Digestive morphophysiology of Gryllodes sigillatus (Orthoptera: Gryllidae)

The evolution of the digestive system in the Order Orthoptera is disclosed from the study of the morphophysiology of the digestive process in its major taxa. This paper deals with a cricket representing the less known suborder Ensifera Most amylase and trypsin activities occur in crop and caeca. respectively. Maltase and aminopeptidase are found in soluble and membrane-bound forms in caeca, with aminopeptidase also occurring in ventriculus. Amaranth was orally fed to Gryllodes sigillatus adults or injected into their haemolymph. The experiments were performed with starving and feeding insects with identical results. Following feeding of the dye the luminal side of the most anterior ventriculus (and in lesser amounts the midgut caeca) became heavily stained. In injected insects, the haemal side of the most posterior ventriculus was stained This suggested that the anterior ventriculus is the main site of water absorption (the caeca is a secondary one). whereas the posterior ventriculus secretes water into the gut. Thus, a putative counter-current flux of fluid from posterior to anterior ventriculus may propel digestive enzyme recycling. This was confirmed by the finding that digestive enzymes are excreted at a low rate. The fine structure of midgut caeca and ventriculus cells revealed that they have morphological features that may be related to their involvement in secretion (movement from cell to lumen) and absorption (movement from lumen to cell) of fluids. Furthermore, morphological data showed that both merocrine and apocrine secretory mechanisms occur in midgut cells. The results showed that cricket digestion differs from that in grasshopper in having (1) more membrane-bound digestive enzymes; (2) protein digestion slightly displaced toward the ventriculus; (3) midgut fluxes, and hence digestive enzyme recycling, in both starved and fed insects. (C) 2009 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Ronderosia ommexechoides: a new species of Brazilian dichroplini (Orthoptera : Acrididae, Melanoplinae)

A new species of the genus Ronderosia Cigliano 1997 is described. Color illustrations of the female and male, drawings of female and male external genitalia as well as drawings of its phallic structures and photographs of the chromosomes are included.

A review of some south american species of jumping spiders (Araneae: Salticidae) described by Mello-Leitão from Brasil, with resolution of the genus Asaphobelis

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

Reproductive behavior of Eidmanacris corumbatai garcia (Orthoptera: Phalangopsidae)

Adult males of Eidmanacris corumbatai Garcia have reduced tegmina without stridulatory apparatus. For this reason, they developed other means of intra-specific communication. During courtship, the males use a combination of foreleg drumming and waving of the antennae, in addition to chemical signaling through pheromones. The females become receptive to copulation when the males expose their metanotal gland. This gland, located on the male metanotum, is also a source of substances on which females feed before receiving the spermatophore. During copulation, the female destroys the apex of the metanotal gland to gain access to the secretion released by this structure.

Evolutionary dynamics of 5S rDNA location in acridid grasshoppers and its relationship with H3 histone gene and 45S rDNA location

We analyze the chromosomal location of 5S rDNA clusters in 29 species of grasshoppers belonging to the family Acrididae. There was extensive variation among species for the number and location of 5S rDNA sites. Out of 148 sites detected, 75% were proximally located, 21.6% were interstitial, and only 3.4% were distal. The number of 5S rDNA sites per species varied from a single chromosome pair (in six species) to all chromosome pairs (in five species), with a range of intermediate situations. Thirteen chromosomes from eight species carried two 5S rDNA clusters. At intraspecific level, differences among populations were detected in Eyprepocnemis plorans, and some heteromorphisms have also been observed in some species. Double FISH for 5S rDNA and H3 histone gene DNA, performed on 17 of these 29 species, revealed that both markers are sometimes placed in a same chromosome but at different location, whereas they appeared to co-localize in five species (Calliptamus barbarus, Heteracris adpersa, Aiolopus strepens, Oedipoda charpentieri and O. coerulescens). Double fiber-FISH in A. strepens and O. coerulescens showed that the two DNAs are closely interspersed with variable relative amounts of both classes of DNA. Finally, no correlation was observed between the number of 5S and 45S rDNA clusters in 23 species where this information was available. These results are discussed in the light of possible mechanisms of spread that led to the extensive variation in the number of clusters observed for both rDNA types in acridid grasshoppers. © 2011 Springer Science+Business Media B.V.

Novos registros de Entedoníneos (Hymenoptera, Eulophidae) para a cultura do café (Coffea arabica L.)

