235 resultados para Freundlich


Relevância:

10.00% 10.00%

Publicador:

Resumo:

人工合成麝香作为一种替代型香料被广泛应用于日用化工行业,由于其持续不断地输入环境,其中一些典型化合物如加乐麝香和麝香酮等,在水、土壤和大气环境中的浓度日益增加,并且在动物体和人体组织中产生了蓄积作用,其效应相当于持久性有机污染物,为此,人工合成麝香作为一种新型污染物,其生态行为及生态效应已经越来越受到关注。本文研究了人工合成麝香(加乐麝香和麝香酮)和典型重金属镉(Cd)单一、复合污染对小麦种子发芽的急性毒性效应以及加乐麝香对重金属镉在棕壤中吸附解吸行为的影响,为合理评价人工合成麝香和Cd污染土壤的生态风险提供理论依据。 研究结果表明:人工合成麝香(麝香酮、加乐麝香)-镉复合污染对小麦根长和芽长伸长都有极显著的抑制作用。麝香酮和镉单一、复合污染条件下,根长和芽长抑制率与麝香酮浓度之间存在显著的剂量-效应关系。此外,加乐麝香和低浓度的镉(2 mg•kg-1)复合污染对小麦根长和芽长有协作效应。实验结果还表明根长和芽长是指示麝香酮、加乐麝香和Cd单一、复合污染最为敏感的指标。然而,麝香酮与加乐麝香对小麦种子发芽和根长、芽长伸长具有不同的毒性效应。 加乐麝香对Cd在土壤中吸附解吸行为的影响的研究结果表明,无论加乐麝香存在与否,Freundlich方程是描述镉等温吸附行为最好的方程。低浓度的加乐麝香抑制棕壤对镉的吸附,而高浓度的加乐麝香促进Cd在棕壤中的吸附。土壤对镉的解吸容量随加乐麝香浓度的增加先增加,然后又迅速减少。在加乐麝香与镉共存体系中,双常数方程是拟合Cd在棕壤中吸附解吸动力学过程的最优方程。加乐麝香浓度对吸附速率随时间的变化的影响不显著。

Relevância:

10.00% 10.00%

Publicador:

Resumo:

染料废水成分复杂,色度高,是主要的环境污染源之一。应用微生物对染料废水脱色具有处理费用低和操作管理方便等优势,具有较好的发展前景。 本文采用筛选到一株短刺小克银汉霉(Cuuninghamella echinulata) KM3及一株红酵母(Rhodotorula sp.)YR-1分别对偶氮染料刚果红废水和酸性红废水进行了脱色研究,同时利用KM3及YR-1组成的复合菌种脱色体系对酸性红废水进行了脱色实验,为染料脱色真菌的应用奠定了基础。 KM3形成的菌丝球对多种染料具有较好脱色效果。KM3最适菌丝球形成条件:pH6-7、装液量90ml、孢子悬液浓度105个/ml (接种5ml)、摇床转速120rpm、培养温度30℃、培养时间72h;成球机理为凝聚型发育。KM3菌丝球对刚果红最佳脱色条件为:染料溶液初始pH值7.0,温度为33℃,摇床转速为120rpm。在刚果红50~200mg/l 浓度范围内, KM3菌丝球对刚果红吸附脱色动力学可用拟二级动力学方程描述。菌丝球对刚果红的吸附行为符合Langmuir和Freundlich 等温方程模型,Langmuir方程能更好的描述菌丝球对刚果红的吸附行为。丙酮对刚果红的解吸率最高,其解吸动力学过程符合二级动力学方程。将KM3应用在真菌生物滤床反应器中,在非灭菌和灭菌情况下接种孢子悬液后处理刚果红废水的过程中,均需长时间挂膜,处理效果一般。反应器中投加菌丝球后处理刚果红废水在3小时内达到92%以上的脱色效果。 YR-1对酸性红脱色机制属于降解脱色。YR-1对酸性红的最佳脱色培养条件为:初始pH 5.0、接种量5%、温度30℃;最佳碳源是葡萄糖,其次是蔗糖;最佳氮源是酵母膏或蛋白胨。在替换分批脱色实验和连续补料脱色实验中,脱色率一直保持在75%以上,显示YR-1在上述脱色体系中均具有良好适应性。 在三种复合菌种对酸性红的脱色体系中,体系Ⅲ(菌丝球与海藻酸钠固定化的酵母细胞混合培养)的脱色效果可达98%以上。对该体系而言,3种粒径固定化酵母小球(Ø1.1mm、1.8mm、3.1mm)中Ø1.8mm、3.1mm小球脱色率较为理想,而酵母细胞初始密度对脱色效果的影响不大。 KM3、YR-1分别具有处理刚果红废水和酸性红废水的应用前景,而KM3与YR-1联合应用对酸性红的脱色效果更好。

