Ankle joint pressure in pes cavovarus after lateralizing calcaneal osteotomies

BACKGROUND: Tendon transfers and calcaneal osteotomies are commonly used to treat symptoms related to medial ankle arthrosis in fixed pes cavovarus. However, the relative effect of these osteotomies in terms of lateralizing the ground contact point of the hindfoot and redistributing ankle joint contact stresses are unknown. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Pes cavovarus with fixed hindfoot varus was simulated in eight cadaver specimens. The effect of three types of calcaneal osteotomies on the migration of the center of force and tibiotalar peak pressure at 300 N axial static load (half-body weight) were recorded using pressure sensors. RESULTS: A significant lateral shift of the center of force was observed: 4.9 mm for the laterally closing Z-shaped osteotomy with additional lateralization of the tuberosity, 3.4 mm for the lateral sliding osteotomy of the calcaneal tuberosity, and 2.7 mm for the laterally closing Z-shaped osteotomy (all p < 0.001). A significant peak pressure reduction was recorded: -0.53 MPa for the Z-shaped osteotomy with lateralization, -0.58 MPa for the lateral sliding osteotomy of the calcaneal tuberosity, and -0.41 MPa for the Z-shaped osteotomy (all p < 0.01). CONCLUSION: This cadaver study supports the hypothesis that lateralizing calcaneal osteotomies substantially help to normalize ankle contact stresses in pes cavovarus.

Use of GPS for Photogrammetry, HR-342, 1993

Five test flights were conducted to study the use of Global Positioning System (GPS) in Photogrammetry, three in Iowa, one each in California and Texas. These tests show that GPS can be used to establish ground control by the static method and to determine camera location by the kinematic method. In block triangulation, six GPS controls are required and additional elevation control along the centerline is also required in strip triangulation. The camera location determined by aerial triangulation depends on the scale of the photography. The 1:3000 scale photography showed that the absolute accuracy of the camera location by GPS is better than five centimeters. The 1:40000 scale photography showed that the relative accuracy of the camera location by GPS is about one millimeter. In a strip triangulation elevation control is required in addition to the camera location by GPS. However, for block triangulation camera location by GPS is sufficient. Pre-targeting of pass and tie points gives the best results in both block and strip triangulation. In normal mapping for earth work computations the use of 1:6000 scale photography with GPS control instead of 1:3000 scale is recommended. It is recommended that research be done in the use of GPS for navigation in aerial photographic missions. It is highly recommended that research be done in the use of GPS to determine tip and tilt of the aerial camera, that is required in stereoplotting.

Three essays on major trends in a slow clockspeed industry : the case of industrial automation