The first cases of Emersonella pubipennis Hansson, 2002, Emersonella planiceps Hansson, 2002, Omphale huggerti (Hansson, 1988), Chrysocharis caribea Boucek, 1977, Chrysocharis vonones (Walker, 1839) and Chrysocharis tristis Hansson, 1987 (Hymenoptera, Eulophidae, Entedoninae) were reported for Coffea arabica L. based on specimens collected in Cravinhos (21°18'S/47°47'W), State of São Paulo, Brazil. The first occurrence of E. pubipennis and O. huggerti were also reported in Brazil. The insects were collected with Moericke and light traps between May of 2005 and April of 2007.

Tracking the evolution of sex chromosome systems in Melanoplinae grasshoppers through chromosomal mapping of repetitive DNA sequences

Background: The accumulation of repetitive DNA during sex chromosome differentiation is a common feature of many eukaryotes and becomes more evident after recombination has been restricted or abolished. The accumulated repetitive sequences include multigene families, microsatellites, satellite DNAs and mobile elements, all of which are important for the structural remodeling of heterochromatin. In grasshoppers, derived sex chromosome systems, such as neo-XY♂/XX♀ and neo-X1X2Y♂/X 1X1X2X2♀, are frequently observed in the Melanoplinae subfamily. However, no studies concerning the evolution of sex chromosomes in Melanoplinae have addressed the role of the repetitive DNA sequences. To further investigate the evolution of sex chromosomes in grasshoppers, we used classical cytogenetic and FISH analyses to examine the repetitive DNA sequences in six phylogenetically related Melanoplinae species with X0♂/XX♀, neo-XY♂/XX♀ and neo-X1X2Y♂/X1X1X 2X2♀ sex chromosome systems. Results: Our data indicate a non-spreading of heterochromatic blocks and pool of repetitive DNAs (C 0 t-1 DNA) in the sex chromosomes; however, the spreading of multigene families among the neo-sex chromosomes of Eurotettix and Dichromatos was remarkable, particularly for 5S rDNA. In autosomes, FISH mapping of multigene families revealed distinct patterns of chromosomal organization at the intra- and intergenomic levels. Conclusions: These results suggest a common origin and subsequent differential accumulation of repetitive DNAs in the sex chromosomes of Dichromatos and an independent origin of the sex chromosomes of the neo-XY and neo-X1X2Y systems. Our data indicate a possible role for repetitive DNAs in the diversification of sex chromosome systems in grasshoppers. © 2013Palacios-Gimenez et al.; licensee BioMed Central Ltd.

Dinâmica evolutiva dos clusters de pequenos RNAs nucleares (RNAsn) nos cariótipos de espécies de gafanhotos com ênfase em Acrididae

Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq)

Relationship Between Jaw Apparatus, Feeding Habit, and Food Source in Oriental Woodpeckers

Associations among feeding habit, beak type, and food source in birds have been widely studied and are well known to exist. The relationship between feeding habit and jaw apparatus in birds has not attracted attention from ornithologists, perhaps because of the complexity of the skeletal morphology of the feeding system of birds. The goal of this study was to compare the jaw apparatus and foraging strategies of various Oriental species of the Picidae (Meiglyptini and Picini tribes) using a morphofunctional analysis of the skeletal structure of the jaw apparatus. This study showed that there are at least three types of jaw apparatus in these woodpeckers, as follows: 1) robust, developed, and complex; 2) complexity and development intermediate, as observed in Meiglyptes tristis and Dinopium spp., whose main foraging method involves gleaning, probing, and tapping; and 3) poorly developed, as observed in Picus miniaceus and Hemicircus concretus. The success of woodpeckers as a natural group is due not only to their feeding diversity, but also their ability to explore a wide range of different resources, as appropriate to their jaw apparatus.

A cigarra e a formiga: um recurso pedagógico para a organização do trabalho com o desenvolvimento moral

The problem addressed in this undergraduate thesis is whether the different endings of the fable The Ant and the Grasshopper permits the educator to organize from the expiatory approval to the reciprocity approval the pedagogic procedure of evolving processes, as theorized in the moral development of Jean Piaget. We used six versions of the fable, three of which ends in a expiatory way and three in the reciprocity. We discussed the data from a Piagetian theoretical standpoint and presented some strategies for the educator to pursue the development of infantile morality in the classroom in what concerns the qualitative evolution of the concept of justice

Homeostatic Patterns - Processi biomimetici feedback-based per una architettura efficiente nei Prati di Caprara