Relevância:

10.00% 10.00%

Publicador:

Resumo:

环境突发污染事故给人民生活、经济发展和生态环境造成重大影响,研究污染物泄漏造成河流突发污染事故的应急处理方法十分必要。本论文选取苯酚、苯胺和亚甲基蓝等典型污染物为实验对象,采用吸附容量大、密度与水接近的活性炭纤维(ACF)为吸附剂。在自制的河流模型中,研究了ACF以苯酚、苯胺和亚甲基蓝为典型污染物的吸附过程,考察了吸附剂投加量、污染物浓度、吸附剂比表面积、吸附剂投加方式、水流速度与水质等对吸附速率与吸附效果的影响。实验结果表明,ACF能以较快的速率吸附苯酚、苯胺和亚甲基蓝,吸附率都在95%以上; ACF投加量是影响吸附速率最重要的因素,当一次性投加ACF质量之比为 1:2:4时,吸附速率常数之比近似为1:2:4;污染物浓度对吸附速率的影响显著,浓度较低时吸附速率较高。苯酚初始浓度为7mg·L-1时,经过86分钟的吸附,处理后的浓度可以达到地表水Ⅴ类水中挥发酚的限值要求(0.1mg·L-1);在吸附11分钟左右追加适量的ACF,能够明显提高吸附速率;河水流速和河流中的天然有机物、浊度、河水硬度对ACF吸附都不产生显著影响,这说明ACF作为河流突发污染事故应急处理的吸附剂,有广泛的适应性。在实际河水中,ACF对苯酚的吸附过程与在模拟河水中相似,吸附效果显著。实验结果还表明,ACF对苯酚的吸附是放热反应,符合Freundlich模型和Langmuir模型。事故应急处理后,应该及时将吸附了污染物的ACF打捞上来,有利于进行后续处理。 Emergency environmental pollution accidents pose significant impacts on our living, economic development and ecological environment. The study on the approach of emergency control for the contingency caused by leakage of pollutants in rivers is very necessary. In the experiment, phenol, aniline and methylene blue were selected as representative pollutant and activated carbon fiber (ACF) was selected as adsorbent, which has strong adsorption capacity and similar density to water. In the self-made river model, the effects of ACF dosage, pollutant concentration, ACF surface area, ACF adding ways, water flow rate and water quality on adsorption courses were investigated. The experimental results showed that ACF could adsorb pollutant quickly and effectively. The ACF dosage was the most important factor that affected adsorption rate .When the ACF dosage rate was 1:2:4, the constants of adsorption rate was approximately 1:2:4. The effect of pollutant concentrations on the adsorption rate was notable. Faster adsorption rates were achieved at low pollutant concentrations. Phenol concentration reached the limits of volatile phenol in Category Ⅴ surface water (0.1 mg·L-1) after 86 minutes of adsorption with initial phenol concentration of 7 mg·L-1. After 11 minutes of adsorption, certain amount of ACF was added and the adsorption rate was improved significantly. River flow rate and water quality have little effect on the adsorption rate. The adsorption results obtained in actual river water were comparable with that in simulating river water. The results also showed that, ACF on the absorption of phenol is exothermic reaction, witch matched with the Freundlich model and the Langmuir model. After emergency treatment, the ACF absorbed pollutants should be promptly salvaged for follow-up treatment.