The motivation for this research initiated from the abrupt rise and fall of minicomputers which were initially used both for industrial automation and business applications due to their significantly lower cost than their predecessors, the mainframes. Later industrial automation developed its own vertically integrated hardware and software to address the application needs of uninterrupted operations, real-time control and resilience to harsh environmental conditions. This has led to the creation of an independent industry, namely industrial automation used in PLC, DCS, SCADA and robot control systems. This industry employs today over 200'000 people in a profitable slow clockspeed context in contrast to the two mainstream computing industries of information technology (IT) focused on business applications and telecommunications focused on communications networks and hand-held devices. Already in 1990s it was foreseen that IT and communication would merge into one Information and communication industry (ICT). The fundamental question of the thesis is: Could industrial automation leverage a common technology platform with the newly formed ICT industry? Computer systems dominated by complex instruction set computers (CISC) were challenged during 1990s with higher performance reduced instruction set computers (RISC). RISC started to evolve parallel to the constant advancement of Moore's law. These developments created the high performance and low energy consumption System-on-Chip architecture (SoC). Unlike to the CISC processors RISC processor architecture is a separate industry from the RISC chip manufacturing industry. It also has several hardware independent software platforms consisting of integrated operating system, development environment, user interface and application market which enables customers to have more choices due to hardware independent real time capable software applications. An architecture disruption merged and the smartphone and tablet market were formed with new rules and new key players in the ICT industry. Today there are more RISC computer systems running Linux (or other Unix variants) than any other computer system. The astonishing rise of SoC based technologies and related software platforms in smartphones created in unit terms the largest installed base ever seen in the history of computers and is now being further extended by tablets. An underlying additional element of this transition is the increasing role of open source technologies both in software and hardware. This has driven the microprocessor based personal computer industry with few dominating closed operating system platforms into a steep decline. A significant factor in this process has been the separation of processor architecture and processor chip production and operating systems and application development platforms merger into integrated software platforms with proprietary application markets. Furthermore the pay-by-click marketing has changed the way applications development is compensated: Three essays on major trends in a slow clockspeed industry: The case of industrial automation 2014 freeware, ad based or licensed - all at a lower price and used by a wider customer base than ever before. Moreover, the concept of software maintenance contract is very remote in the app world. However, as a slow clockspeed industry, industrial automation has remained intact during the disruptions based on SoC and related software platforms in the ICT industries. Industrial automation incumbents continue to supply systems based on vertically integrated systems consisting of proprietary software and proprietary mainly microprocessor based hardware. They enjoy admirable profitability levels on a very narrow customer base due to strong technology-enabled customer lock-in and customers' high risk leverage as their production is dependent on fault-free operation of the industrial automation systems. When will this balance of power be disrupted? The thesis suggests how industrial automation could join the mainstream ICT industry and create an information, communication and automation (ICAT) industry. Lately the Internet of Things (loT) and weightless networks, a new standard leveraging frequency channels earlier occupied by TV broadcasting, have gradually started to change the rigid world of Machine to Machine (M2M) interaction. It is foreseeable that enough momentum will be created that the industrial automation market will in due course face an architecture disruption empowered by these new trends. This thesis examines the current state of industrial automation subject to the competition between the incumbents firstly through a research on cost competitiveness efforts in captive outsourcing of engineering, research and development and secondly researching process re- engineering in the case of complex system global software support. Thirdly we investigate the industry actors', namely customers, incumbents and newcomers, views on the future direction of industrial automation and conclude with our assessments of the possible routes industrial automation could advance taking into account the looming rise of the Internet of Things (loT) and weightless networks. Industrial automation is an industry dominated by a handful of global players each of them focusing on maintaining their own proprietary solutions. The rise of de facto standards like IBM PC, Unix and Linux and SoC leveraged by IBM, Compaq, Dell, HP, ARM, Apple, Google, Samsung and others have created new markets of personal computers, smartphone and tablets and will eventually also impact industrial automation through game changing commoditization and related control point and business model changes. This trend will inevitably continue, but the transition to a commoditized industrial automation will not happen in the near future.

Implantació d’un sistema APPCC en les línies de canelons, croquetes i lasanyes a l’empresa de plats precuinats CUINATS JOTRI S.L.

Les diferents normatives, europea i nacional regulen la necessitat d’establir sistemes d’autocontrolque assegurin un nivell minim de seguretat dels productes alimentaris i de les normes relatives alsmanipuladors d’aliments. Les empreses del sector alimentari son les responsables de la higiene en elsseus establiments, basant-se en l’Analisi de Perills i Punts de Control Critic (APPCC) i controlant elpossible risc contra la salut en la cadena alimentaria. Els responsables de l’empresa de platsprecuinats cuinats Jotri S.L. estan interessats en la implementacio d’un sistema d’autocontrol de laqualitat. Per aixo estan interessats en la implementacio d’un sistema d’autocontrol de la seguretatalimentaria (APPCC). Es realitzara la determinacio de punts critics a controlar en les linies de canelonsde carn i l’apliacio de mesures preventives i mesures correctores en les linies de canelons, croquetesi lasanyes

Transposing phytochrome into the nucleus.

To control many physiological responses, phytochromes directly modulate gene expression. A key regulatory event in this signal transduction pathway is the light-controlled translocation of the photoreceptor from the cytoplasm into the nucleus. Recent publications are beginning to shed light on the molecular mechanisms underlying this central control point. Interestingly, there is a specific mechanism for phytochrome A (phyA) nuclear accumulation. The dedicated phyA nuclear import pathway might be important for the distinct photosensory specificity of this atypical phytochrome. Recent studies in the field also provide a starting point for investigating how the different subcellular pools of phytochrome can control distinct responses to light.

