 1913 (Arachnida, Opiliones, Cranaidae) - where do longipalp cranaids belong?

Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq)

Acarofauna (Acari, Arachnida) associada a Genipa americana L., (Rubiaceae) em Ilha Solteira, São Paulo

The aim of this work was to study the mite community associated to Genipa americana L., a native species used as urban tree in Ilha Solteira, São Paulo. For this, six plants of this species were sampled from January to December 2007 and 17 species belonging to 13 families were registered. Among these species, nine are predaceous, six are phytophagous, and two present unknown feeding habits. Predaceous Phytoseiidae presented the highest number of individuals (480) and species (3). Euseius citrifolius (Phytoseiidae) and Brevipalpus phoenicis (Tenuipalpidae) are the most frequent species. G. americana has potential as a reservoir of predatory mites, but its use in agroecosystems needs to be evaluated in further studies. Attention should be given to the fact that this is a host plant of B. phoenicis, an important pest species of mite.

Diversidade de ácaros (Acari, Arachnida) em seringueiras (Hevea brasiliensis Muell. Arg., Euphorbiaceae) na região noroeste do Estado de São Paulo, Brasil

The mites of three rubber tree cultures (Cedral, Pindorama and Taquaritinga) in order to determine the abundance of populations, the richness, the diversity and the degree of similarity among the communities was studied. Twenty one species were found, five of which were common to the three cultures. The richness and the abundance were greatest at the beginning of the dry season. The composition of communities differed probably as consequence of the kind of neighboring vegetation to each area, and because of the acaricid pulverization on the culture of Taquaritinga, reductng the richness of mite species in that area. The influence of neighboring vegetation can be shown by the occurrence of Iphiseiodes zuluagui Denmark & Muma, 1972, a common species to citrus trees, on neighboring rubber trees in Taquaritinga, and Tenuipalpus heveae Baker, 1945, a common species on rubber trees, on a coffee culture neighbor to the rubber trees of Pindorama. This data suggests that mites move among neighbor cultures, and can be an importam factor towards pest management and control. The diversity was small on the three cultures, as a result of the occurrence of one dominam species on each area, Calacarus heveae Feres, 1992 or T. heveae, which are considered pests of the rubber tree. The small diversity and the occurrence of dominant species are patterns expected in monocultures, systems with small environmental heterogeneity.

Ácaros (Acari, Arachnida) associados a euforbiáceas nativas em áreas de cultivo de seringueiras (Hevea brasiliensis Muell. Arg., Euphorbiaceae) na região noroeste do estado de São Paulo, Brasil

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)