Sociodemographic factors influencing adherence to antenatal iron supplementation recommendations among pregnant women in Malawi: Analysis of data from the 2010 Malawi Demographic and Health Survey

Background and Aim: Maternal morbidity and mortality statistics remain unacceptably high in Malawi. Prominent among the risk factors in the country is anaemia in pregnancy, which generally results from nutritional inadequacy (particularly iron deficiency) and malaria, among other factors. This warrants concerted efforts to increase iron intake among reproductive-age women. This study, among women in Malawi, examined factors determining intake of supplemental iron for at least 90 days during pregnancy. Methods: A weighted sample of 10,750 women (46.7%), from the 23,020 respondents of the 2010 Malawi Demographic and Health Survey (MDHS), were utilized for the study. Univariate, bivariate, and regression techniques were employed. While univariate analysis revealed the percent distributions of all variables, bivariate analysis was used to examine the relationships between individual independent variables and adherence to iron supplementation. Chi-square tests of independence were conducted for categorical variables, with the significance level set at P < 0.05. Two binary logistic regression models were used to evaluate the net effect of independent variables on iron supplementation adherence. Results: Thirty-seven percent of the women adhered to the iron supplementation recommendations during pregnancy. Multivariate analysis indicated that younger age, urban residence, higher education, higher wealth status, and attending antenatal care during the first trimester were significantly associated with increased odds of taking iron supplementation for 90 days or more during pregnancy (P < 0.01). Conclusions: The results indicate low adherence to the World Health Organization’s iron supplementation recommendations among pregnant women in Malawi, and this contributes to negative health outcomes for both mothers and children. Focusing on education interventions that target populations with low rates of iron supplement intake, including campaigns to increase the number of women who attend antenatal care clinics in the first trimester, are recommended to increase adherence to iron supplementation recommendations.

Prevalencia de la ruptura prematura de membranas y la vía de finalización del parto en el Hospital Vicente Corral Moscoso, período 2014

Antecedente. La ruptura prematura de membranas (RPM) es causa importante de morbimortalidad materno fetal por asociarse a complicaciones riesgosas como la corioamnionitis. Objetivo. Establecer la prevalencia de ruptura prematura de membranas y la vía de terminación del parto según la variante de ruptura. Material y métodos. Con un diseño transversal se recopiló información de 360 historias clínicas de maternas atendidas en el Servicio de Obstetricia y Ginecología del hospital Vicente Corral Moscoso de Cuenca, durante el 2014. Resultados. La prevalencia de RPM fue del 8.2% (7.4 – 9.05). La edad promedio fue de 24.0 ± 6.2 años entre un rango de 14 a 44. El 46% cursó la secundaria, el 69% se dedica a actividades domésticas y el 61% reside en zona urbana. La rotura de membranas a término ocurrió en el 66%, la rotura prolongada en el 20% y la rotura pre-término en el 12%. El 71% terminó su parto vía vaginal y el 28% mediante cesárea. El parto vaginal fue más frecuente en rotura de membranas a término (P = 0.0005) y la cesárea en rotura pre-término (P = 0.002). En rotura prolongada, la frecuencia fue similar. Conclusión. La prevalencia de rotura prematura de membranas y la vía de terminación del parto, están dentro de las cifras reportadas por la literatura en estudios similares nacionales y extranjeros. Las variantes de RPM no parecen influenciar sobre la terminación del parto

Mortality and morbidity in the city of Bern, Switzerland, 1805-1815 with special emphasis on infant, child and maternal deaths