Tilauspisteen ja tilauseräkoon määrittäminen osana ostoprosessin kehittämistä tukkukaupassa

Varastojen hallinta sisältää yksinkertaisimmillaan varastotasojen, tilauspisteiden ja tilauseräkokojen määrittämiseen liittyviä päätöksiä ja toimenpiteitä. Perinteisesti näitä päätöksiä on tarkasteltu ainoastaan yhden ohjauspisteen sisäisestä näkökulmasta. Ostoprosessin ja siihen liittyvien toimittajasuhteiden kehittämisen merkitystä varastojen hallinnassa ei ole sen sijaan täysin ymmärretty. Tässä työssä tarkastellaan sekä perinteisiä varastonohjausjärjestelmiä että ostoprosessin kehittämistä teoreettisen viitekehyksen ja empiirisen case-tutkimuksen kautta. Tutkimuksen päätarkoitus on esittää varastonimikkeiden tilausajankohdan ja –eräkoon määrittämiseen liittyviä menetelmiä. Tutkimuksen teoriaosassa muodostetaan viitekehys tuotteiden luokitteluun perustuville varastojen hallinnan menettelytavoille. Varastojen hallinnan päätöksiin vaikuttavia tekijöitä ovat mm. ostoprosessin vaiheiden operatiivinen kehittäminen, toimittajayhteistyön parantaminen toimitusketjun hallinnan ja partnership-suhteiden kautta sekä nimikkeiden kysynnän, toimitusaikojen, varastojen hallinnan kustannusten ja mittarien määrittäminen. Lisäksi kuvataan tukkukauppaan liittyviä erityispiirteitä em. seikkojen osalta. Empiirisessä osassa tarkastellaan ensin terästuotteiden tukkukaupan Oy Kontino Ab:n ostotoiminnan ja varastojen hallinnan nykytilaa. Haastatteluaineiston perusteella esitetään optimaalisia varastotäydennysmenetelmiä luokitelluille nimikkeille. Tutkimuksen mukaan varaston palvelukyvyn mittaaminen on välttämätöntä optimaalisen tilauspisteen ja –eräkoon määrittämisessä. Tukkukaupan varastojen hallintaan soveltuu parhaiten kiinteän tilausvälin järjestelmä, jossa tilaushetki on kiinteä ja eräkoko sekä tilauspiste vaihtelevat. Tutkimuksesta voidaan päätellä, että myös tukkukaupan on pyrittävä varastotasojen alentamiseen parantaakseen varastoinnin tehokkuutta ja palvelukykyä. Parannukset voidaan toteuttaa vain ymmärtämällä varastojen hallinnan ja ostoprosessin välinen läheinen yhteys ja kehittämällä strategista toimittajayhteistyötä.

Elaboració d'un manual d'implantació del sistema APPCC per a microcerveseries

L’objectiu del treball ha estat elaborar un manual d’implantació del sistema d'Anàlisi de Perills i Punts Crítics de Control (APPCC) que serveixi de guia a les microcerveseries. En la primera part del manual s’ha realitzat una introducció on s’expliquen els orígens del sistema i es defineix l’APPCC com un sistema que permet identificar, avaluar i controlar els perills significatius en totes les fases de producció, transformació i distribució amb l’objectiu de garantir la innocuïtat dels aliments. Seguidament, s’ha mostrat la importància del Codex Alimentarius, on es troben descrites les directives per a l’aplicació del sistema d’APPCC. També s’ha indicat que el Reglament CE 852/2004, relatiu a la higiene dels productes alimentaris, obliga a les empreses alimentaries a crear, implementar i mantenir procediments permanents basats en els principis del sistema d’APPCC. Posteriorment, s’han exposat els aspectes que cal considerar per a poder implantar un sistema d’APPCC en una microcerveseria. S’han descrit aspectes com el marc legal del sector cerveser, la flexibilitat en l’aplicació del sistema d’autocontrol en les microempreses i els prerequisits. En l’annex 1, s’han desenvolupat els prerequisits necessaris per a les microcerveseries, i en l’annex 2, s’han mostrat exemples de registres derivats de la seva aplicació. Els prerequisits són bàsics per assegurar un entorn i unes condicions de treball higièniques, reduint o eliminant perills de contaminació en els aliments. Els prerequisits consideren els perills generals de l’entorn de treball. En canvi, l’APPCC considera els perills específics del procés de producció. Tot seguit, s’han definit els principis bàsics i les directrius per a l’aplicació del sistema d’APPCC descrits en el Codex Alimentarius, explicant les diferents fases que cal seguir per a la correcta implantació del sistema d’autocontrol. En la segona part del manual, s’ha desenvolupat el sistema d’APPCC per al procés d’elaboració de la cervesa artesana

Implantació d’un manual de gestió en una indústria de llescats

Estudi sobre la implantació d’un manual de gestió en una indústria dellescats, realitzat a l’empresa Serra&Mota de la Cellera de Ter (consta d’un sistema APPCC i un manual de qualitat)