Relevância:

10.00% 10.00%

Publicador:

Resumo:

The present paper reports the biosorption of uranium onto chemically modified yeast cells, Rhodotorula glutinis, in order to study the role played by various functional groups in the cell wall. Esterification of the carboxyl groups and methylation of the amino groups present in the cells were carried out by methanol and formaldehyde treatment, respectively. The uranium sorption capacity increased 31% for the methanol-treated biomass and 11% for the formaldehyde-treated biomass at an initial uranium concentration of 140 mg/L The enhancement of uranium sorption capacity was investigated by Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy analysis, with amino and carboxyl groups were determined to be the important functional groups involved in uranium binding. The biosorption isotherms of uranium onto the raw and chemically modified biomass were also investigated with varying uranium concentrations. Langmuir and Freundlich models were well able to explain the sorption equilibrium data with satisfactory correlation coefficients higher than 0.9. (C) 2010 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Relevância:

10.00% 10.00%

Publicador:

Resumo:

采用1次平衡法对Cd2+、Pb2+在小麦根际和非根际土壤中的吸附-解吸行为进行比较研究.结果表明,根际土对Cd2+和Pb2+的吸附能力高于非根际土,2类土壤对Cd2+的吸附等温线与Freundlich方程有较好的拟合性,Pb2+的等温吸附过程可由Langmuir方程与Freundlich方程来描述.双常数方程是描述根际、非根际土Cd2+和Pb2+吸附动力学行为的最优模型,其次为Elovich方程,最差模型是一级动力学方程.Cd2+、Pb2+的解吸存在滞后现象,相比于非根际土,根际土吸附态Cd2+、Pb2+的解吸率更低,Cd2+、Pb2+的解吸量与其初始吸附量之间的关系符合2次幂方程.2类土壤Cd2+、Pb2+的解吸速率随重金属初始浓度的增加而增加,随解吸时间的延长而不断降低.描述根际和非根际土Cd2+、Pb2+的解吸动力学过程的最优模型均为双常数方程,其次为Elovich方程,一级动力学方程拟合效果不佳.

Relevância:

10.00% 10.00%

Publicador:

Resumo:

研究了板栗壳吸附Cu2+的平衡、动力学和热力学特征并对吸附工艺进行设计.采用Langmuir和Freundlich等温线对静态吸附平衡数据进行了拟合,同时采用准一级动力学和准二级动力学模型对静态吸附动力学数据进行了拟合,并计算了吸附过程的热力学参数自由能变(ΔGo)、焓变(ΔHo)和熵变(ΔSo).结果表明,平衡实验数据符合Langmuir等温吸附模型,分离因子RL值在0~1之间,为有利吸附;动力学实验数据符合准二级动力学方程,平衡吸附量随Cu2+起始浓度增大而增大;ΔHo和ΔSo分别为12.206kJ·mol-1和21.534J·mol-·1K-1,ΔGo为负值,表明板栗壳吸附Cu2+为放热过程,可以自发进行,吸附过程增加了固液界面的混乱度.基于Langmuir等温吸附模型推导出的板栗壳用量计算公式可用于预测将一定体积一定起始浓度Cu2+溶液经过吸附降至所需浓度的板栗壳用量.

Relevância:

10.00% 10.00%

Publicador:

Resumo:

采用一次平衡法,对3种不同污染负荷土壤Cd2+和Pb2+的吸附-解吸行为进行了比较.结果表明,低污染负荷土壤对Cd2+和Pb2+的吸附能力高于高污染负荷土壤.3种土壤对Cd2+的吸附等温线与Freundlich方程有较好的拟合性,Pb2+的等温吸附过程可用Langmuir方程与Freundlich方程来描述.双常数方程是描述这3种不同污染负荷土壤中Cd2+和Pb2+吸附动力学行为的最优模型,其次为Elovich方程,最差模型是一级动力学方程.Pb2+的解吸滞后现象较Cd2+明显.高污染负荷土壤的吸附态Cd2+、Pb2+解吸率高于低污染负荷土壤,Cd2+、Pb2+解吸量与其初始吸附量之间的关系符合二次幂方程.3种土壤Cd2+、Pb2+的解吸速率随重金属初始浓度的增加而增加,随解吸时间的延长而降低.