This article contributes to the research on demographics and public health of urban populations of preindustrial Europe. The key source is a burial register that contains information on the deceased, such as age and sex, residence and cause of death. This register is one of the earliest compilations of data sets of individuals with this high degree of completeness and consistency. Critical assessment of the register's origin, formation and upkeep promises high validity and reliability. Between 1805 and 1815, 4,390 deceased inhabitants were registered. Information concerning these individuals provides the basis for this study. Life tables of Bern's population were created using different models. The causes of death were classified and their frequency calculated. Furthermore, the susceptibility of age groups to certain causes of death was established. Special attention was given to causes of death and mortality of newborns, infants and birth-giving women. In comparison to other cities and regions in Central Europe, Bern's mortality structure shows low rates for infants (q0=0.144) and children (q1-4=0.068). This could have simply indicated better living conditions. Life expectancy at birth was 43 years. Mortality was high in winter and spring, and decreased in summer to a low level with a short rise in August. The study of the causes of death was inhibited by difficulties in translating early 19th century nomenclature into the modern medical system. Nonetheless, death from metabolic disorders, illnesses of the respiratory system, and debilitation were the most prominent causes in Bern. Apparently, the worst killer of infants up to 12 months was the "gichteren", an obsolete German term for lethal spasmodic convulsions. The exact modern identification of this disease remains unclear. Possibilities such as infant tetanus or infant epilepsy are discussed. The maternal death rate of 0.72% is comparable with values calculated from contemporaneous sources. Relevance of childbed fever in the early 1800s was low. Bern's data indicate that the extent of deaths related to childbirth in this period is overrated. This research has an explicit interdisciplinary value for various fields including both the humanities and natural sciences, since information reported here represents the complete age and sex structure of a deceased population. Physical anthropologists can use these data as a true reference group for their palaeodemographic studies of preindustrial Central Europe of the late 18th and early 19th century. It is a call to both historians and anthropologists to use our resources to a better effect through combination of methods and exchange of knowledge.

Avaliação do volume e índices vasculares placentários pela ultrassonografia tridimensional em gestações com restrição grave de crescimento fetal

INTRODUÇÃO: A restrição de crescimento fetal (RCF) representa uma das principais complicações da gravidez e está associada a elevadas taxas de morbimortalidade perinatal. A frequência de desfechos desfavoráveis neonatais está diretamente relacionada à gravidade da RCF, sendo que os casos de pior evolução estão relacionados com peso abaixo do percentil 3. O mecanismo do crescimento fetal não está totalmente esclarecido, mas resulta da interação entre potencial genético de crescimento e fatores placentários, maternos e ambientais. Dentre os fatores etiológicos, o desenvolvimento anormal da placenta e a diminuição da perfusão uteroplacentária são as principais causas de RCF. Este estudo teve por objetivo avaliar volume e índices de vascularização placentários, por meio da ultrassonografia tridimensional (US3D), em gestações com RCF grave, e as correlações dos parâmetros placentários com valores de normalidade e dopplervelocimetria materno-fetal. MÉTODOS: Foram avaliadas 27 gestantes cujos fetos apresentavam peso estimado abaixo do percentil 3 para a idade gestacional. Por meio da US3D, utilizando-se a técnica VOCAL, foram mensurados o volume placentário (VP) e os índices vasculares: índice de vascularização (IV), índice de fluxo (IF) e índice de vascularização e fluxo (IVF). Os dados foram comparados com a curva de normalidade para a idade gestacional e peso fetal descrita por De Paula e cols. (2008, 2009). Desde que os volumes placentários variam durante a gravidez, os valores observados foram comparados com os valores esperados para a idade gestacional e peso fetal. Foram criados os índices volume observado/ esperado para a idade gestacional (Vo/e IG) e volume placentário observado/ esperado para o peso fetal (Vo/e PF). Os parâmetros placentários foram correlacionados com índice de pulsatilidade (IP) médio de (AUt) e IP de artéria umbilical (AU), e avaliados segundo a presença de incisura protodiastólica bilateral em AUt. RESULTADOS: Quando comparadas à curva de normalidade, as placentas de gestação com RCF grave apresentaram VP, IV, IF e IVF significativamente menores (p < 0,0001 para todos os parâmetros). Houve correlação inversa estatisticamente significante da média do PI de AUt com o Vo/e IG (r= -0,461, p= 0,018), IV (r= -0,401, p= 0,042) e IVF (r= -0,421, p= 0,048). No grupo de gestantes que apresentavam incisura protodiastólica bilateral de artérias uterinas, Vo/e IG (p= 0,014), Vo/e PF (p= 0,02) e IV (p= 0,044) foram significativamente mais baixos. Nenhum dos parâmetros placentários apresentou correlação significativa com IP de AU. CONCLUSÕES: Observou-se que o volume e os índices de vascularização placentários apresentam-se diminuídos nos fetos com RCF grave. IP médio de AUT apresenta correlação negativa com Vo/e IG, IV e IVF, e Vo/e IG, Vo/e PF e IV apresentaram-se reduzidos nos casos de incisura bilateral. Não houve correlação significativa dos parâmetros placentários com IP de AU