Elaboración e implantación de un sistema APPCC para industrias elaboradoras de creps

Debido a la coyuntura actual y a la liberalización del comercio de alimentos, es necesariogarantizar la seguridad e inocuidad de los alimentos, las cuales se conseguirán aplicando lasprácticas y las normas apropiadas en materia de seguridad alimentaria. Los reglamentoscomunitarios en materia de seguridad alimentaria, y en particular el Reglamento (CE) nº852/2004 relativo a la higiene de los alimentos, obligan a las empresas alimentarias a aplicarun sistema de autocontrol basado en los principios del Análisis de Peligros y Puntos Críticosde Control (APPCC). En España, la legislación nacional ya contemplaba este requisito. En elámbito de las comidas preparadas, esta exigencia se recogía expresamente en el Real Decreto3484/200, de 29 de diciembre, por el que se establecen las normas de higiene para laelaboración, distribución y comercio de comidas preparadas.En el presente Proyecto/Trabajo Final de Carrera (PTFC), se ha elaborado un manual, queconsta de ocho capítulos, unos anexos y una memoria descriptiva, que servirá de guía para eldiseño de un sistema de APPCC, siguiendo los procedimientos definidos en el CodexAlimentarius, que permita su aplicación a las industrias elaboradoras de creps y a la vezproporcione las pautas necesarias para su implantación. Debido a la imposibilidad de aplicarel sistema de APPCC desarrollado a una industria concreta, se ha elaborado un manualgenérico que cada industria deberá adaptar a sus sistema productivo

Numerics of Spacecraft Dynamics

Whenever a spacecraft is launched it is essential that the algorithms in the on-board software systems and at ground control are efficient and reliable over extended periods of time. Geometric numerical integrators, and in particular variational integrators, have both these characteristics. In "Numerics of Spacecraft Dynamics" new numerical integrators are presented and analysed in depth. These algorithms have been designed specifically for the dynamics of spacecraft and artificial satellites in Earth orbits. Full analytical solutions to a class of integrable deformations of the two-body problem in classical mechanics are derived, and a systematic method to compute variational integrators to arbitrary order with a computer algebra system is introduced.

Reglering och förvaltning av produktions- och slaktdjurs välbefinnande : en offentligrättslig undersökning

Djur och djurskyddet hör till ett rättsligt regleringsområde som inte varit föremål för omfattande rättsvetenskaplig forskning i vårt land även om intresset för djurs välbefinnande ökat både i samhället och inom EU. Avhandlingen har avfattats som en artikelavhandling och är en offentligrättslig studie om djurskyddslagstiftningen och förvaltningen av djurskyddsärenden i Finland. Tematiken har behandlats både ur djurens och djurens ägares eller innehavares synvinkel med utgångspunkt i djurskyddslagstiftningen och förvaltningen av djurskyddsärenden i Finland. Forskningen är fokuserad huvudsakligen på skyddet av och välbefinnandet hos produktions- och slaktdjur även om bland annat de begrepp som granskas också berör andra djurkategorier. De övergripande frågeställningarna i avhandlingen är två. För det första, vad är det som avses med djurs välbefinnande och skydd i regleringen av djurskyddet och för det andra, hur realiseras dessa i djurskyddsmyndigheternas förvaltningsverksamhet? I forskningen presenteras och diskuteras bland annat en ny begreppskonstruktion: djurs rättsliga välbefinnande. Den empiriska delen i avhandlingen omfattar förvaltningsverksamheten inom området av djurskydd under åren 1996–2006. Sammanlagt 10468 dokument som upprättats av djurskyddsmyndigheten i samband med verkställandet av djurskyddsövervakning ingår i undersökningen. Forskningen utmynnar i en åtgärdsförteckning med förslag till utvecklingen av området för djurskydd.