Relevância:

10.00% 10.00%

Publicador:

Resumo:

The surface properties, porosities, and adsorption capacities of activated carbons (AC) are modified by the oxidation treatment using concentrated H2SO4 at temperatures 150-270 degreesC. The modified AC was characterized by N-2 adsorption, base titration, FTIR, and the adsorption of iodine, chlorophenol, methylene blue, and dibenzothiophene. The treatment of AC with concentrated H2SO4 at 250 degreesC greatly increases the mesoporous volume from 0.243 mL/g to 0.452 mL/g, specific surface areas from 393 m(2)/g to 745 m(2)/g, and acidic surface oxygen complexes from 0.071 meq/g to 1.986 meq/g as compared with the unmodified AC. The base titration results indicate that the amount of acidic surface oxygen groups on the modified AC increases with increasing the treatment temperatures and carboxyls and phenols are the most abundant carbon-oxygen functional groups. The carboxyl groups, COO- species, and hydroxyl groups are detected mainly for the sample treated at 250 degreesC. The mesoporous properties of the AC modified by concentrated H2SO4 were further tested by the adsorption of methylene blue and dibenzothiophene. The AC modified by concentrated H2SO4 at 250 degreesC has much higher adsorption capacities for large molecules (e.g., methylene blue and dibenzothiophene) than the unmodified AC but less adsorption capacities for small molecules (e.g., iodine). The adsorption results from aqueous solutions have been interpreted using Freundlich adsorption models.

Relevância:

10.00% 10.00%

Publicador:

Resumo:

为探索真菌对染料的脱色特性,利用分离得到的短刺小克银汉霉对偶氮染料刚果红进行了脱色研究.短刺小克银汉霉菌丝球能在3h内使刚果红脱色率达到96%以上.在通气脱色体系中研究了短刺小克银汉霉菌丝球在不同pH值、脱色温度、摇床转速、盐度等条件下对刚果红脱色效果的影响.研究结果表明,短刺小克银汉霉菌丝球在温度为33℃,pH6.5,摇床转速120r/min的条件下对刚果红具有最大脱色率,染料溶液中盐浓度对脱色率有一定影响,但影响不大.在刚果红50~200mg/L质量浓度范围内,小克银汉霉菌丝球对刚果红吸附脱色动力学符合拟二级动力学方程(R2>0.999).菌丝球对刚果红的吸附等温线可用Langmuir和Freundlich等温方程模型表达,其中Langmuir方程能更好地描述菌丝球对染料的吸附行为(R2>0.999).

Relevância:

10.00% 10.00%

Publicador:

Resumo:

采用络合溶胶-凝胶法制备了钛酸锶钡溶胶,将其浸渍在硅胶G上,经高温煅烧后,制得固载于硅胶G上的纳米钛酸锶钡,以X射线衍射(XRD)、扫描电镜(SEM)和傅里叶变换红外光谱(FTIR)进行了表征。以火焰原子吸收为检测手段,系统地研究了负载型纳米钛酸锶钡对水中Cd2+的吸附行为。结果表明,纳米钛酸锶钡能够牢固地负载于硅胶G表面。当介质的pH值为4~7时,该吸附剂对水中的Cd2+具有很强的吸附能力,其吸附行为符合Freundlich吸附等温模型和HO准二级动力学方程式,并分别计算了吸附过程的焓变(ΔΗ),自由能变(ΔG)和熵变(ΔS)等热力学参数,表明该吸附过程是自发的吸热物理过程。被吸附的Cd2+可用1 mol.L-1的硝酸完全洗脱回收。将其应用于水中痕量Cd2+的吸附,建立了负载型纳米钛酸锶钡吸附富集,火焰原子吸收法测定水中痕量Cd2+的新方法。用于自来水和地表水中镉的测定,结果满意。

Relevância:

10.00% 10.00%

Publicador:

Resumo:

利用活性炭负载水合铁氧化物制备了复合吸附剂,并用于饮用水中As(Ⅴ)的去除.研究了活性炭种类、粒度、溶液pH值、Fe(Ⅲ)盐浓度和干扰离子等对As(Ⅴ)去除的影响.结果表明,煤质活性炭作为基质负载水合铁氧化物比椰壳炭和果壳炭具有更好的除砷效果.随着炭粒度降低,除砷效率显著增加.在pH3~9范围内,活性炭负载水合铁氧化物可有效吸附As(Ⅴ).F-,Cl-,SO42-的加入对As(Ⅴ)的去除效率基本无影响,而SiO32-和PO43-则明显抑制As(Ⅴ)的去除.Langmuir模型比Freundlich模型能更好地描述复合吸附剂对As(Ⅴ)的吸附平衡.动力学研究表明,As(Ⅴ)吸附反应可用二级速率方程描述.