Estimating the burden of disease attributable to childhood and maternal undernutrition in South Africa in 2000

OBJECTIVES To estimate the disease burden attributable to being underweight as an indicator of undernutrition in children under 5 years of age and in pregnant women for the year 2000. DESIGN World Health Organization comparative risk assessment (CRA) methodology was followed. The 1999 National Food Consumption Survey prevalence of underweight classified in three low weight-for-age categories was compared with standard growth charts to estimate population-attributable fractions for mortality and morbidity outcomes, based on increased risk for each category and applied to revised burden of disease estimates for South Africa in 2000. Maternal underweight, leading to an increased risk of intra-uterine growth retardation and further risk of low birth weight (LBW), was also assessed using the approach adopted by the global assessment. Monte Carlo simulation-modeling techniques were used for the uncertainty analysis. SETTING South Africa. SUBJECTS Children under 5 years of age and pregnant women. OUTCOME MEASURES Mortality and disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) from protein- energy malnutrition and a fraction of those from diarrhoeal disease, pneumonia, malaria, other non- HIV/AIDS infectious and parasitic conditions in children aged 0 - 4 years, and LBW. RESULTS Among children under 5 years, 11.8% were underweight. In the same age group, 11,808 deaths (95% uncertainty interval 11,100 - 12,642) or 12.3% (95% uncertainty interval 11.5 - 13.1%) were attributable to being underweight. Protein-energy malnutrition contributed 44.7% and diarrhoeal disease 29.6% of the total attributable burden. Childhood and maternal underweight accounted for 2.7% (95% uncertainty interval 2.6 - 2.9%) of all DALYs in South Africa in 2000 and 10.8% (95% uncertainty interval 10.2 - 11.5%) of DALYs in children under 5. CONCLUSIONS The study shows that reduction of the occurrence of underweight would have a substantial impact on child mortality, and also highlights the need to monitor this important indicator of child health.

Visual Impairment in Finnish Children : Prevalence, causes and morbidity of full-term and preterm children with visual impairment born from 1972 through 1989

The prevalence and the causes of childhood visual impairment in Finland during the 1970s and the 1980s were investigated, with special attention to risk factors and further prevention of visual impairment in children. The primary data on children with visual impairment were obtained from the Finnish Register of Visual Impairment, one of the patient registers kept up by the National Research and Development Centre for Welfare and Health (Stakes). The data were supplemented from other registers in Stakes and from patient records of the children in Finnish central hospitals. Visual impairment had been registered in 556 children from a population of 1,138,326 children between ages 0-17, born from 1972 through 1989. The age-specific prevalence of registered visual impairment was 49/100,000 in total. Of them, 23/100,000 were blind children and 11/100,000 were children born prematurely. Boys were impaired more often and more severely than girls. Congenital malformations (52%), systemic diseases (48%), and multiple impairments (50%) were common. The main ophthalmic groups of visual impairment were retinal diseases (35%), ocular malformations (29%), and neuro-ophthalmological disorders (29%). Optic nerve atrophy was the most common diagnosis of visual impairment (22%), followed by congenital cataract (11%), retinopathy of prematurity (10%), and cerebral visual impairment (8%). Genetic factors (42%) were the most common etiologies of visual impairment, followed by prenatal (30%) and perinatal (21%) factors. The highest rates of blindness were seen in cerebral visual impairment (83%) and retinopathy of prematurity (82%). Retinopathy of prematurity had developed in the children born at a gestational age of 32 weeks or earlier. Significant risks for visual impairment were found in the association with preterm births, prenatal infections, birth asphyxia, neonatal respiratory difficulties, mechanical ventilation lasting over two weeks, and hyperbilirubinemia. A rise in blind and multi-impaired children was seen during the study period, associating with increases in the survival of preterm infants with extremely low birth weight. The incidence of visual impairment in children born prematurely was seven times higher than in children born at full term. A reliable profile of childhood visual impairment was obtained. The importance of highly qualified antenatal, neonatal, and ophthalmological care was clearly proved. The risks associated with pre- and perinatal disorders during pregnancy must be emphasized, e.g. the risks associated with maternal infections and the use of tobacco, alcohol, and drugs during pregnancy. Obvious needs for gene therapies and other new treatments for hereditary diseases were also proved.