Gli organismi biologici mostrano ricorrenti dinamiche di auto-organizzazione nei processi morfogenetici che sono alla base di come la materia acquisisce gerarchia e organizzazione.L’omeostasi è la condizione con la quale un corpo raggiunge il proprio equilibrio (termico, pressione, ecc.); un processo attraverso il quale questi sistemi stabilzzano le reazioni fisiologiche. Una delle caratteristiche fondamentali esibite da tali organismi è la capacità della materia di instaurare processi di auto-organizzazione, responsabile dei processi di ottimizzazione che guidano all’uso efficiente dell’energia nella lotta per la sopravvivenza. Questa ottimizzazione non mira al raggiungimento di un risultato globale deterministico e “chiuso” (precedentemente stabilito e poi perseguito ad ogni costo), quanto piuttosto al raggiungimento di un’efficienza di processi locali con obiettivi multipli e necessità divergenti; tali processi interagiscono organizzando sistemi nei quali proprietà peculiari uniche emergono dalle interazioni descritte. Le esigenze divergenti non sono negoziate sulla base di un principio di esclusività (una esigenza esclude o elimina le altre) ma da un principio di prevalenza, dove le necessità non prevalenti non cessano di esistere ma si modificano in funzione di quelle prevalenti (il proprio campo di espressione è vincolato dai percorsi tracciati in quello delle esigenze prevalenti). In questa tesi si descrive un’applicazione ad uno specifico caso di studio di progettazione architettonica: un parco con spazi polifunzionali nella città di Bologna. L’obiettivo principale del progetto Homeostatic Pattern è quello di dimostrare come questo tipo di processi possano essere osservati, compresi e traslati in architettura: come per gli organismi biologici, in questo progetto gli scambi di materia ed energia (stabilità, respirazione, porosità alla luce) sono regolati da sistemi integrati efficienti piuttosto che da raggruppamenti di elementi mono-ottimizzati. Una specifica pipeline di software è stata costituita allo scopo di collegare in modo bidirezionale e senza soluzione di continuità un software di progettazione parametrica generativa (Grasshopper®) con software di analisi strutturale ed ambientale (GSA Oasys®, Autodesk® Ecotect® analysis), riconducendo i dati nella stessa struttura attraverso cicli di feedback. Il sistema così ottenuto mostra caratteristiche sia a scala macroscopica, come la possibilità di utilizzo della superficie esterna che permette anche un’estensione dell’area verde (grazie alla continuità della membrana), sia alla scala del componente, come la propria capacità di negoziare, tra le altre, la radiazione solare e la modulazione della luce, così come la raccolta capillare delle acque meteoriche. Un sistema multiperformante che come tale non persegue l’ottimizzazione di una singola proprietà ma un miglioramento complessivo per una maggiore efficienza.

(at)tendaendo Il Cielo, progetto per una chiesa a Ottawa

Progetto per una chiesa cattolica ad Ottawa, capitale del Canada. Nel lotto dove sorgeva la chiesa di Saint Charles su Beechwood Avenue, nel quartiere storicamente francofono di Vanier, si è progettata la nuova chiesa con le annesse opere parrocchiale. Dopo un'attenta analisi del sito sono state identificate le peculiarità storiche, paesaggistiche e socio-culturali della chiesa esistente e nel nuovo progetto si valorizzano i punti di forza del precedente edificio e li si integrano con un'architettura contemporanea. L'architettura sacra è stata sviluppata facendo riferimento all'archetipo della tenda che è, fin dalle origine della soria della salvezza cristiana, il tempio in cui Dio si rivela e in cui si rende presente fra gli uomini: "E il Verbo si fece carne e pose la sua tenda in mezzo a noi" (Giovanni 1, 14)

Ottimizzazione di strutture reticolari mediante algoritmi genetici

La tesi tratta dell'ottimizzazione di alcune tipologie di strutture reticolari. Per sviluppare i problemi analizzati ci si è avvalsi del software Grasshopper, conducendo poi l'ottimizzazione mediante un algoritmo genetico.

Organic Practices for the Production of Butternut Squash

Growers of organic squash need effective ways to manage insect and disease problems. The squash bug (Anasa tristis) sucks sap, causing leaves to wilt and turn black. The squash vine borer (Melittia cucurbitae) can devastate winter squash plantings. Burrowing by larvae into the base of the stem causes yellowing and wilting. Organic insecticides are expensive, have limited efficacy, require many applications, and some kill beneficial as well as target insects.