Relevância:

10.00% 10.00%

Publicador:

Resumo:

通过基质磷素等温吸附实验,研究了砂子、水淬渣、钢渣3种人工湿地基质净化磷素的效果.结果表明:Freundlich和Langmuir等温吸附曲线方程均能较好地描述上述基质磷素吸附的过程,其磷素理论饱和吸附量依次为钢渣12 500 mg.kg-1,水淬渣3 333 mg.kg-1,砂子270 mg.kg-1.基质吸附饱和后,磷素解吸实验表明:水淬渣磷素解吸率最低,为0.68%;砂子的解吸率最高,为7.59%.虽然钢渣的吸附量最大,但其水溶液pH显强碱性,不适合湿地植物的生长;水淬渣作为一种工业废料,磷素吸附量为砂子的12倍左右,解吸率为砂子的1/10,而且对植物生长无明显危害,是一种比较有应用前景的湿地除磷材料.

Relevância:

10.00% 10.00%

Publicador:

Resumo:

采用批量平衡方法,研究了土霉素在原土及去除有机质土壤中的吸附和解吸.结果表明,土霉素在原土和去除有机质土壤中的吸附和解吸等温线均不同程度地偏离线性模型,其中Freundlich模型可以对吸附和解吸数据进行良好的非线性拟合,在不同土壤以及不同土壤处理中的拟合相关系数(r)均达到极显著水平.去除有机质能够降低土霉素在土壤中的吸附容量(lgKf),但增加了吸附强度(1/n).土霉素在土壤上的解吸过程存在明显的滞后现象,在所设土霉素浓度范围内,土霉素在褐土和红壤中的平均滞后系数(HIa)分别为0.039和0.015;去除有机质后的褐土和红壤对土霉素的解吸滞后现象显著增强(P<0.01),其HIa分别增加到0.068和0.028.

Relevância:

10.00% 10.00%

Publicador:

Resumo:

首先概述了国内外关于土壤对镉的吸附解吸的基本研究方法与实验条件。用于吸附解吸实验的土样以通过20目筛为宜,而不同形式的支持电解质及其离子浓度的选择对实验结果有很大影响,应由实验的具体目的和要求确定合适的实验条件。位于土壤颗粒表面的各吸附点位与镉的结合能的能量高低不一,可将土壤对镉的吸附作用区分为专性吸附和非专性吸附。可用传统的或融入新参数的吸附等温线表达土壤对镉的吸附过程,土壤对镉的吸附性能可用综合因子来形容,如吸附势、吸持率、平均分配系数、Langmuir方程的常数k和Freundlich方程的系数k等表达方式,同时寻找这些综合因子与土壤基本理化性质之间的关系。文章最后讨论了影响吸附过程的主要环境因子,并就土壤pH和水分条件的影响机制进行了分析。

Relevância:

10.00% 10.00%

Publicador:

Resumo:

通过静态吸附试验,研究一种由超分子受体化合物磺化硫杂杯芳烃(TCAS)与树脂结合的产物——新型TCAS吸附树脂对重金属Cd2+的吸附去除性能,并初步探讨了吸附机理。试验研究结果表明,TCAS吸附树脂对Cd2+的饱和吸附量为14.45 mg/g。当温度为20℃,0.5 g TCAS吸附树脂对10 mL浓度为5 mg/L的Cd2+溶液吸附60 min时,Cd2+的去除率可达到99%以上。pH值是影响TCAS吸附树脂吸附效果的重要因素,在pH=5~9时,Cd2+的去除率随着pH值的升高而增大。在试验范围内,TCAS吸附树脂对Cd2+吸附符合Freundlich方程。吸附在TCAS吸附树脂上的Cd2+可洗脱回收,TCAS吸附树脂也可再生利用。TCAS吸附树脂对重金属Cd2+的吸附机理主要归因于TCAS对Cd2+的络合作用。