Board invited review:The importance of the gestation period for welfare of calves: Maternal stressors and difficult births

The prenatal period is of critical importance in defining how individuals respond to their environment throughout life. Stress experienced by pregnant females has been shown to have detrimental effects on offspring biology in humans and a variety of other species. It also is becoming increasingly apparent that prenatal events can have important consequences for the behavior, health, and productivity of offspring in farmed species. Pregnant cattle may experience many potentially important stressors, for instance, relating to their social environment, housing system and physical environment, interactions with humans and husbandry procedures, and their state of health. We examined the available literature to provide a review of the implications of prenatal stress for offspring welfare in cattle. The long-term effects of dystocia on cattle offspring also are reviewed. To ensure a transparent and repeatable selection process, a systematic review approach was adopted. The research literature clearly demonstrates that prenatal stress and difficult births in beef and dairy cattle both have implications for offspring welfare and performance. Common husbandry practices, such as transport, were shown to influence offspring biology and the importance of environmental variables, including thermal stress and drought, also were highlighted. Maternal disease during pregnancy was shown to negatively impact offspring welfare. Moreover, dystocia-affected calves suffer increased mortality and morbidity, decreased transfer of passive immunity, and important physiological and behavioral changes. This review also identified considerable gaps in our knowledge and understanding of the effects of prenatal stress in cattle. © 2012 American Society of Animal Science. All rights reserved.

Prevalencia de edema pulmonar agudo en el embarazo y el puerperio

El edema pulmonar agudo durante el embarazo es una entidad que aunque no es muy común, produce una alta morbimortalidad tanto materna como fetal. Metodología Se realizó un estudio transversal para calcular la prevalencia del edema pulmonar agudo en el embarazo en la Clínica Orquídeas, tomando los datos en un periodo de tres años. Se analizaron las principales características y se calcularon las tasas de morbilidad. Resultados La prevalencia del edema pulmonar agudo es de 0.67/1000 pacientes que ingresan a UCI en la Clínica Orquídeas. La enfermedad asociada más común es la preeclampsia con el 81% de los casos, y el sobrepeso influye de forma notoria. El tipo de ventilación más usada fue ventilación mecánica invasiva con 71% Discusión La prevalencia de edema pulmonar durante el embarazo es mayor en el presente estudio, que en otras series, posiblemente debido a que los datos fueron calculados en una UCI obstétrica únicamente. Este estudio servirá como base para posteriores estudios analíticos, siendo el primero realizado en nuestro país.

Maternal diabetes affects specific extracellular matrix components during placentation

During embryo implantation, invasive trophoblast cells mediate embryo invasion into the decidualized stroma, forming a rich network of lacunae that connect the embryonic tissues to the maternal blood vessels. Placentation is probably guided by the composition and organization of the endometrial extracellular matrix. Certain pathological conditions that occur during pregnancy, including diabetes, have been linked to abnormal placental morphology and consequent fetal morbidity. We used immunoperoxidase techniques to identify members of the collagen, proteoglycan and glycoprotein families in the various compartments of the rat placenta and to determine whether experimentally induced diabetes affects placental morphology and alters the distribution of these molecules during pregnancy. Single injections of alloxan (40 mg kg(-1) i.v.) were used to induce diabetes on day 2 of pregnancy in Wistar rats. Placentas were collected on days 14, 17, and 20. Type I and III collagen, as well as the proteoglycans decorin and biglycan, were found to be distributed throughout the placentas of control and diabetic rats. In both groups, laminin expression decreased at the end of pregnancy. In contrast, fibronectin was detected in the labyrinth region of diabetic rats at all gestational stages studied, whereas it was detected only at term pregnancy in the placentas of control rats. These results show for the first time that some extracellular matrix molecules are modulated during placental development. However, as diabetic rats presented increased fibronectin deposition exclusively in the labyrinth region, we speculate that diabetes alters the microenvironment at the maternal-fetal interface, leading to developmental abnormalities in the offspring.