Suitability of LiDAR technology for forest inventory in Russia

LiDAR is an advanced remote sensing technology with many applications, including forest inventory. The most common type is ALS (airborne laser scanning). The method is successfully utilized in many developed markets, where it is replacing traditional forest inventory methods. However, it is innovative for Russian market, where traditional field inventory dominates. ArboLiDAR is a forest inventory solution that engages LiDAR, color infrared imagery, GPS ground control plots and field sample plots, developed by Arbonaut Ltd. This study is an industrial market research for LiDAR technology in Russia focused on customer needs. Russian forestry market is very attractive, because of large growing stock volumes. It underwent drastic changes in 2006, but it is still in transitional stage. There are several types of forest inventory, both with public and private funding. Private forestry enterprises basically need forest inventory in two cases – while making coupe demarcation before timber harvesting and as a part of forest management planning, that is supposed to be done every ten years on the whole leased territory. The study covered 14 companies in total that include private forestry companies with timber harvesting activities, private forest inventory providers, state subordinate companies and forestry software developer. The research strategy is multiple case studies with semi-structured interviews as the main data collection technique. The study focuses on North-West Russia, as it is the most developed Russian region in forestry. The research applies the Voice of the Customer (VOC) concept to elicit customer needs of Russian forestry actors and discovers how these needs are met. It studies forest inventory methods currently applied in Russia and proposes the model of method comparison, based on Multi-criteria decision making (MCDM) approach, mainly on Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP). Required product attributes are classified in accordance with Kano model. The answer about suitability of LiDAR technology is ambiguous, since many details should be taken into account.

Development of Safety and Quality Management System in Shrimp Farming

Shrimp Aquaculture has provided tremendous opportunity for the economic and social upliftment of rural communities in the coastal areas of our country Over a hundred thousand farmers, of whom about 90% belong to the small and marginal category, are engaged in shrimp farming. Penaeus monodon is the most predominant cultured species in India which is mainly exported to highly sophisticated, quality and safety conscious world markets. Food safety has been of concem to humankind since the dawn of history and the concern about food safety resulted in the evolution of a cost effective, food safety assurance method, the Hazard Analysis Critical Control Point (HACCP). Considering the major contribution of cultured Penaeus monodon to the total shrimp production and the economic losses encountered due to disease outbreak and also because traditional methods of quality control and end point inspection cannot guarantee the safety of our cultured seafood products, it is essential that science based preventive approaches like HACCP and Pre requisite Programmes (PRP) be implemented in our shrimp farming operations. PRP is considered as a support system which provides a solid foundation for HACCP. The safety of postlarvae (PL) supplied for brackish water shrimp farming has also become an issue of concern over the past few years. The quality and safety of hatchery produced seeds have been deteriorating and disease outbreaks have become very common in hatcheries. It is in this context that the necessity for following strict quarantine measures with standards and code of practices becomes significant. Though there were a lot of hue and cry on the need for extending the focus of seafood safety assurance from processing and exporting to the pre-harvest and hatchery rearing phases, an experimental move in this direction has been rare or nil. An integrated management system only can assure the effective control of the quality, hygiene and safety related issues. This study therefore aims at designing a safety and quality management system model for implementation in shrimp farming and hatchery operations by linking the concepts of HACCP and PRP.

Implantació d’un manual de gestió en una indústria de llescats

Estudi sobre la implantació d’un manual de gestió en una indústria de llescats, realitzat a l’empresa Serra&Mota de la Cellera de Ter (consta d’un sistema APPCC i un manual de qualitat)

Legumes regulate Rhizobium bacteroid development and persistence by the supply of branched-chain amino acids

One of the largest contributions to biologically available nitrogen comes from the reduction of N-2 to ammonia by rhizobia in symbiosis with legumes. Plants supply dicarboxylic acids as a carbon source to bacteroids, and in return they receive ammonia. However, metabolic exchange must be more complex, because effective N-2 fixation by Rhizobium leguminosarum bv viciae bacteroids requires either one of two broad-specificity amino acid ABC transporters (Aap and Bra). It was proposed that amino acids cycle between plant and bacteroids, but the model was unconstrained because of the broad solute specificity of Aap and Bra. Here, we constrain the specificity of Bra and ectopically express heterologous transporters to demonstrate that branched-chain amino acid (LIV) transport is essential for effective N-2 fixation. This dependence of bacteroids on the plant for LIV is not due to their known down-regulation of glutamate synthesis, because ectopic expression of glutamate dehydrogenase did not rescue effective N-2 fixation. Instead, the effect is specific to LIV and is accompanied by a major reduction in transcription and activity of LIV biosynthetic enzymes. Bacteroids become symbiotic auxotrophs for LIV and depend on the plant for their supply. Bacteroids with aap bra null mutations are reduced in number, smaller, and have a lower DNA content than wild type. Plants control LIV supply to bacteroids, regulating their development and persistence. This makes it a critical control point for regulation of symbiosis. MICROBIOLOGY