Animal models for clinical and gestational diabetes: maternal and fetal outcomes

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)

Partial HELLP Syndrome: maternal and perinatal outcome

CONTEXTO: A síndrome HELLP é uma grave complicação da gestação caracterizada por hemólise, elevação das enzimas hepáticas e plaquetopenia. Algumas gestantes desenvolvem somente uma ou duas dessas características da síndrome HELLP. Esse quadro é denominado de síndrome HELLP parcial (SHP). OBJETIVO: O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar as repercussões maternas e perinatais das mulheres que desenvolveram SHP e comparar os resultados com mulheres que tiveram hipertensão gestacional ou pré-eclâmpsia sem alterações dos exames laboratoriais para síndrome HELLP. TIPO DE ESTUDO: Observacional, retrospectivo e analítico. LOCAL: Maternidade do Hospital das Clínicas da Faculdade de Medicina de Botucatu, Universidade Estadual Paulista, Botucatu, São Paulo, Brasil. AMOSTRA: Foram selecionadas gestantes ou puérperas que tiveram elevação dos níveis pressóricos detectada pela primeira vez após a primeira metade da gestação com ou sem proteinúria entre janeiro/1990 a dezembro/1995. As mulheres foram divididas em dois grupos: Grupo SHP quando as mulheres com hipertensão arterial tinham pelo menos uma, mas não todas as alterações de exames que demonstravam hemólise, elevação das enzimas hepáticas ou plaquetopenia e Grupo Hipertensas pacientes com hipertensão sem alterações nos exames laboratoriais para síndrome HELLP. PRINCIPAIS VARIÁVEIS: Analisamos idade materna, raça, paridade, classificação da hipertensão, idade gestacional no diagnóstico da SHP, alterações nos exames laboratoriais para síndrome HELLP, tempo de permanência no hospital, complicações maternas, via de parto, incidência de prematuridade, restrição de crescimento intra-uterino, natimortos e neomortos. RESULTADOS: 318 mulheres foram selecionadas, das quais 41 (12,9%) tiveram SHP e 277 (87,1%) não desenvolveram alterações dos exames laboratoriais que compõem o diagnóstico da síndrome HELLP. A pré-eclâmpsia foi um tipo de hipertensão mais freqüente no grupo SHP que no grupo hipertensas. Não houve pacientes com hipertensão crônica isolada que desenvolveram SHP. A taxa de cesárea, eclâmpsia e de partos prematuros foi significativamente mais freqüente no grupo SHP que no grupo hipertensas. CONCLUSÃO: Observamos uma conduta agressiva nas pacientes com SHP, que resultou na interrupção imediata da gestação, com elevada taxa de cesárea e de recém-nascido pré-termo. Esta conduta deve ser revista para a redução desses índices.

Síndrome HELLP recorrente: relato de dois casos

A síndrome HELLP é uma complicação grave da pré-eclâmpsia que determina aumento de morbidade e mortalidade maternas e perinatais. São descritos dois casos de recorrência dessa síndrome, sendo que em um deles ocorreu morte materna. Este trabalho alerta para o risco aumentado de síndrome HELLP na gestação seguinte.

Diabetic rats exercised prior to and during pregnancy: Maternal reproductive outcome, biochemical profile, and frequency of fetal anomalies

The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of exercise prior to or during pregnancy on maternal reproductive outcome, biochemical profile, and on fetal anomaly frequency in a rat pregnancy model utilizing chemically induced diabetes. Wistar rats (minimum n = 11 animals/group) were randomly assigned the following groups: group 1 (G1), sedentary, nondiabetic; G2, nondiabetic, exercised during pregnancy; G3, nondiabetic, exercised prior to and during pregnancy; G4, sedentary, diabetic; G5, diabetic, exercised during pregnancy; and G6, diabetic, exercised prior to and during pregnancy. A swimming program was utilized for moderate exercise. On day 21 of pregnancy, all rats were anesthetized to obtain blood for biochemical measurements. The gravid uterus was weighed with its contents, and the fetuses were analyzed. The nondiabetic rats exercised prior to pregnancy presented a reduced maternal weight gain. Besides, G2 and G3 groups showed decreased fetal weights at term pregnancy, indicating slight intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR). In the diabetic dams, the swimming program did not have antihyperglycemic effects. The exercise applied only during pregnancy caused severe IUGR, as confirmed by reduced fetal weight mean, fetal weight classification, and ossification sites. Nevertheless, exercise was not a teratogenic factor and improved the rats' lipid profiles, demonstrating that the exercise presented possible benefits, but there are also risks prior and during pregnancy, especially in diabetic pregnant women. © The Author(s) 2012.

Comparação da eficácia clínica da associação amoxicilina e ácido clavulânico com oxacilina e ceftriaxone para tratamento hospitalar de pneumonia comunitária grave em crianças: estudo clínico randomizado

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)